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testCopysign was defined twice in test_math; combine the definitions
author Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com>
date Sat, 06 Feb 2010 23:11:25 +0000
parents 89996755cf39
children 83ef67526011
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1 .. _tut-brieftour:
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2
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3 **********************************
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4 Brief Tour of the Standard Library
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5 **********************************
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6
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7
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8 .. _tut-os-interface:
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9
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10 Operating System Interface
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11 ==========================
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12
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13 The :mod:`os` module provides dozens of functions for interacting with the
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14 operating system::
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15
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16 >>> import os
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17 >>> os.system('time 0:02')
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18 0
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19 >>> os.getcwd() # Return the current working directory
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20 'C:\\Python26'
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21 >>> os.chdir('/server/accesslogs')
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22
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23 Be sure to use the ``import os`` style instead of ``from os import *``. This
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24 will keep :func:`os.open` from shadowing the built-in :func:`open` function which
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25 operates much differently.
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26
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27 .. index:: builtin: help
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28
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29 The built-in :func:`dir` and :func:`help` functions are useful as interactive
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30 aids for working with large modules like :mod:`os`::
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31
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32 >>> import os
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33 >>> dir(os)
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34 <returns a list of all module functions>
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35 >>> help(os)
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36 <returns an extensive manual page created from the module's docstrings>
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37
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38 For daily file and directory management tasks, the :mod:`shutil` module provides
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39 a higher level interface that is easier to use::
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40
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41 >>> import shutil
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42 >>> shutil.copyfile('data.db', 'archive.db')
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43 >>> shutil.move('/build/executables', 'installdir')
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44
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45
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46 .. _tut-file-wildcards:
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47
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48 File Wildcards
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49 ==============
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50
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51 The :mod:`glob` module provides a function for making file lists from directory
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52 wildcard searches::
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53
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54 >>> import glob
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55 >>> glob.glob('*.py')
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56 ['primes.py', 'random.py', 'quote.py']
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57
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59 .. _tut-command-line-arguments:
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60
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61 Command Line Arguments
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62 ======================
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63
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64 Common utility scripts often need to process command line arguments. These
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65 arguments are stored in the :mod:`sys` module's *argv* attribute as a list. For
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66 instance the following output results from running ``python demo.py one two
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67 three`` at the command line::
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68
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69 >>> import sys
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70 >>> print sys.argv
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71 ['demo.py', 'one', 'two', 'three']
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72
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73 The :mod:`getopt` module processes *sys.argv* using the conventions of the Unix
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74 :func:`getopt` function. More powerful and flexible command line processing is
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75 provided by the :mod:`optparse` module.
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76
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77
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78 .. _tut-stderr:
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79
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80 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
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81 ================================================
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82
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83 The :mod:`sys` module also has attributes for *stdin*, *stdout*, and *stderr*.
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84 The latter is useful for emitting warnings and error messages to make them
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85 visible even when *stdout* has been redirected::
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86
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87 >>> sys.stderr.write('Warning, log file not found starting a new one\n')
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88 Warning, log file not found starting a new one
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89
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90 The most direct way to terminate a script is to use ``sys.exit()``.
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91
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92
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93 .. _tut-string-pattern-matching:
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94
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95 String Pattern Matching
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96 =======================
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97
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98 The :mod:`re` module provides regular expression tools for advanced string
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99 processing. For complex matching and manipulation, regular expressions offer
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100 succinct, optimized solutions::
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101
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102 >>> import re
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103 >>> re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*', 'which foot or hand fell fastest')
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104 ['foot', 'fell', 'fastest']
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105 >>> re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+) \1', r'\1', 'cat in the the hat')
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106 'cat in the hat'
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107
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108 When only simple capabilities are needed, string methods are preferred because
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109 they are easier to read and debug::
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110
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111 >>> 'tea for too'.replace('too', 'two')
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112 'tea for two'
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113
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114
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115 .. _tut-mathematics:
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116
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117 Mathematics
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118 ===========
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119
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120 The :mod:`math` module gives access to the underlying C library functions for
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121 floating point math::
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122
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123 >>> import math
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124 >>> math.cos(math.pi / 4.0)
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125 0.70710678118654757
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126 >>> math.log(1024, 2)
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127 10.0
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128
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129 The :mod:`random` module provides tools for making random selections::
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130
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131 >>> import random
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132 >>> random.choice(['apple', 'pear', 'banana'])
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133 'apple'
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134 >>> random.sample(xrange(100), 10) # sampling without replacement
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135 [30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33]
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136 >>> random.random() # random float
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137 0.17970987693706186
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138 >>> random.randrange(6) # random integer chosen from range(6)
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139 4
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141
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142 .. _tut-internet-access:
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143
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144 Internet Access
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145 ===============
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146
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147 There are a number of modules for accessing the internet and processing internet
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148 protocols. Two of the simplest are :mod:`urllib2` for retrieving data from urls
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149 and :mod:`smtplib` for sending mail::
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150
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151 >>> import urllib2
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152 >>> for line in urllib2.urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl'):
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153 ... if 'EST' in line or 'EDT' in line: # look for Eastern Time
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154 ... print line
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155
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156 <BR>Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST
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157
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158 >>> import smtplib
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159 >>> server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
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160 >>> server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org', 'jcaesar@example.org',
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161 ... """To: jcaesar@example.org
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162 ... From: soothsayer@example.org
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163 ...
