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author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Thu, 17 Jul 1997 16:29:42 +0000
parents 3b3870b9acf2
children 9a3e6f0d6b5a
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1 <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part two</TITLE></HEAD>
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2 <BODY>
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3 <H1>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part two</H1>
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4 <HR>
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5
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6 In this document we rewrite the application of the <A
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7 HREF="example1.html">previous example</A> to use modeless dialogs. We
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8 will use an application framework, and we will have a look at creating
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9 applets, standalone applications written in Python. <A
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10 HREF="example2/InterslipControl-2.py">Source</A> and resource file (in
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11 binary and <A HREF="example2/InterslipControl-2.rsrc.hqx">BinHex</A>
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12 form for downloading) are available in the folder <A
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13 HREF="example2">example2</A>. If you want to run the program on your
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14 machine and you have Python 1.3 or earlier you will also need a new copy of <A
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15 HREF="update-to-1.3/FrameWork.py">FrameWork.py</A>, which has been
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16 updated since the 1.3 release. <p>
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17
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18 Again, we start with ResEdit to create our dialogs. Not only do we
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19 want a main dialog this time but also an "About" dialog, and we
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20 provide the <A NAME="bundle">BNDL resource</A> and related stuff that
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21 an application cannot be without. (Actually, a python applet can be
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22 without, <A HREF="#no-bundle">see below</A>). "Inside Mac" or various
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23 books on macintosh programming will help here. Also, you can refer to
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24 the resource files provided in the Python source distribution for some
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25 of the python-specific points of BNDL programming: the
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26 "appletbundle.rsrc" file is what is used for creating applets if you
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27 don't provide your own resource file. <p>
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28
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29 Let's have a look at InterslipControl-2.rsrc, our resource file. First
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30 off, there's the standard BNDL combo. I've picked 'PYTi' as signature
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31 for the application. I tend to pick PYT plus one lower-case letter for
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32 my signatures. The finder gets confused if you have two applications
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33 with the same signature. This may be due to some incorrectness on the
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34 side of "mkapplet", I am not sure. There is one case when you
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35 definitely need a unique signature: when you create an applet that has
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36 its own data files and you want the user to be able to start your
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37 applet by double-clicking one of the datafiles. <p>
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38
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39 There's little to tell about the BNDL stuff: I basically copied the
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40 generic Python applet icons and pasted in the symbol for
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41 InterSLIP. The two dialogs are equally unexciting: dialog 512 is our
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42 main window which has four static text fields (two of which we will be
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43 modifying during runtime, to show the status of the connection) and
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44 two buttons "connect" and "disconnect". The "quit" and "update status"
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45 buttons have disappeared, because they are handled by a menu choice
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46 and automatically, respectively. <p>
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47
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48 <H2>A modeless dialog application using FrameWork</H2>
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49
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50 On to the source code in <A
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51 HREF="example2/InterslipControl-2.py">InterslipControl-2.py</A>. The
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52 start is similar to our previous example program <A
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53 HREF="example1/InterslipControl-1.py">InterSlipControl-1.py</A>, with
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54 one extra module being imported. To make life more simple we will use
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55 the <CODE>FrameWork</CODE> module, a nifty piece of code that handles
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56 all the gory mac details of event loop programming, menubar
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57 installation and all the other code that is the same for every mac
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58 program in the world. Like most standard modules, FrameWork will run
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59 some sample test code when you invoke it as a main program, so try it
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60 now. It will create a menu bar with an Apple menu with the about box
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61 and a "File" menu with some pythonesque choices (which do nothing
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62 interesting, by the way) and a "Quit" command that works. <p>
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63
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64 <BLOCKQUOTE>
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65 If you have not used <code>FrameWork</code> before you may want to
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66 first take a look at the <A HREF="textedit.html">Pathetic EDitor</A>
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67 example, which builds a minimal text editor using FrameWork and TextEdit.
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68 On the other hand: we don't use many features of FrameWork, so you could
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69 also continue with this document.
