annotate Include/objimpl.h @ 58689:514b56efd89a 3.1

Merged revisions 77962 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/branches/py3k ................ r77962 | r.david.murray | 2010-02-04 11:41:57 -0500 (Thu, 04 Feb 2010) | 17 lines Merged revisions 77943,77959-77960 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r77943 | r.david.murray | 2010-02-03 08:36:23 -0500 (Wed, 03 Feb 2010) | 2 lines Explicitly mention the default value for formatdate's usegmt parameter. ........ r77959 | nick.coghlan | 2010-02-04 07:43:58 -0500 (Thu, 04 Feb 2010) | 1 line Issue 6760: Clarify args handling for subprocess.Popen. Patch by Chris Rebert ........ r77960 | r.david.murray | 2010-02-04 11:33:31 -0500 (Thu, 04 Feb 2010) | 2 lines Add Chris Rebert to ACKS for issue 6760 Popen doc improvements. ........ ................
author R. David Murray <rdmurray@bitdance.com>
date Thu, 04 Feb 2010 16:44:31 +0000
parents 94bd0666ffa7
children f197407bdba2 b6aff7a59803
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1 /* The PyObject_ memory family: high-level object memory interfaces.
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2 See pymem.h for the low-level PyMem_ family.
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3 */
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4
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5 #ifndef Py_OBJIMPL_H
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6 #define Py_OBJIMPL_H
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7
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8 #include "pymem.h"
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10 #ifdef __cplusplus
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11 extern "C" {
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12 #endif
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13
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14 /* BEWARE:
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15
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16 Each interface exports both functions and macros. Extension modules should
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17 use the functions, to ensure binary compatibility across Python versions.
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18 Because the Python implementation is free to change internal details, and
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19 the macros may (or may not) expose details for speed, if you do use the
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20 macros you must recompile your extensions with each Python release.
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21
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22 Never mix calls to PyObject_ memory functions with calls to the platform
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23 malloc/realloc/ calloc/free, or with calls to PyMem_.
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24 */
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25
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26 /*
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27 Functions and macros for modules that implement new object types.
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28
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29 - PyObject_New(type, typeobj) allocates memory for a new object of the given
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30 type, and initializes part of it. 'type' must be the C structure type used
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31 to represent the object, and 'typeobj' the address of the corresponding
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32 type object. Reference count and type pointer are filled in; the rest of
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33 the bytes of the object are *undefined*! The resulting expression type is
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34 'type *'. The size of the object is determined by the tp_basicsize field
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35 of the type object.
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36
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37 - PyObject_NewVar(type, typeobj, n) is similar but allocates a variable-size
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38 object with room for n items. In addition to the refcount and type pointer
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39 fields, this also fills in the ob_size field.
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41 - PyObject_Del(op) releases the memory allocated for an object. It does not
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42 run a destructor -- it only frees the memory. PyObject_Free is identical.
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43
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44 - PyObject_Init(op, typeobj) and PyObject_InitVar(op, typeobj, n) don't
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45 allocate memory. Instead of a 'type' parameter, they take a pointer to a
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46 new object (allocated by an arbitrary allocator), and initialize its object
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47 header fields.
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48
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49 Note that objects created with PyObject_{New, NewVar} are allocated using the
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50 specialized Python allocator (implemented in obmalloc.c), if WITH_PYMALLOC is
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51 enabled. In addition, a special debugging allocator is used if PYMALLOC_DEBUG
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52 is also #defined.
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53
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54 In case a specific form of memory management is needed (for example, if you
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55 must use the platform malloc heap(s), or shared memory, or C++ local storage or
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56 operator new), you must first allocate the object with your custom allocator,
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57 then pass its pointer to PyObject_{Init, InitVar} for filling in its Python-
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58 specific fields: reference count, type pointer, possibly others. You should
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59 be aware that Python no control over these objects because they don't
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60 cooperate with the Python memory manager. Such objects may not be eligible
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61 for automatic garbage collection and you have to make sure that they are
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62 released accordingly whenever their destructor gets called (cf. the specific
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63 form of memory management you're using).
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64
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65 Unless you have specific memory management requirements, use
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66 PyObject_{New, NewVar, Del}.
