Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate README @ 5817:48b94de85bf3 legacy-trunk
Extensive changes by AMK.
| author | Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Thu, 17 Jul 1997 16:29:42 +0000 |
| parents | da475e107a68 |
| children | 8d7dc66968cb |
| rev | line source |
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| 5591 | 1 This is Python release 1.5 alpha 2 |
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2 ================================== |
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3 |
| 5466 | 4 ****************************************** |
| 5 *** RELEASE RESTRICTED TO PSA MEMBERS! *** | |
| 6 ****************************************** | |
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7 |
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8 What's new in this release? |
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9 --------------------------- |
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10 |
| 5466 | 11 Ehm, I'll be more complete later. Som highlights: I've completed the |
| 12 Grand Renaming. It's much faster (almost twice for pystone.py -- see | |
| 13 Tools/scripts.) There's an assert statement, and a -O option that | |
| 14 squeezes SET_LINENO instructions and if __debug__ code. It's much | |
| 15 smarter (only on Unix, so far) about the initial value for sys.path. | |
| 16 See the usage message (python -h). There's an explicit structure that | |
| 17 maintains all per-thread globals. | |
| 18 | |
| 19 Unfinished projects: documentation; multiple independent interpreters; | |
| 20 better embedding support; more Windows support. | |
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21 |
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22 |
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23 What is Python anyway? |
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24 ---------------------- |
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25 |
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26 Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is |
| 5591 | 27 often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java or Scheme. For a quick summary of |
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28 what Python can mean for a UNIX/C programmer, read Misc/BLURB.LUTZ. |
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29 If you have web access, point your browser to http://www.python.org. |
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30 |
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31 |
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32 How do I learn Python? |
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33 ---------------------- |
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34 |
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35 The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc |
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36 directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html). |
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37 Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for |
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38 some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. |
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39 |
| 5591 | 40 There are now also several books on Python. While these are still |
| 41 based on Python 1.3 or 1.4, the language is so stable now that you'd | |
| 42 be hard pressed to find places where the books are out of date. The | |
| 43 first two books, both first published in October 1996 and both | |
| 44 including a CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other: | |
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45 |
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46 Internet Programming with Python |
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47 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom |
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48 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers |
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49 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8 |
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50 |
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51 Programming Python |
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52 by Mark Lutz |
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53 O'Reilly & Associates |
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54 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6 |
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55 |
| 5591 | 56 If you prefer to read German, try: |
| 57 | |
| 58 Das Python-Buch | |
| 59 by Martin von Loewis and Nils Fischbeck | |
| 60 Addison-Wesley-Longman, 1997 | |
| 61 ISBN: 3-8273-1110-1 | |
| 62 | |
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63 |
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64 If you don't read instructions |
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65 ------------------------------ |
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66 |
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67 Congratulations on getting this far. :-) |
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68 |
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69 To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the |
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70 current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section |
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71 Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-) |
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72 |
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73 |
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74 Copyright issues |
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75 ---------------- |
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76 |
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77 Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright |
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78 notice at the end of this file. |
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79 |
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80 The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence |
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81 (GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely |
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82 optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python. For all these |
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83 packages, GPL-free public domain versions also exist. |
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84 |
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85 |
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86 |
| 3110 | 87 A modest plug |
| 88 ============= | |
| 89 | |
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90 ********************************************************************* |
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91 * Without your help, I won't be able to continue to support Python! * |
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92 ********************************************************************* |
| 3110 | 93 |
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94 If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software |
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95 Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/. |
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96 |
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97 Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged |
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98 to become corporate members! |
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99 |
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100 |
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101 Build instructions |
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102 ================== |
| 1453 | 103 |
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104 Before you can build Python, you must first configure it. |
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105 Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined |
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106 for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few |
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107 commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some |
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108 platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform |
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109 specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms |
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110 sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below. |
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111 |
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112 You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your |
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113 system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a |
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114 minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to |
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115 run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see |
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116 the section below on configuration options and variables. |
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117 |
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118 To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory. |
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119 This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser, |
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120 Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The |
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121 executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and |
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122 moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also |
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123 chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do |
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124 the Modules subdirectory last!). |
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125 |
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126 Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on |
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127 testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run |
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128 in trouble, see the next section. |
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129 |
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130 |
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131 Troubleshooting |
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132 --------------- |
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133 |
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134 See also the platform specific notes in the next section. |
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135 |
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136 If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make". |
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137 |
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138 If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ (file |
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139 Misc/FAQ) for hints on what can go wrong, and how to fix it. |
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140 |
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141 If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all |
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142 object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or |
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143 not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable |
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144 problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report! |
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145 |
| 4134 | 146 If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that |
| 147 should be there, inspect the config.log file. | |
| 148 | |
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149 |
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150 Platform specific notes |
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151 ----------------------- |
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152 |
| 3174 | 153 (Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python |
| 154 on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let | |
| 155 me know so I can remove them!) | |
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156 |
| 5037 | 157 Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris |
| 158 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest | |
| 159 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as | |
| 160 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure | |
| 161 script). | |
