annotate Doc/lib/libformatter.tex @ 21467:4e35fa5d5708 legacy-trunk

Add documentation for the help() built-in; contributed by Ka-Ping Yee. This is part of SF patch #494622.
author Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
date Tue, 18 Dec 2001 16:31:08 +0000
parents e5c3ca7b5099
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1 \section{\module{formatter} ---
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2 Generic output formatting}
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3
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4 \declaremodule{standard}{formatter}
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5 \modulesynopsis{Generic output formatter and device interface.}
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6
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8
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9 This module supports two interface definitions, each with multiple
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10 implementations. The \emph{formatter} interface is used by the
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11 \class{HTMLParser} class of the \refmodule{htmllib} module, and the
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12 \emph{writer} interface is required by the formatter interface.
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13 \withsubitem{(class in htmllib)}{\ttindex{HTMLParser}}
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14
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15 Formatter objects transform an abstract flow of formatting events into
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16 specific output events on writer objects. Formatters manage several
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17 stack structures to allow various properties of a writer object to be
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18 changed and restored; writers need not be able to handle relative
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19 changes nor any sort of ``change back'' operation. Specific writer
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20 properties which may be controlled via formatter objects are
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21 horizontal alignment, font, and left margin indentations. A mechanism
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22 is provided which supports providing arbitrary, non-exclusive style
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23 settings to a writer as well. Additional interfaces facilitate
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24 formatting events which are not reversible, such as paragraph
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25 separation.
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26
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27 Writer objects encapsulate device interfaces. Abstract devices, such
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28 as file formats, are supported as well as physical devices. The
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29 provided implementations all work with abstract devices. The
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30 interface makes available mechanisms for setting the properties which
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31 formatter objects manage and inserting data into the output.
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33
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34 \subsection{The Formatter Interface \label{formatter-interface}}
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36 Interfaces to create formatters are dependent on the specific
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37 formatter class being instantiated. The interfaces described below
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38 are the required interfaces which all formatters must support once
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39 initialized.
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40
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41 One data element is defined at the module level:
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42
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43
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44 \begin{datadesc}{AS_IS}
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45 Value which can be used in the font specification passed to the
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46 \code{push_font()} method described below, or as the new value to any
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47 other \code{push_\var{property}()} method. Pushing the \code{AS_IS}
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48 value allows the corresponding \code{pop_\var{property}()} method to
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49 be called without having to track whether the property was changed.
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50 \end{datadesc}
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51
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52 The following attributes are defined for formatter instance objects:
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53
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54
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55 \begin{memberdesc}[formatter]{writer}
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56 The writer instance with which the formatter interacts.
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57 \end{memberdesc}
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60 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{end_paragraph}{blanklines}
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61 Close any open paragraphs and insert at least \var{blanklines}
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62 before the next paragraph.
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63 \end{methoddesc}
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64
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65 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{add_line_break}{}
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66 Add a hard line break if one does not already exist. This does not
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67 break the logical paragraph.
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68 \end{methoddesc}
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69
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70 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{add_hor_rule}{*args, **kw}
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71 Insert a horizontal rule in the output. A hard break is inserted if
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72 there is data in the current paragraph, but the logical paragraph is
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73 not broken. The arguments and keywords are passed on to the writer's
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74 \method{send_line_break()} method.
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75 \end{methoddesc}
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76
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77 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{add_flowing_data}{data}
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78 Provide data which should be formatted with collapsed whitespace.
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79 Whitespace from preceding and successive calls to
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80 \method{add_flowing_data()} is considered as well when the whitespace
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81 collapse is performed. The data which is passed to this method is
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82 expected to be word-wrapped by the output device. Note that any
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83 word-wrapping still must be performed by the writer object due to the
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84 need to rely on device and font information.
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85 \end{methoddesc}
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86
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87 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{add_literal_data}{data}
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88 Provide data which should be passed to the writer unchanged.
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89 Whitespace, including newline and tab characters, are considered legal
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90 in the value of \var{data}.
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91 \end{methoddesc}
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92
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93 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{add_label_data}{format, counter}
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94 Insert a label which should be placed to the left of the current left
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95 margin. This should be used for constructing bulleted or numbered
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96 lists. If the \var{format} value is a string, it is interpreted as a
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97 format specification for \var{counter}, which should be an integer.
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98 The result of this formatting becomes the value of the label; if
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99 \var{format} is not a string it is used as the label value directly.
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100 The label value is passed as the only argument to the writer's
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101 \method{send_label_data()} method. Interpretation of non-string label
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102 values is dependent on the associated writer.