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70 </BLOCKQUOTE>
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71
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72 After the imports we get the definitions of resource-IDs in our
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73 resource file, slightly changed from the previous version of our
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74 program, and the state to string mapping. The main program is also
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75 similar to our previous version, with one important exception: we
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76 first check to see whether our resource is available before opening
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77 the resource file. Why is this? Because later, when we will have
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78 converted the script to an applet, our resources will be available in
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79 the applet file and we don't need the separate resource file
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80 anymore. <p>
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81
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82 Next comes the definition of our main class,
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83 <CODE>InterslipControl</CODE>, which inherits
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84 <CODE>FrameWork.Application</CODE>. The Application class handles the
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85 menu bar and the main event loop and event dispatching. In the
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86 <CODE>__init__</CODE> routine we first let the base class initialize
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87 itself, then we create our modeless dialog and finally we jump into
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88 the main loop. The main loop continues until we call <CODE>self._quit</CODE>,
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89 which we will do when the user selects "quit". When we create
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90 the instance of <CODE>MyDialog</CODE> (which inherits
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91 <CODE>DialogWindow</CODE>, which inherits <CODE>Window</CODE>) we pass
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92 a reference to the application object, this reference is used to tell
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93 Application about our new window. This enables the event loop to keep
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94 track of all windows and dispatch things like update events and mouse
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95 clicks. <p>
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96
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97 The <CODE>makeusermenus()</CODE> method (which is called sometime
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98 during the Application <CODE>__init__</CODE> routine) creates a File
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99 menu with a Quit command (shortcut command-Q), which will callback to
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100 our quit() method. <CODE>Quit()</CODE>, in turn, calls <CODE>_quit</CODE> which
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101 causes the mainloop to terminate at a convenient time. <p>
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102
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103 Application provides a standard about box, but we override this by
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104 providing our own <CODE>do_about()</CODE> method which shows an about
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105 box from a resource as a modal dialog. This piece of code should look
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106 familiar to you from the previous example program. That do_about is
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107 called when the user selects About from the Apple menu is, again,
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108 taken care of by the __init__ routine of Application. <p>
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109
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110 Our main object finally overrides <CODE>idle()</CODE>, the method
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111 called when no event is available. It passes the call on to our dialog
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112 object to give it a chance to update the status fields, if needed. <p>
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113
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114 The <CODE>MyDialog</CODE> class is the container for our main
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115 window. Initialization is again done by first calling the base class
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116 <CODE>__init__</CODE> function and finally setting two local variables
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117 that are used by <CODE>updatestatus()</CODE> later. <p>
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118
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119 <CODE>Do_itemhit()</CODE> is called when an item is selected in this
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120 dialog by the user. We are passed the item number (and the original
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121 event structure, which we normally ignore). The code is similar to the
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122 main loop of our previous example program: a switch depending on the
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123 item selected. <CODE>Connect()</CODE> and <CODE>disconnect()</CODE>
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124 are again quite similar to our previous example. <p>
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125
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126 <CODE>Updatestatus()</CODE> is different, however. It is now
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127 potentially called many times per second instead of only when the
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128 user presses a button we don't want to update the display every time
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129 since that would cause some quite horrible flashing. Luckily,
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130 <CODE>interslip.status()</CODE> not only provides us with a state and
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131 a message but also with a message sequence number. If neither state
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132 nor message sequence number has changed since the last call there is
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133 no need to update the display, so we just return. For the rest,
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134 nothing has changed. <p>
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135
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136 <H2><IMG SRC="html.icons/mkapplet.gif"><A NAME="applets">Creating applets</A></H2>
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137
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138 Now, if you have a PowerPC Macintosh, let us try to turn the python
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139 script into an applet, a standalone application. Actually,
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140 "standalone" is probably not the correct term here, since an applet
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141 does still depend on a lot of the python environment: the PythonCore
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142 shared library, the Python Preferences file, the python Lib folder and
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143 any other modules that the main module depends on. It is possible to
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144 get rid of all these dependencies except for the dependency on
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145 PythonCore, but at the moment that is still quite difficult so we will
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146 ignore that possibility for now. By standalone we mean here that the
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147 script has the look-and-feel of an application, including the ability
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148 to have its own document types, be droppable, etc. <p>
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149
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150 The easiest way to create an applet is to take your source file and
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151 drop it onto "mkapplet" (normally located in the Python home
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152 folder). This will create an applet with the same name as your python
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153 source with the ".py" stripped. Also, if a resource file with the same
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154 name as your source but with ".rsrc" extension is available the
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155 resources from that file will be copied to your applet too. If there
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156 is no resource file for your script a set of default resources will be
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157 used, and the applet will have the default creator 'PYTa'. The latter
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158 also happens if you do have a resource file but without the BNDL
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159 combo. <A NAME="no-bundle">Actually</A>, for our example that would
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160 have been the most logical solution, since our applet does not have
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161 its own data files. It would have saved us hunting for an unused
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162 creator code. The only reason for using the BNDL in this case is
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163 having the custom icon, but that could have been done by pasting an
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164 icon on the finder Info window, or by providing an custon icon in your
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165 resource file and setting the "custom icon" finder bit. <p>
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166
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167 If you need slightly more control over the mkapplet process you can
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168 double-click mkapplet, and you will get dialogs for source and
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169 destination of the applet. The rest of the process, including locating
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170 the resource file, remains the same. <p>
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171
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172 Note that though our example application completely bypasses the
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173 normal python user interface this is by no means necessary. Any python
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174 script can be turned into an applet, and all the usual features of the
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175 interpreter still work. <p>
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176
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177 That's all for this example, you may now return to the <A HREF="index.html">
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178 table of contents</A> to pick another topic. <p>