| 162 | |
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163 Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run |
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164 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently |
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165 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on |
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166 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to |
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167 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x |
| 4134 | 168 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default |
| 5037 | 169 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. (Note: when you change the |
| 170 status of a module from static to shared, you must remove its | |
| 171 .o file or do a "make clean".) | |
| 172 | |
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173 DEC Unix: When enabling threads, use --with-dec-threads, not |
| 5037 | 174 --with-thread. |
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175 |
| 4134 | 176 AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in |
| 177 place. To enable it, uncomment the LINKCC line in the Setup | |
| 178 file. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done. | |
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179 |
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180 WARNING! In some versions of AIX, you get errors about |
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181 Invalid Indent when running the Python test set. This appears |
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182 to be a bug in the AIX compiler. Rebuild Parser/tokenizer.c |
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183 using OPT="" or OPT=-g, or use gcc. According to the latest |
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184 reports, it seems this compiler bug is still present in 4.2.1. |
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185 |
| 4134 | 186 HP-UX: Shared library support now works by default (at least on HP-UX |
| 187 9.x). One other problem remains: the HP ANSI C compiler (cc | |
| 188 -Aa) is too pedantic to use, but in K&R mode, it barfs on a | |
| 189 few files (complexobject.c, getargs.c and operator.c). Until | |
| 190 this is fixed, the following seems to work: | |
| 191 | |
| 192 make -k # this compiles all but a few files | |
| 193 make OPT=-Aa # compile the remaining files | |
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194 |
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195 Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"! |
| 1882 | 196 |
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197 SCO: 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the |
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198 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken. |
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199 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard it's |
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200 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined. |
| 1453 | 201 |
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202 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt |
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203 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS |
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204 needed be set to: |
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205 |
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206 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i' |
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207 |
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208 3) According to at least one report, the above apply only to |
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209 SCO 3 -- Python builds out of the box on SCO 5. |
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210 |
| 5037 | 211 SunOS: On SunOS 4.1.x, when using the SunPro C compiler, you may want |
| 212 to use the '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some | |
| 213 needed non-ANSI Sunisms. | |
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214 |
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215 NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch |
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216 described below. |
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217 |
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218 |
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219 Configuring additional built-in modules |
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220 --------------------------------------- |
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221 |
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222 You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in |
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223 modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially |
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224 copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the |
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225 first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy |
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226 yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the |
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227 comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can |
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228 make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules |
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229 will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the |
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230 toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use |
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231 "make Makefile; make".) |
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232 |
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233 The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but |
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234 many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm, |
| 4134 | 235 nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often |
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236 the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not |
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237 is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get |
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238 compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support. |
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239 |
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240 On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific |
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241 system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. |
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242 |
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243 For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the |
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244 audio device. |
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245 |
| 5037 | 246 In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local. |
| 247 (the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more | |
| 248 convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when | |
| 249 installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local | |
| 250 file. | |
| 251 | |
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252 |
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253 Setting the optimization/debugging options |
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254 ------------------------------------------ |
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255 |
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256 If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for |
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257 the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make |
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258 command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python |
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259 on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the |
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260 environment when the configure script is run overrides this default |
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261 (likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base |
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262 set of libraries to link with). |
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263 |
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264 |
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265 Testing |
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266 ------- |
| 1453 | 267 |
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268 To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test". |
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269 This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with |
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270 the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set |
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271 produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about |
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272 skipped tests due to an optional feature that can't be imported (if |
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273 you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them). |
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274 If a messages is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core |
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275 dump is produced, something's wrong. On some systems, test_strftime |
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276 fails due to a non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C |
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277 library. This can be ignored (or you can complain to your vendor). |
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278 |
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279 IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report, |
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280 *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the |
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281 test that fails manually, as follows: |
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282 |
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283 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py |
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284 |
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285 (substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a |
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286 different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode. |
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287 |
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288 |
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289 Installing |
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290 ---------- |
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291 |
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292 Installing Python was never this easy! |
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293 |
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294 To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules |
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295 (see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page, |
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296 just type "make install". This will install all platform-independent |
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297 files in subdirectories the directory given with the --prefix option |
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298 to configure or the 'prefix' Make variable (default /usr/local), and |
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299 all binary and other platform-specific files in subdirectories if the |
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300 directory given by --exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable |
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301 (defaults to the --prefix directory). All subdirectories created will |
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302 have Python's version number in their name, e.g. the library modules |
| 5466 | 303 are installed in "/usr/local/lib/python1.5/" by default. The Python |
| 304 binary is installed as "python1.5" and a hard link named "python" is | |
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305 created. The only file not installed with a version number in its |
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306 name is the manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" |
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307 by default. |
| 1453 | 308 |
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309 If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.4 Python that you don't |
