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annotate Doc/lib/libsocket.tex @ 8831:00a6bb65ff29 legacy-trunk

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Getting rid of this ancient stuff.
author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Wed, 05 Aug 1998 21:10:09 +0000
parents 760dcf197048
children a9eb265d2f57
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1 \section{Built-in Module \module{socket}}
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2 \declaremodule{builtin}{socket}
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3
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4 \modulesynopsis{Low-level networking interface.}
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5
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6
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7 This module provides access to the BSD \emph{socket} interface.
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8 It is available on \UNIX{} systems that support this interface.
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9
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10 For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following
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11 papers: \emph{An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication
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12 Tutorial}, by Stuart Sechrest and \emph{An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess
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13 Communication Tutorial}, by Samuel J. Leffler et al, both in the
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14 \UNIX{} Programmer's Manual, Supplementary Documents 1 (sections PS1:7
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15 and PS1:8). The \UNIX{} manual pages for the various socket-related
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16 system calls are also a valuable source of information on the details of
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17 socket semantics.
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18
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19 The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the
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20 \UNIX{} system call and library interface for sockets to Python's
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21 object-oriented style: the \function{socket()} function returns a
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22 \dfn{socket object} whose methods implement the various socket system
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23 calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than in the C
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24 interface: as with \method{read()} and \method{write()} operations on
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25 Python files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic,
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26 and buffer length is implicit on send operations.
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27
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28 Socket addresses are represented as a single string for the
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29 \constant{AF_UNIX} address family and as a pair
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30 \code{(\var{host}, \var{port})} for the \constant{AF_INET} address
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31 family, where \var{host} is a string representing
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32 either a hostname in Internet domain notation like
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33 \code{'daring.cwi.nl'} or an IP address like \code{'100.50.200.5'},
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34 and \var{port} is an integral port number. Other address families are
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35 currently not supported. The address format required by a particular
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36 socket object is automatically selected based on the address family
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37 specified when the socket object was created.
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38
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39 For IP addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host
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40 address: the empty string represents \constant{INADDR_ANY}, and the string
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41 \code{"<broadcast>"} represents \constant{INADDR_BROADCAST}.
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42
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43 All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid
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44 argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; errors
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45 related to socket or address semantics raise the error \code{socket.error}.
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46
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47 Non-blocking mode is supported through the \code{setblocking()}
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48 method.
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49
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50 The module \module{socket} exports the following constants and functions:
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51
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52
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53 \begin{excdesc}{error}
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54 This exception is raised for socket- or address-related errors.
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55 The accompanying value is either a string telling what went wrong or a
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56 pair \code{(\var{errno}, \var{string})}
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57 representing an error returned by a system
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58 call, similar to the value accompanying \code{os.error}.
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59 See the module \module{errno}\refbimodindex{errno}, which contains
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60 names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system.
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61 \end{excdesc}
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62
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63 \begin{datadesc}{AF_UNIX}
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64 \dataline{AF_INET}
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65 These constants represent the address (and protocol) families,
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66 used for the first argument to \function{socket()}. If the
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67 \constant{AF_UNIX} constant is not defined then this protocol is
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68 unsupported.
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69 \end{datadesc}
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70
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71 \begin{datadesc}{SOCK_STREAM}
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72 \dataline{SOCK_DGRAM}
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73 \dataline{SOCK_RAW}
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74 \dataline{SOCK_RDM}
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75 \dataline{SOCK_SEQPACKET}
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76 These constants represent the socket types,
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77 used for the second argument to \function{socket()}.
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78 (Only \constant{SOCK_STREAM} and
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79 \constant{SOCK_DGRAM} appear to be generally useful.)
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80 \end{datadesc}
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81
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82 \begin{datadesc}{SO_*}
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83 \dataline{SOMAXCONN}
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84 \dataline{MSG_*}
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85 \dataline{SOL_*}
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86 \dataline{IPPROTO_*}
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87 \dataline{IPPORT_*}
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88 \dataline{INADDR_*}
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89 \dataline{IP_*}
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90 Many constants of these forms, documented in the \UNIX{} documentation on
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91 sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module.
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92 They are generally used in arguments to the \method{setsockopt()} and
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93 \method{getsockopt()} methods of socket objects. In most cases, only
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94 those symbols that are defined in the \UNIX{} header files are defined;
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95 for a few symbols, default values are provided.
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96 \end{datadesc}
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97
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98 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyname}{hostname}
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99 Translate a host name to IP address format. The IP address is
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100 returned as a string, e.g., \code{'100.50.200.5'}. If the host name
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101 is an IP address itself it is returned unchanged.
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102 \end{funcdesc}
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103
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104 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostname}{}
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105 Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where
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106 the Python interpreter is currently executing. If you want to know the
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107 current machine's IP address, use \code{gethostbyname(gethostname())}.
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108 Note: \function{gethostname()} doesn't always return the fully qualified
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109 domain name; use \code{gethostbyaddr(gethostname())}
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110 (see below).