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164 ... Beware the Ides of March.
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165 ... """)
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166 >>> server.quit()
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167
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168 (Note that the second example needs a mailserver running on localhost.)
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169
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170
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171 .. _tut-dates-and-times:
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172
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173 Dates and Times
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174 ===============
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175
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176 The :mod:`datetime` module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times in
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177 both simple and complex ways. While date and time arithmetic is supported, the
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178 focus of the implementation is on efficient member extraction for output
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179 formatting and manipulation. The module also supports objects that are timezone
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180 aware. ::
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181
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182 >>> # dates are easily constructed and formatted
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183 >>> from datetime import date
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184 >>> now = date.today()
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185 >>> now
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186 datetime.date(2003, 12, 2)
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187 >>> now.strftime("%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.")
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188 '12-02-03. 02 Dec 2003 is a Tuesday on the 02 day of December.'
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189
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190 >>> # dates support calendar arithmetic
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191 >>> birthday = date(1964, 7, 31)
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192 >>> age = now - birthday
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193 >>> age.days
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194 14368
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195
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196
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197 .. _tut-data-compression:
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198
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199 Data Compression
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200 ================
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201
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202 Common data archiving and compression formats are directly supported by modules
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203 including: :mod:`zlib`, :mod:`gzip`, :mod:`bz2`, :mod:`zipfile` and
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204 :mod:`tarfile`. ::
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205
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206 >>> import zlib
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207 >>> s = 'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
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208 >>> len(s)
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209 41
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210 >>> t = zlib.compress(s)
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211 >>> len(t)
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212 37
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213 >>> zlib.decompress(t)
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214 'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
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215 >>> zlib.crc32(s)
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216 226805979
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217
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218
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219 .. _tut-performance-measurement:
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220
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221 Performance Measurement
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222 =======================
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223
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224 Some Python users develop a deep interest in knowing the relative performance of
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225 different approaches to the same problem. Python provides a measurement tool
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226 that answers those questions immediately.
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227
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228 For example, it may be tempting to use the tuple packing and unpacking feature
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229 instead of the traditional approach to swapping arguments. The :mod:`timeit`
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230 module quickly demonstrates a modest performance advantage::
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231
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232 >>> from timeit import Timer
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233 >>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
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234 0.57535828626024577
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235 >>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
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236 0.54962537085770791
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237
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238 In contrast to :mod:`timeit`'s fine level of granularity, the :mod:`profile` and
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239 :mod:`pstats` modules provide tools for identifying time critical sections in
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240 larger blocks of code.
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241
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242
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243 .. _tut-quality-control:
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244
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245 Quality Control
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246 ===============
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247
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248 One approach for developing high quality software is to write tests for each
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249 function as it is developed and to run those tests frequently during the
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250 development process.
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251
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252 The :mod:`doctest` module provides a tool for scanning a module and validating
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253 tests embedded in a program's docstrings. Test construction is as simple as
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Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
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254 cutting-and-pasting a typical call along with its results into the docstring.
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255 This improves the documentation by providing the user with an example and it
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256 allows the doctest module to make sure the code remains true to the
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257 documentation::
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258
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259 def average(values):
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260 """Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers.
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261
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262 >>> print average([20, 30, 70])
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263 40.0
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264 """
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265 return sum(values, 0.0) / len(values)
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266
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267 import doctest
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268 doctest.testmod() # automatically validate the embedded tests
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269
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270 The :mod:`unittest` module is not as effortless as the :mod:`doctest` module,
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271 but it allows a more comprehensive set of tests to be maintained in a separate
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272 file::
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273
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274 import unittest
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275
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276 class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
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277
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278 def test_average(self):
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279 self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0)
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280 self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
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281 self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, average, [])
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282 self.assertRaises(TypeError, average, 20, 30, 70)
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283
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284 unittest.main() # Calling from the command line invokes all tests
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285
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286
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287 .. _tut-batteries-included:
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288
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289 Batteries Included
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290 ==================
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291
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292 Python has a "batteries included" philosophy. This is best seen through the
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Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
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293 sophisticated and robust capabilities of its larger packages. For example:
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294
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295 * The :mod:`xmlrpclib` and :mod:`SimpleXMLRPCServer` modules make implementing
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296 remote procedure calls into an almost trivial task. Despite the modules
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Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
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297 names, no direct knowledge or handling of XML is needed.
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298
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299 * The :mod:`email` package is a library for managing email messages, including
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300 MIME and other RFC 2822-based message documents. Unlike :mod:`smtplib` and
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301 :mod:`poplib` which actually send and receive messages, the email package has
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302 a complete toolset for building or decoding complex message structures
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303 (including attachments) and for implementing internet encoding and header
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304 protocols.
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306 * The :mod:`xml.dom` and :mod:`xml.sax` packages provide robust support for
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307 parsing this popular data interchange format. Likewise, the :mod:`csv` module
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308 supports direct reads and writes in a common database format. Together, these
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309 modules and packages greatly simplify data interchange between Python
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310 applications and other tools.
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311
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312 * Internationalization is supported by a number of modules including
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313 :mod:`gettext`, :mod:`locale`, and the :mod:`codecs` package.
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