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310 want to replace yet, use "make altinstall". This installs the same |
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311 set of files as "make install" except it doesn't create the hard link |
| 5466 | 312 to "python1.5" named "python" and it doesn't install the manual page |
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313 at all. |
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314 |
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315 The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for |
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316 Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already |
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317 have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the |
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318 instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific |
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319 files. |
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320 |
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321 |
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322 Configuration options and variables |
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323 ----------------------------------- |
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324 |
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325 Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure |
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326 script. |
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327 |
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328 WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you |
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329 must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule: |
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330 after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove |
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331 Modules/getpath.o; after changing --with-readline, just remove |
| 5037 | 332 Parser/myreadline.o (but if it doesn't seem to work, always try "make |
| 333 clean" before giving up or complaining!). | |
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334 |
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335 --with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if |
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336 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is |
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337 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option |
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338 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the |
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339 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the |
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340 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is |
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341 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck |
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342 option. |
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343 |
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344 --prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the |
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345 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib}, |
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346 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter |
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347 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the |
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348 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass |
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349 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the |
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350 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the |
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351 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also |
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352 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when |
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353 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option |
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354 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the |
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355 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient |
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356 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind |
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357 about the install prefix... |
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358 |
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359 --with-readline: You can use the GNU readline library to improve the |
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360 interactive user interface. This gives you line editing and |
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361 command history when calling Python interactively. Unless GNU |
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362 readline is a standard part of your system (it is on Linux), |
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363 you need to configure build the GNU readline library before |
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364 running the configure script. Its sources are not distributed |
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365 with Python; you can ftp them from any GNU mirror site, or |
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366 from its home site: |
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367 ftp://slc2.ins.cwru.edu/pub/dist/readline-2.0.tar.gz (or |
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368 a higher version number -- using version 1.x is not |
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369 recommended). |
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370 |
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371 A GPL-free version was posted to comp.sources.misc in volume |
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372 31 and is widely available from FTP archive sites, e.g. |
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373 ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/. |
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374 |
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375 Pass the Python configure script the option |
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376 --with-readline=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY is the absolute |
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377 pathname of the directory where you've built the readline |
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378 library. If GNU readline is a standard part of your system, |
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379 don't pass '=DIRECTORY'. Some hints on building and using the |
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380 readline library are in the FAQ (file Misc/FAQ). |
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381 |
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382 --with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads. |
| 5037 | 383 To enable this, pass --with-thread. (--with-threads is an |
| 384 alias.) If the library required for threads lives in a | |
| 5591 | 385 peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. NOTE: |
| 386 you must also enable the thread module by uncommenting it in | |
| 387 the Modules/Setup file. (Threads aren't enabled automatically | |
| 388 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is | |
| 389 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make | |
| 390 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this | |
| 391 option! Note: for DEC Unix use --with-dec-threads instead. | |
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392 |
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393 --with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is |
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394 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is |
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395 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z. |
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396 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl |
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397 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY |
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398 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on |
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399 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style |
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400 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated. |
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401 |
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402 --with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported |
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403 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent |
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404 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a |
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405 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package |
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406 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an |
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407 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation |
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408 can be found at |
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409 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To |
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410 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the |
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411 configure passing it the option |
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412 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is |
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413 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and |
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414 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library. |
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415 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic |
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416 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is |
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417 deprecated. |
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418 |
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419 --with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative |
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420 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library |
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421 (default the empty string) using the options |
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422 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g. |
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423 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler |
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424 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s. |
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425 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C |
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426 library last. |
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427 |
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428 --with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build |
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429 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes |
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430 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource |
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431 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.) |
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432 |
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433 --with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python |
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434 linked against. |
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435 |
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436 |
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437 Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature) |
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438 ------------------------------------------------------------- |
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439 |
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440 If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it |
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441 usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each |