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111 \end{funcdesc}
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112
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113 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyaddr}{ip_address}
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114 Return a triple \code{(\var{hostname}, \var{aliaslist},
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115 \var{ipaddrlist})} where \var{hostname} is the primary host name
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116 responding to the given \var{ip_address}, \var{aliaslist} is a
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117 (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address,
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118 and \var{ipaddrlist} is a list of IP addresses for the same interface
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119 on the same host (most likely containing only a single address).
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120 To find the fully qualified domain name, check \var{hostname} and the
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121 items of \var{aliaslist} for an entry containing at least one period.
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122 \end{funcdesc}
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123
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124 \begin{funcdesc}{getprotobyname}{protocolname}
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125 Translate an Internet protocol name (e.g. \code{'icmp'}) to a constant
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126 suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the
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127 \function{socket()} function. This is usually only needed for sockets
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128 opened in ``raw'' mode (\constant{SOCK_RAW}); for the normal socket
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129 modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is
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130 omitted or zero.
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131 \end{funcdesc}
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132
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133 \begin{funcdesc}{getservbyname}{servicename, protocolname}
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134 Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number
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135 for that service. The protocol name should be \code{'tcp'} or
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136 \code{'udp'}.
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137 \end{funcdesc}
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138
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139 \begin{funcdesc}{socket}{family, type\optional{, proto}}
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140 Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and
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141 protocol number. The address family should be \constant{AF_INET} or
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142 \constant{AF_UNIX}. The socket type should be \constant{SOCK_STREAM},
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143 \constant{SOCK_DGRAM} or perhaps one of the other \samp{SOCK_} constants.
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144 The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted in that case.
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145 \end{funcdesc}
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146
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147 \begin{funcdesc}{fromfd}{fd, family, type\optional{, proto}}
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148 Build a socket object from an existing file descriptor (an integer as
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149 returned by a file object's \method{fileno()} method). Address family,
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150 socket type and protocol number are as for the \code{socket} function
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151 above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not
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152 checked --- subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file
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153 descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be
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154 used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as
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155 standard input or output (e.g.\ a server started by the \UNIX{} inet
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156 daemon).
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157 \end{funcdesc}
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158
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159 \begin{funcdesc}{ntohl}{x}
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160 Convert 32-bit integers from network to host byte order. On machines
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161 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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162 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
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163 \end{funcdesc}
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164
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165 \begin{funcdesc}{ntohs}{x}
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166 Convert 16-bit integers from network to host byte order. On machines
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167 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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168 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
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169 \end{funcdesc}
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170
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171 \begin{funcdesc}{htonl}{x}
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172 Convert 32-bit integers from host to network byte order. On machines
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173 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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174 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
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175 \end{funcdesc}
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176
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177 \begin{funcdesc}{htons}{x}
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178 Convert 16-bit integers from host to network byte order. On machines
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179 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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180 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
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181 \end{funcdesc}
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182
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183 \begin{datadesc}{SocketType}
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184 This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type.
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185 It is the same as \code{type(socket(...))}.
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186 \end{datadesc}
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187
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188 \subsection{Socket Objects}
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189
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190 Socket objects have the following methods. Except for
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191 \method{makefile()} these correspond to \UNIX{} system calls
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192 applicable to sockets.
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193
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194 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{accept}{}
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195 Accept a connection.
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196 The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections.
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197 The return value is a pair \code{(\var{conn}, \var{address})}
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198 where \var{conn} is a \emph{new} socket object usable to send and
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199 receive data on the connection, and \var{address} is the address bound
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200 to the socket on the other end of the connection.
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201 \end{methoddesc}
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202
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203 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{bind}{address}
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204 Bind the socket to \var{address}. The socket must not already be bound.
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205 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
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206 \end{methoddesc}
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207
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208 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{close}{}
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209 Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail.
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210 The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed).
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211 Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected.
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212 \end{methoddesc}
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213
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214 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect}{address}
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215 Connect to a remote socket at \var{address}.
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216 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see
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217 above.)
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218 \end{methoddesc}
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219
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220 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect_ex}{address}
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221 Like \code{connect(\var{address})}, but return an error indicator
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222 instead of raising an exception. The error indicator is 0 if the
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223 operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the \cdata{errno}
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224 variable. This is useful, e.g., for asynchronous connects.
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225 \end{methoddesc}
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226
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227 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{fileno}{}
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228 Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer). This is useful
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229 with \function{select.select()}.
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230 \end{methoddesc}
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231
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232 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getpeername}{}
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233 Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is
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234 useful to find out the port number of a remote IP socket, for instance.
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235 (The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
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236 see above.) On some systems this function is not supported.
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237 \end{methoddesc}
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238
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239 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockname}{}
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240 Return the socket's own address. This is useful to find out the port
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241 number of an IP socket, for instance.
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242 (The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
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243 see above.)