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67 */
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69 /*
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70 * Raw object memory interface
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71 * ===========================
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72 */
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73
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74 /* Functions to call the same malloc/realloc/free as used by Python's
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75 object allocator. If WITH_PYMALLOC is enabled, these may differ from
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76 the platform malloc/realloc/free. The Python object allocator is
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77 designed for fast, cache-conscious allocation of many "small" objects,
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78 and with low hidden memory overhead.
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79
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80 PyObject_Malloc(0) returns a unique non-NULL pointer if possible.
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81
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82 PyObject_Realloc(NULL, n) acts like PyObject_Malloc(n).
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83 PyObject_Realloc(p != NULL, 0) does not return NULL, or free the memory
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84 at p.
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85
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86 Returned pointers must be checked for NULL explicitly; no action is
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87 performed on failure other than to return NULL (no warning it printed, no
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88 exception is set, etc).
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89
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90 For allocating objects, use PyObject_{New, NewVar} instead whenever
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91 possible. The PyObject_{Malloc, Realloc, Free} family is exposed
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92 so that you can exploit Python's small-block allocator for non-object
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93 uses. If you must use these routines to allocate object memory, make sure
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94 the object gets initialized via PyObject_{Init, InitVar} after obtaining
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95 the raw memory.
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96 */
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97 PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyObject_Malloc(size_t);
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98 PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyObject_Realloc(void *, size_t);
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99 PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyObject_Free(void *);
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101
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102 /* Macros */
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103 #ifdef WITH_PYMALLOC
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104 #ifdef PYMALLOC_DEBUG /* WITH_PYMALLOC && PYMALLOC_DEBUG */
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105 PyAPI_FUNC(void *) _PyObject_DebugMalloc(size_t nbytes);
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106 PyAPI_FUNC(void *) _PyObject_DebugRealloc(void *p, size_t nbytes);
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107 PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_DebugFree(void *p);
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108 PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_DebugDumpAddress(const void *p);
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109 PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_DebugCheckAddress(const void *p);
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110 PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_DebugMallocStats(void);
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111 #define PyObject_MALLOC _PyObject_DebugMalloc
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112 #define PyObject_Malloc _PyObject_DebugMalloc
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113 #define PyObject_REALLOC _PyObject_DebugRealloc
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114 #define PyObject_Realloc _PyObject_DebugRealloc
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115 #define PyObject_FREE _PyObject_DebugFree
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116 #define PyObject_Free _PyObject_DebugFree
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117
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118 #else /* WITH_PYMALLOC && ! PYMALLOC_DEBUG */
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119 #define PyObject_MALLOC PyObject_Malloc
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120 #define PyObject_REALLOC PyObject_Realloc
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121 #define PyObject_FREE PyObject_Free
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122 #endif
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123
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124 #else /* ! WITH_PYMALLOC */
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125 #define PyObject_MALLOC PyMem_MALLOC
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126 #define PyObject_REALLOC PyMem_REALLOC
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127 #define PyObject_FREE PyMem_FREE
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128
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129 #endif /* WITH_PYMALLOC */
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130
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131 #define PyObject_Del PyObject_Free
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132 #define PyObject_DEL PyObject_FREE
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133
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134 /*
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135 * Generic object allocator interface
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136 * ==================================
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137 */
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138
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139 /* Functions */
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140 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Init(PyObject *, PyTypeObject *);
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141 PyAPI_FUNC(PyVarObject *) PyObject_InitVar(PyVarObject *,
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142 PyTypeObject *, Py_ssize_t);
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143 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_New(PyTypeObject *);
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144 PyAPI_FUNC(PyVarObject *) _PyObject_NewVar(PyTypeObject *, Py_ssize_t);
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145
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146 #define PyObject_New(type, typeobj) \
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147 ( (type *) _PyObject_New(typeobj) )
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148 #define PyObject_NewVar(type, typeobj, n) \
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149 ( (type *) _PyObject_NewVar((typeobj), (n)) )
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150
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151 /* Macros trading binary compatibility for speed. See also pymem.h.