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442 architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the |
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443 VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each |
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444 architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the |
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445 appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the |
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446 necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles |
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447 contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the |
| 4134 | 448 actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if |
| 449 you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.) | |
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450 |
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451 For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python |
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452 in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel |
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453 directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python): |
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454 |
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455 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python |
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456 $ cd /usr/tmp/python |
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457 $ ~guido/src/python/configure |
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458 [...] |
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459 $ make |
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460 [...] |
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461 $ |
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462 |
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463 Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build |
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464 directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can |
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465 edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this |
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466 reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked |
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467 automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy |
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468 of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The |
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469 makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be |
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470 fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it |
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471 doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local; |
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472 however this assumes that you only need to add modules.) |
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473 |
| 1453 | 474 |
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475 Building on non-UNIX systems |
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476 ---------------------------- |
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477 |
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478 Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake! |
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479 |
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480 Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular |
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481 non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the |
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482 PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard |
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483 Unix build instructions). |
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484 |
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485 For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available, |
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486 for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac |
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487 development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group |
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488 (http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to |
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489 pythonmac-sig-request@python.org). |
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490 |
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491 Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these |
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492 platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/. |
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493 |
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494 To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the |
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495 effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this |
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496 has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file |
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497 config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual |
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498 configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as |
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499 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone |
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500 otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or |
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501 as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of |
| 4134 | 502 int if they need to be defined at all. |
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503 |
| 1453 | 504 |
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505 |
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506 Miscellaneous issues |
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507 ==================== |
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508 |
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509 Documentation |
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510 ------------- |
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511 |
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512 All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of |
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513 LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut), |
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514 Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext). |
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515 Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of |
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516 Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is |
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517 described here. |
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518 |
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519 To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc |
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520 subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and |
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521 send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and |
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522 ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have |
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523 LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see |
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524 below). |
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525 |
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526 All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site |
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527 (http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded |
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528 separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or |
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529 PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ (file Misc/FAQ) for |
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530 more info. |
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531 |
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532 |
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533 Emacs mode |
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534 ---------- |
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535 |
| 4134 | 536 There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file |
| 537 Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by Tim Peters, it is now | |
| 538 maintained by Barry Warsaw <bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. | |
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539 |
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540 |
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541 Web site |
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542 -------- |
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543 |
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544 Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us! |
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545 There are a number of mirrors, listed on the home page -- try a mirror |
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546 that's close you you. |
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547 |
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548 |
| 4134 | 549 Ftp site |
| 550 -------- | |
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551 |
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552 Python's own ftp site is ftp.python.org, directory /pub/python. See |
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553 the FAQ (file Misc/FAQ) for a list of other ftp sites carrying the |
|
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554 Python distribution. |
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555 |
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556 |
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557 Newsgroup and mailing list |
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558 -------------------------- |
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559 |
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560 There are a newsgroup and a mailing list devoted to Python. The |
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561 newsgroup, comp.lang.python, contains exactly the same messages as the |
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562 mailing list (though not always in the same order, due to the |
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563 mysterious nature of the Usenet news distribution algorithm). To |
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564 subscribe to the mailing list, send mail containing your real name and |
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565 e-mail address to "python-list-request@cwi.nl". Use the same address |
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566 if you want to unsibscribed. (A real person reads these messages, so |
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567 no LISTPROC or Majordomo commands, please, and please be patient -- |
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568 normal turn-around time is about one working day.) |
| 4134 | 569 |
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570 The Python web site contains a search form that lets you search the |
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571 newsgroup archives (or the web site itself). Click on the "search" |
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572 link in the banner menu on any page of http://www.python.org/. |
| 4134 | 573 |
| 574 | |
| 575 Bug reports | |
| 576 ----------- | |
| 577 | |
|
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578 Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup or the Python |
|
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579 mailing list -- see the section "Newsgroup and mailing list" above. |
|
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580 Before posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if |
|
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581 your bug has already been reported! |
| 4134 | 582 |
| 583 | |
| 584 Questions | |
| 585 --------- | |
| 586 | |
| 587 For help, if you can't find it in the manuals, the FAQ or on the web | |
| 588 site, it's best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing | |
| 589 list (see above). If you specifically don't want to involve the | |
| 590 newsgroup or mailing list, send questions to python-help@python.org. | |
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591 |
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592 |
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593 The Tk interface |
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594 ---------------- |