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103
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104 Format specifications are strings which, in combination with a counter
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105 value, are used to compute label values. Each character in the format
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106 string is copied to the label value, with some characters recognized
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107 to indicate a transform on the counter value. Specifically, the
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108 character \character{1} represents the counter value formatter as an
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109 Arabic number, the characters \character{A} and \character{a}
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110 represent alphabetic representations of the counter value in upper and
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111 lower case, respectively, and \character{I} and \character{i}
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112 represent the counter value in Roman numerals, in upper and lower
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113 case. Note that the alphabetic and roman transforms require that the
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114 counter value be greater than zero.
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115 \end{methoddesc}
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116
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117 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{flush_softspace}{}
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118 Send any pending whitespace buffered from a previous call to
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119 \method{add_flowing_data()} to the associated writer object. This
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120 should be called before any direct manipulation of the writer object.
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121 \end{methoddesc}
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122
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123 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{push_alignment}{align}
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124 Push a new alignment setting onto the alignment stack. This may be
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125 \constant{AS_IS} if no change is desired. If the alignment value is
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126 changed from the previous setting, the writer's \method{new_alignment()}
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127 method is called with the \var{align} value.
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128 \end{methoddesc}
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129
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130 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{pop_alignment}{}
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131 Restore the previous alignment.
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132 \end{methoddesc}
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133
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134 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{push_font}{\code{(}size, italic, bold, teletype\code{)}}
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135 Change some or all font properties of the writer object. Properties
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136 which are not set to \constant{AS_IS} are set to the values passed in
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137 while others are maintained at their current settings. The writer's
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138 \method{new_font()} method is called with the fully resolved font
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139 specification.
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140 \end{methoddesc}
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141
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142 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{pop_font}{}
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143 Restore the previous font.
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144 \end{methoddesc}
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145
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146 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{push_margin}{margin}
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147 Increase the number of left margin indentations by one, associating
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148 the logical tag \var{margin} with the new indentation. The initial
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149 margin level is \code{0}. Changed values of the logical tag must be
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150 true values; false values other than \constant{AS_IS} are not
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151 sufficient to change the margin.
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152 \end{methoddesc}
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153
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154 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{pop_margin}{}
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155 Restore the previous margin.
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156 \end{methoddesc}
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157
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158 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{push_style}{*styles}
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159 Push any number of arbitrary style specifications. All styles are
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160 pushed onto the styles stack in order. A tuple representing the
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161 entire stack, including \constant{AS_IS} values, is passed to the
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162 writer's \method{new_styles()} method.
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163 \end{methoddesc}
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164
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165 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{pop_style}{\optional{n\code{ = 1}}}
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166 Pop the last \var{n} style specifications passed to
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167 \method{push_style()}. A tuple representing the revised stack,
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168 including \constant{AS_IS} values, is passed to the writer's
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169 \method{new_styles()} method.
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170 \end{methoddesc}
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171
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172 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{set_spacing}{spacing}
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173 Set the spacing style for the writer.
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174 \end{methoddesc}
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175
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176 \begin{methoddesc}[formatter]{assert_line_data}{\optional{flag\code{ = 1}}}
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177 Inform the formatter that data has been added to the current paragraph
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178 out-of-band. This should be used when the writer has been manipulated
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179 directly. The optional \var{flag} argument can be set to false if
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180 the writer manipulations produced a hard line break at the end of the
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181 output.
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182 \end{methoddesc}
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183
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184
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185 \subsection{Formatter Implementations \label{formatter-impls}}
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186
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187 Two implementations of formatter objects are provided by this module.
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188 Most applications may use one of these classes without modification or
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189 subclassing.
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190
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191 \begin{classdesc}{NullFormatter}{\optional{writer}}
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192 A formatter which does nothing. If \var{writer} is omitted, a
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193 \class{NullWriter} instance is created. No methods of the writer are
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194 called by \class{NullFormatter} instances. Implementations should
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195 inherit from this class if implementing a writer interface but don't
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196 need to inherit any implementation.
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197 \end{classdesc}
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198
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199 \begin{classdesc}{AbstractFormatter}{writer}
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200 The standard formatter. This implementation has demonstrated wide
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201 applicability to many writers, and may be used directly in most
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202 circumstances. It has been used to implement a full-featured
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203 World Wide Web browser.
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204 \end{classdesc}
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205
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206
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207
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208 \subsection{The Writer Interface \label{writer-interface}}
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209
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210 Interfaces to create writers are dependent on the specific writer
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211 class being instantiated. The interfaces described below are the
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212 required interfaces which all writers must support once initialized.
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213 Note that while most applications can use the
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214 \class{AbstractFormatter} class as a formatter, the writer must
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215 typically be provided by the application.
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216
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217
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218 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{flush}{}
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219 Flush any buffered output or device control events.