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152 Note that these macros expect non-NULL object pointers.*/
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153 #define PyObject_INIT(op, typeobj) \
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154 ( Py_TYPE(op) = (typeobj), _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)(op)), (op) )
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155 #define PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, typeobj, size) \
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156 ( Py_SIZE(op) = (size), PyObject_INIT((op), (typeobj)) )
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157
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158 #define _PyObject_SIZE(typeobj) ( (typeobj)->tp_basicsize )
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159
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160 /* _PyObject_VAR_SIZE returns the number of bytes (as size_t) allocated for a
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161 vrbl-size object with nitems items, exclusive of gc overhead (if any). The
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162 value is rounded up to the closest multiple of sizeof(void *), in order to
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163 ensure that pointer fields at the end of the object are correctly aligned
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164 for the platform (this is of special importance for subclasses of, e.g.,
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165 str or long, so that pointers can be stored after the embedded data).
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166
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167 Note that there's no memory wastage in doing this, as malloc has to
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168 return (at worst) pointer-aligned memory anyway.
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169 */
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170 #if ((SIZEOF_VOID_P - 1) & SIZEOF_VOID_P) != 0
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171 # error "_PyObject_VAR_SIZE requires SIZEOF_VOID_P be a power of 2"
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172 #endif
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173
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174 #define _PyObject_VAR_SIZE(typeobj, nitems) \
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175 (size_t) \
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176 ( ( (typeobj)->tp_basicsize + \
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177 (nitems)*(typeobj)->tp_itemsize + \
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178 (SIZEOF_VOID_P - 1) \
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179 ) & ~(SIZEOF_VOID_P - 1) \
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180 )
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181
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182 #define PyObject_NEW(type, typeobj) \
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183 ( (type *) PyObject_Init( \
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184 (PyObject *) PyObject_MALLOC( _PyObject_SIZE(typeobj) ), (typeobj)) )
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185
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186 #define PyObject_NEW_VAR(type, typeobj, n) \
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187 ( (type *) PyObject_InitVar( \
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188 (PyVarObject *) PyObject_MALLOC(_PyObject_VAR_SIZE((typeobj),(n)) ),\
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189 (typeobj), (n)) )
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190
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191 /* This example code implements an object constructor with a custom
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192 allocator, where PyObject_New is inlined, and shows the important
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193 distinction between two steps (at least):
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194 1) the actual allocation of the object storage;
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195 2) the initialization of the Python specific fields
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196 in this storage with PyObject_{Init, InitVar}.
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197
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198 PyObject *
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199 YourObject_New(...)
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200 {
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201 PyObject *op;
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202
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203 op = (PyObject *) Your_Allocator(_PyObject_SIZE(YourTypeStruct));
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204 if (op == NULL)
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205 return PyErr_NoMemory();
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206
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207 PyObject_Init(op, &YourTypeStruct);
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208
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209 op->ob_field = value;
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210 ...
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211 return op;
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212 }
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213
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214 Note that in C++, the use of the new operator usually implies that
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215 the 1st step is performed automatically for you, so in a C++ class
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216 constructor you would start directly with PyObject_Init/InitVar
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217 */
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218
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219 /*
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220 * Garbage Collection Support
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221 * ==========================
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222 */
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223
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224 /* C equivalent of gc.collect(). */
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225 PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PyGC_Collect(void);
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226
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227 /* Test if a type has a GC head */
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228 #define PyType_IS_GC(t) PyType_HasFeature((t), Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC)
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229
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230 /* Test if an object has a GC head */
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231 #define PyObject_IS_GC(o) (PyType_IS_GC(Py_TYPE(o)) && \
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232 (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_is_gc == NULL || Py_TYPE(o)->tp_is_gc(o)))
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233
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234 PyAPI_FUNC(PyVarObject *) _PyObject_GC_Resize(PyVarObject *, Py_ssize_t);
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235 #define PyObject_GC_Resize(type, op, n) \
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236 ( (type *) _PyObject_GC_Resize((PyVarObject *)(op), (n)) )
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237
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238 /* for source compatibility with 2.2 */
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239 #define _PyObject_GC_Del PyObject_GC_Del
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240
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241 /* GC information is stored BEFORE the object structure. */
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242 typedef union _gc_head {
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243 struct {
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244 union _gc_head *gc_next;
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245 union _gc_head *gc_prev;
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246 Py_ssize_t gc_refs;
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247 } gc;
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248 long double dummy; /* force worst-case alignment */
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249 } PyGC_Head;
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250
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251 extern PyGC_Head *_PyGC_generation0;
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252
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253 #define _Py_AS_GC(o) ((PyGC_Head *)(o)-1)
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254
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255 #define _PyGC_REFS_UNTRACKED (-2)
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256 #define _PyGC_REFS_REACHABLE (-3)
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257 #define _PyGC_REFS_TENTATIVELY_UNREACHABLE (-4)
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258
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259 /* Tell the GC to track this object. NB: While the object is tracked the
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260 * collector it must be safe to call the ob_traverse method. */
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261 #define _PyObject_GC_TRACK(o) do { \
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262 PyGC_Head *g = _Py_AS_GC(o); \
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263 if (g->gc.gc_refs != _PyGC_REFS_UNTRACKED) \
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264 Py_FatalError("GC object already tracked"); \
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265 g->gc.gc_refs = _PyGC_REFS_REACHABLE; \
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266 g->gc.gc_next = _PyGC_generation0; \
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267 g->gc.gc_prev = _PyGC_generation0->gc.gc_prev; \
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268 g->gc.gc_prev->gc.gc_next = g; \
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269 _PyGC_generation0->gc.gc_prev = g; \
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270 } while (0);
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271
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272 /* Tell the GC to stop tracking this object.