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595 |
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596 Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is |
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597 also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and |
|
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598 install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. It works |
|
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599 with Tcl 7.5 and Tk 4.1 as well as with Tcl 7.4 and Tk 4.0. I didn't |
|
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600 have the time to test it with Tcl 7.6 and Tk 4.2 yet, but it might |
|
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601 well work. |
|
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602 |
|
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603 See http://www.sunlabs.com/research/tcl/ for more info on where to get |
| 5466 | 604 Tcl/Tk. Also http://sunscript.sun.com/. |
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605 |
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606 To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed |
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607 Tcl/Tk, all you need to do is edit two lines in Modules/Setup; search |
|
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608 for the string "_tkinter". Uncomment one (normally the first) of the |
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609 lines beginning with "#_tkinter" and un-comment the line beginning |
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610 with "#TKPATH". If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual |
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611 places, you will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L |
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612 options. See the Build Instructions above for more details. |
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613 |
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614 There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of |
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615 the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with |
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616 fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document, |
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617 e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped |
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618 tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version |
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619 http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the |
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620 Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are |
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621 translated into Tcl code. |
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622 |
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623 There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories |
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624 guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been |
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625 overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions). |
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626 |
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627 Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which |
|
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628 lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter" |
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629 (lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in |
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630 Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the |
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631 Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module |
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632 directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled |
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633 and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the |
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634 Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module, |
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635 sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup |
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636 file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly |
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637 ("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for |
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638 the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path |
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639 or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.) |
| 3008 | 640 |
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641 |
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642 Distribution structure |
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643 ---------------------- |
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644 |
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645 Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have |
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646 comments. |
| 1453 | 647 |
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648 BUGS A list of known bugs (not completely up-to-date) |
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649 Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs |
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650 Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources) |
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651 Grammar/ Input for the parser generator |
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652 Include/ Public header files |
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653 Lib/ Python library modules |
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654 Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile |
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655 Misc/ Miscellaneous files |
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656 Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules |
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657 Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types |
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658 PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, NT, OS/2) |
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659 Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling |
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660 Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter |
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661 README The file you're reading now |
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662 TODO A list of things that could be done (not up-to-date) |
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663 Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python |
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664 acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program |
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665 config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h |
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666 configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output) |
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667 configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input) |
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668 install-sh Shell script used to install files |
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669 |
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670 The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by |
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671 the configuration and build processes: |
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672 |
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673 Makefile Build rules |
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674 config.cache cache of configuration variables |
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675 config.h Configuration header |
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676 config.log log from last configure run |
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677 config.status status from last run of configure script |
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678 python The executable interpreter |
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679 tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs |
| 1453 | 680 |
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681 |
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682 Author's address |
| 4134 | 683 ================ |
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684 |
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685 Guido van Rossum |
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686 CNRI |
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687 1895 Preston White Drive |
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688 Reston, VA 20191 |
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689 USA |
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690 |
| 4134 | 691 E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org |
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692 |
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693 |
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694 |
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695 Copyright notice |
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696 ================ |
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697 |
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698 The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it |
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699 as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice: |
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700 |
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701 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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702 Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, |
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703 The Netherlands. |
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704 |
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705 All Rights Reserved |
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706 |
| 1819 | 707 Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its |
| 708 documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, | |
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709 provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that |
| 1819 | 710 both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in |
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711 supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch |
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712 Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or |
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713 CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to |
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714 distribution of the software without specific, written prior |
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715 permission. |
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716 |
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717 While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version |
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718 is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives |
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719 (CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org. |
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720 |
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721 STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH |
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722 REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF |
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723 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH |
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724 CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL |
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725 DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR |
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726 PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER |
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727 TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR |
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728 PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
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729 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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730 |
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731 |
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732 --Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/) |