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220 \end{methoddesc}
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221
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222 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{new_alignment}{align}
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223 Set the alignment style. The \var{align} value can be any object,
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224 but by convention is a string or \code{None}, where \code{None}
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225 indicates that the writer's ``preferred'' alignment should be used.
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226 Conventional \var{align} values are \code{'left'}, \code{'center'},
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227 \code{'right'}, and \code{'justify'}.
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228 \end{methoddesc}
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229
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230 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{new_font}{font}
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231 Set the font style. The value of \var{font} will be \code{None},
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232 indicating that the device's default font should be used, or a tuple
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233 of the form \code{(}\var{size}, \var{italic}, \var{bold},
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234 \var{teletype}\code{)}. Size will be a string indicating the size of
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235 font that should be used; specific strings and their interpretation
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236 must be defined by the application. The \var{italic}, \var{bold}, and
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237 \var{teletype} values are Boolean values specifying which of those
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238 font attributes should be used.
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239 \end{methoddesc}
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240
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241 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{new_margin}{margin, level}
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242 Set the margin level to the integer \var{level} and the logical tag
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243 to \var{margin}. Interpretation of the logical tag is at the
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244 writer's discretion; the only restriction on the value of the logical
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245 tag is that it not be a false value for non-zero values of
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246 \var{level}.
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247 \end{methoddesc}
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248
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249 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{new_spacing}{spacing}
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250 Set the spacing style to \var{spacing}.
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251 \end{methoddesc}
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252
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253 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{new_styles}{styles}
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254 Set additional styles. The \var{styles} value is a tuple of
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255 arbitrary values; the value \constant{AS_IS} should be ignored. The
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256 \var{styles} tuple may be interpreted either as a set or as a stack
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257 depending on the requirements of the application and writer
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258 implementation.
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259 \end{methoddesc}
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260
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261 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{send_line_break}{}
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262 Break the current line.
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263 \end{methoddesc}
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264
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265 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{send_paragraph}{blankline}
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266 Produce a paragraph separation of at least \var{blankline} blank
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267 lines, or the equivalent. The \var{blankline} value will be an
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268 integer. Note that the implementation will receive a call to
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269 \method{send_line_break()} before this call if a line break is needed;
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270 this method should not include ending the last line of the paragraph.
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271 It is only responsible for vertical spacing between paragraphs.
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272 \end{methoddesc}
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273
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274 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{send_hor_rule}{*args, **kw}
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275 Display a horizontal rule on the output device. The arguments to this
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276 method are entirely application- and writer-specific, and should be
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277 interpreted with care. The method implementation may assume that a
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278 line break has already been issued via \method{send_line_break()}.
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279 \end{methoddesc}
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280
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281 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{send_flowing_data}{data}
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282 Output character data which may be word-wrapped and re-flowed as
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283 needed. Within any sequence of calls to this method, the writer may
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284 assume that spans of multiple whitespace characters have been
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285 collapsed to single space characters.
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286 \end{methoddesc}
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287
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288 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{send_literal_data}{data}
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289 Output character data which has already been formatted
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290 for display. Generally, this should be interpreted to mean that line
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291 breaks indicated by newline characters should be preserved and no new
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292 line breaks should be introduced. The data may contain embedded
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293 newline and tab characters, unlike data provided to the
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294 \method{send_formatted_data()} interface.
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295 \end{methoddesc}
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296
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297 \begin{methoddesc}[writer]{send_label_data}{data}
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298 Set \var{data} to the left of the current left margin, if possible.
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299 The value of \var{data} is not restricted; treatment of non-string
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300 values is entirely application- and writer-dependent. This method
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301 will only be called at the beginning of a line.
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302 \end{methoddesc}
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303
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304
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305 \subsection{Writer Implementations \label{writer-impls}}
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306
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307 Three implementations of the writer object interface are provided as
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308 examples by this module. Most applications will need to derive new
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309 writer classes from the \class{NullWriter} class.
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310
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311 \begin{classdesc}{NullWriter}{}
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312 A writer which only provides the interface definition; no actions are
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313 taken on any methods. This should be the base class for all writers
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314 which do not need to inherit any implementation methods.
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315 \end{classdesc}
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316
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317 \begin{classdesc}{AbstractWriter}{}
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318 A writer which can be used in debugging formatters, but not much
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319 else. Each method simply announces itself by printing its name and
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320 arguments on standard output.
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321 \end{classdesc}
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322
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323 \begin{classdesc}{DumbWriter}{\optional{file\optional{, maxcol\code{ = 72}}}}
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324 Simple writer class which writes output on the file object passed in
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325 as \var{file} or, if \var{file} is omitted, on standard output. The
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326 output is simply word-wrapped to the number of columns specified by
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327 \var{maxcol}. This class is suitable for reflowing a sequence of
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328 paragraphs.
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329 \end{classdesc}