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273 * gc_next doesn't need to be set to NULL, but doing so is a good
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274 * way to provoke memory errors if calling code is confused.
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275 */
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276 #define _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(o) do { \
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277 PyGC_Head *g = _Py_AS_GC(o); \
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278 assert(g->gc.gc_refs != _PyGC_REFS_UNTRACKED); \
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279 g->gc.gc_refs = _PyGC_REFS_UNTRACKED; \
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280 g->gc.gc_prev->gc.gc_next = g->gc.gc_next; \
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281 g->gc.gc_next->gc.gc_prev = g->gc.gc_prev; \
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282 g->gc.gc_next = NULL; \
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283 } while (0);
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284
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285 /* True if the object is currently tracked by the GC. */
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286 #define _PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(o) \
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287 ((_Py_AS_GC(o))->gc.gc_refs != _PyGC_REFS_UNTRACKED)
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288
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289 /* True if the object may be tracked by the GC in the future, or already is.
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290 This can be useful to implement some optimizations. */
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291 #define _PyObject_GC_MAY_BE_TRACKED(obj) \
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292 (PyObject_IS_GC(obj) && \
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293 (!PyTuple_CheckExact(obj) || _PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(obj)))
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294
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295
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296 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_GC_Malloc(size_t);
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297 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_GC_New(PyTypeObject *);
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298 PyAPI_FUNC(PyVarObject *) _PyObject_GC_NewVar(PyTypeObject *, Py_ssize_t);
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299 PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyObject_GC_Track(void *);
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300 PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyObject_GC_UnTrack(void *);
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301 PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyObject_GC_Del(void *);
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302
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303 #define PyObject_GC_New(type, typeobj) \
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304 ( (type *) _PyObject_GC_New(typeobj) )
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305 #define PyObject_GC_NewVar(type, typeobj, n) \
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306 ( (type *) _PyObject_GC_NewVar((typeobj), (n)) )
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307
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308
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309 /* Utility macro to help write tp_traverse functions.
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310 * To use this macro, the tp_traverse function must name its arguments
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311 * "visit" and "arg". This is intended to keep tp_traverse functions
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312 * looking as much alike as possible.
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313 */
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314 #define Py_VISIT(op) \
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315 do { \
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316 if (op) { \
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317 int vret = visit((PyObject *)(op), arg); \
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318 if (vret) \
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319 return vret; \
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320 } \
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321 } while (0)
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322
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323 /* This is here for the sake of backwards compatibility. Extensions that
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324 * use the old GC API will still compile but the objects will not be
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325 * tracked by the GC. */
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326 #define PyGC_HEAD_SIZE 0
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327 #define PyObject_GC_Init(op)
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328 #define PyObject_GC_Fini(op)
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329 #define PyObject_AS_GC(op) (op)
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330 #define PyObject_FROM_GC(op) (op)
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331
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332
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333 /* Test if a type supports weak references */
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334 #define PyType_SUPPORTS_WEAKREFS(t) ((t)->tp_weaklistoffset > 0)
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335
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336 #define PyObject_GET_WEAKREFS_LISTPTR(o) \
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337 ((PyObject **) (((char *) (o)) + Py_TYPE(o)->tp_weaklistoffset))
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338
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339 #ifdef __cplusplus
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340 }
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341 #endif
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342 #endif /* !Py_OBJIMPL_H */