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author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Thu, 17 Jul 1997 16:29:42 +0000
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1 \section{Built-in Exceptions}
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2
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3 Exceptions are string objects. Two distinct string objects with the
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4 same value are different exceptions. This is done to force programmers
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5 to use exception names rather than their string value when specifying
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6 exception handlers. The string value of all built-in exceptions is
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7 their name, but this is not a requirement for user-defined exceptions
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8 or exceptions defined by library modules.
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9
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10 The following exceptions can be generated by the interpreter or
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11 built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an `associated
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12 value' indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a
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13 string or a tuple containing several items of information (e.g., an
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14 error code and a string explaining the code).
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15
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16 User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an
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17 exception handler or to report an error condition `just like' the
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18 situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but
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19 beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an
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20 inappropriate error.
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21
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22 \renewcommand{\indexsubitem}{(built-in exception)}
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23
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24 \begin{excdesc}{AttributeError}
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25 % xref to attribute reference?
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26 Raised when an attribute reference or assignment fails. (When an
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27 object does not support attribute references or attribute assignments
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28 at all, \code{TypeError} is raised.)
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29 \end{excdesc}
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30
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31 \begin{excdesc}{EOFError}
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32 % XXXJH xrefs here
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33 Raised when one of the built-in functions (\code{input()} or
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34 \code{raw_input()}) hits an end-of-file condition (\EOF{}) without
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35 reading any data.
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36 % XXXJH xrefs here
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37 (N.B.: the \code{read()} and \code{readline()} methods of file
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38 objects return an empty string when they hit \EOF{}.) No associated value.
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39 \end{excdesc}
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40
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41 \begin{excdesc}{IOError}
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42 % XXXJH xrefs here
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43 Raised when an I/O operation (such as a \code{print} statement, the
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44 built-in \code{open()} function or a method of a file object) fails
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45 for an I/O-related reason, e.g., `file not found', `disk full'.
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46 \end{excdesc}
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47
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48 \begin{excdesc}{ImportError}
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49 % XXXJH xref to import statement?
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50 Raised when an \code{import} statement fails to find the module
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51 definition or when a \code{from {\rm \ldots} import} fails to find a
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52 name that is to be imported.
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53 \end{excdesc}
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54
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55 \begin{excdesc}{IndexError}
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56 % XXXJH xref to sequences
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57 Raised when a sequence subscript is out of range. (Slice indices are
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58 silently truncated to fall in the allowed range; if an index is not a
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59 plain integer, \code{TypeError} is raised.)
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60 \end{excdesc}
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61
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62 \begin{excdesc}{KeyError}
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63 % XXXJH xref to mapping objects?
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64 Raised when a mapping (dictionary) key is not found in the set of
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65 existing keys.
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66 \end{excdesc}
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67
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68 \begin{excdesc}{KeyboardInterrupt}
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69 Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (normally
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70 \kbd{Control-C} or
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71 \key{DEL}). During execution, a check for interrupts is made regularly.
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72 % XXXJH xrefs here
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73 Interrupts typed when a built-in function \code{input()} or
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74 \code{raw_input()}) is waiting for input also raise this exception. No
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75 associated value.
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76 \end{excdesc}
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77
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78 \begin{excdesc}{MemoryError}
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79 Raised when an operation runs out of memory but the situation may
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80 still be rescued (by deleting some objects). The associated value is
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81 a string indicating what kind of (internal) operation ran out of memory.
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82 Note that because of the underlying memory management architecture
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83 (\C{}'s \code{malloc()} function), the interpreter may not always be able
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84 to completely recover from this situation; it nevertheless raises an
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85 exception so that a stack traceback can be printed, in case a run-away
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86 program was the cause.
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87 \end{excdesc}
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88
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89 \begin{excdesc}{NameError}
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90 Raised when a local or global name is not found. This applies only
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91 to unqualified names. The associated value is the name that could
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92 not be found.
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93 \end{excdesc}
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94
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95 \begin{excdesc}{OverflowError}
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96 % XXXJH reference to long's and/or int's?
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97 Raised when the result of an arithmetic operation is too large to be
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98 represented. This cannot occur for long integers (which would rather
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99 raise \code{MemoryError} than give up). Because of the lack of
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100 standardization of floating point exception handling in \C{}, most
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101 floating point operations also aren't checked. For plain integers,
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102 all operations that can overflow are checked except left shift, where
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103 typical applications prefer to drop bits than raise an exception.
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104 \end{excdesc}
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105
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106 \begin{excdesc}{RuntimeError}
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107 Raised when an error is detected that doesn't fall in any of the
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108 other categories. The associated value is a string indicating what
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109 precisely went wrong. (This exception is a relic from a previous
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110 version of the interpreter; it is not used any more except by some
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111 extension modules that haven't been converted to define their own
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112 exceptions yet.)
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113 \end{excdesc}
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114
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115 \begin{excdesc}{SyntaxError}
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116 % XXXJH xref to these functions?
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117 Raised when the parser encounters a syntax error. This may occur in
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118 an \code{import} statement, in an \code{exec} statement, in a call
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119 to the built-in function \code{eval()} or \code{input()}, or
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120 when reading the initial script or standard input (also
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121 interactively).
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122 \end{excdesc}
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123
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124 \begin{excdesc}{SystemError}
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125 Raised when the interpreter finds an internal error, but the
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126 situation does not look so serious to cause it to abandon all hope.
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127 The associated value is a string indicating what went wrong (in
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128 low-level terms).
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129
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130 You should report this to the author or maintainer of your Python
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131 interpreter. Be sure to report the version string of the Python
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132 interpreter (\code{sys.version}; it is also printed at the start of an
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133 interactive Python session), the exact error message (the exception's
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134 associated value) and if possible the source of the program that
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135 triggered the error.
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136 \end{excdesc}
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137
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138 \begin{excdesc}{SystemExit}
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139 % XXXJH xref to module sys?
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140 This exception is raised by the \code{sys.exit()} function. When it
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141 is not handled, the Python interpreter exits; no stack traceback is
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142 printed. If the associated value is a plain integer, it specifies the
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143 system exit status (passed to \C{}'s \code{exit()} function); if it is
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144 \code{None}, the exit status is zero; if it has another type (such as
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145 a string), the object's value is printed and the exit status is one.
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146
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147 A call to \code{sys.exit} is translated into an exception so that
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148 clean-up handlers (\code{finally} clauses of \code{try} statements)
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149 can be executed, and so that a debugger can execute a script without
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150 running the risk of losing control. The \code{posix._exit()} function
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151 can be used if it is absolutely positively necessary to exit
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152 immediately (e.g., after a \code{fork()} in the child process).
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153 \end{excdesc}
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154
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155 \begin{excdesc}{TypeError}
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156 Raised when a built-in operation or function is applied to an object
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157 of inappropriate type. The associated value is a string giving
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158 details about the type mismatch.
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159 \end{excdesc}
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160
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161 \begin{excdesc}{ValueError}
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162 Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an argument
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163 that has the right type but an inappropriate value, and the
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164 situation is not described by a more precise exception such as
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165 \code{IndexError}.
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166 \end{excdesc}
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167
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168 \begin{excdesc}{ZeroDivisionError}
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169 Raised when the second argument of a division or modulo operation is
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170 zero. The associated value is a string indicating the type of the
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171 operands and the operation.
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172 \end{excdesc}