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244 \end{methoddesc}
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245
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246 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockopt}{level, optname\optional{, buflen}}
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247 Return the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} man page
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248 \manpage{getsockopt}{2}). The needed symbolic constants
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249 (\constant{SO_*} etc.) are defined in this module. If \var{buflen}
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250 is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value
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251 is returned by the function. If \var{buflen} is present, it specifies
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252 the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and
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253 this buffer is returned as a string. It is up to the caller to decode
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254 the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module
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255 \module{struct} for a way to decode C structures encoded as strings).
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256 \end{methoddesc}
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257
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258 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{listen}{backlog}
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259 Listen for connections made to the socket. The \var{backlog} argument
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260 specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at
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261 least 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5).
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262 \end{methoddesc}
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263
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264 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{makefile}{\optional{mode\optional{, bufsize}}}
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265 Return a \dfn{file object} associated with the socket. (File objects
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266 were described earlier in \ref{bltin-file-objects}, ``File Objects.'')
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267 The file object references a \cfunction{dup()}ped version of the
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268 socket file descriptor, so the file object and socket object may be
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269 closed or garbage-collected independently. The optional \var{mode}
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270 and \var{bufsize} arguments are interpreted the same way as by the
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271 built-in \function{open()} function.
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272 \end{methoddesc}
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273
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274 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recv}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
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275 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a string representing
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276 the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received
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277 at once is specified by \var{bufsize}. See the \UNIX{} manual page
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278 \manpage{recv}{2} for the meaning of the optional argument
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279 \var{flags}; it defaults to zero.
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280 \end{methoddesc}
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281
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282 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recvfrom}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
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283 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair
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284 \code{(\var{string}, \var{address})} where \var{string} is a string
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285 representing the data received and \var{address} is the address of the
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286 socket sending the data. The optional \var{flags} argument has the
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287 same meaning as for \method{recv()} above.
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288 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
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289 \end{methoddesc}
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290
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291 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{send}{string\optional{, flags}}
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292 Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote
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293 socket. The optional \var{flags} argument has the same meaning as for
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294 \method{recv()} above. Returns the number of bytes sent.
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295 \end{methoddesc}
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296
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297 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{sendto}{string\optional{, flags}, address}
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298 Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a
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299 remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by
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300 \var{address}. The optional \var{flags} argument has the same
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301 meaning as for \method{recv()} above. Return the number of bytes sent.
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302 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
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303 \end{methoddesc}
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304
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305 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setblocking}{flag}
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306 Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if \var{flag} is 0,
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307 the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode. Initially
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308 all sockets are in blocking mode. In non-blocking mode, if a
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309 \method{recv()} call doesn't find any data, or if a \code{send} call can't
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310 immediately dispose of the data, a \exception{error} exception is
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311 raised; in blocking mode, the calls block until they can proceed.
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312 \end{methoddesc}
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313
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314 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setsockopt}{level, optname, value}
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315 Set the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} man page
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316 \manpage{setsockopt}{2}). The needed symbolic constants are defined in
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317 the \module{socket} module (\code{SO_*} etc.). The value can be an
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318 integer or a string representing a buffer. In the latter case it is
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319 up to the caller to ensure that the string contains the proper bits
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320 (see the optional built-in module
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321 \module{struct}\refbimodindex{struct} for a way to encode C structures
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322 as strings).
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323 \end{methoddesc}
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324
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325 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{shutdown}{how}
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326 Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If \var{how} is
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327 \code{0}, further receives are disallowed. If \var{how} is \code{1},
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328 further sends are disallowed. If \var{how} is \code{2}, further sends
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329 and receives are disallowed.
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330 \end{methoddesc}
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331
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332 Note that there are no methods \method{read()} or \method{write()};
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333 use \method{recv()} and \method{send()} without \var{flags} argument
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334 instead.
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335
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336 \subsection{Example}
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337 \nodename{Socket Example}
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338
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339 Here are two minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol:\ a
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340 server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one
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341 client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the
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342 sequence \function{socket()}, \method{bind()}, \method{listen()},
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343 \method{accept()} (possibly repeating the \method{accept()} to service
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344 more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence
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345 \function{socket()}, \method{connect()}. Also note that the server
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346 does not \method{send()}/\method{recv()} on the
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347 socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by
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348 \method{accept()}.
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349
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350 \begin{verbatim}
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351 # Echo server program
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352 from socket import *
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353 HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning the local host
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354 PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged server
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355 s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
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356 s.bind(HOST, PORT)
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357 s.listen(1)
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358 conn, addr = s.accept()
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359 print 'Connected by', addr
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360 while 1:
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361 data = conn.recv(1024)
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362 if not data: break
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363 conn.send(data)
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364 conn.close()
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365 \end{verbatim}
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366
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367 \begin{verbatim}
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368 # Echo client program
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369 from socket import *
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370 HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
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371 PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
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372 s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
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373 s.connect(HOST, PORT)
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374 s.send('Hello, world')
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375 data = s.recv(1024)
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376 s.close()
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377 print 'Received', `data`
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378 \end{verbatim}
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379
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380 \begin{seealso}
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381 \seemodule{SocketServer}{classes that simplify writing network servers}
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382 \end{seealso}