cpython-lru_cache-weakref: Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex annotate

annotate Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex @ 24042:63fbbed10714 legacy-trunk

Simplify HTTPSConnection constructor. See discussion in SF bug 458463.

author	Jeremy Hylton <jeremy@alum.mit.edu>
date	Fri, 28 Jun 2002 23:38:14 +0000
parents	63ee31bb25f3
children	8a67f28a42a5

rev	line source
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	1 \section{Built-in Types \label{types}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	2
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	3 The following sections describe the standard types that are built into
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	4 the interpreter. Historically, Python's built-in types have differed
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	5 from user-defined types because it was not possible to use the built-in
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	6 types as the basis for object-oriented inheritance. With the 2.2
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	7 release this situation has started to change, although the intended
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	8 unification of user-defined and built-in types is as yet far from
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	9 complete.
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	10
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	11 The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, files
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	12 classes, instances and exceptions.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	13 \indexii{built-in}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	14
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	15 Some operations are supported by several object types; in particular,
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	16 all objects can be compared, tested for truth value, and converted to
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	17 a string (with the \code{`\textrm{\ldots}`} notation). The latter
fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	18 conversion is implicitly used when an object is written by the
fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	19 \keyword{print}\stindex{print} statement.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	20
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	21
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	22 \subsection{Truth Value Testing} \label{truth}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	23
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	24 Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an \keyword{if} or
fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	25 \keyword{while} condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	26 The following values are considered false:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	27 \stindex{if}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	28 \stindex{while}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	29 \indexii{truth}{value}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	30 \indexii{Boolean}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	31 \index{false}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	32
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	33 \begin{itemize}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	34
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	35 \item \code{None}
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	36 \withsubitem{(Built-in object)}{\ttindex{None}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	37
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	38 \item \code{False}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	39 \withsubitem{(Built-in object)}{\ttindex{False}}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	40
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	41 \item zero of any numeric type, for example, \code{0}, \code{0L},
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	42 \code{0.0}, \code{0j}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	43
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	44 \item any empty sequence, for example, \code{''}, \code{()}, \code{[]}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	45
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	46 \item any empty mapping, for example, \code{\{\}}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	47
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	48 \item instances of user-defined classes, if the class defines a
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	49 \method{__nonzero__()} or \method{__len__()} method, when that
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	50 method returns zero.\footnote{Additional information on these
14485 ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	51 special methods may be found in the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	52 Reference Manual}.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	53
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	54 \end{itemize}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	55
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	56 All other values are considered true --- so objects of many types are
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	57 always true.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	58 \index{true}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	59
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	60 Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	61 return \code{0} or \code{False} for false and \code{1} or \code{True}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	62 for true, unless otherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	63 operations \samp{or}\opindex{or} and \samp{and}\opindex{and} always
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	64 return one of their operands.)
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	65 \index{False}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	66 \index{True}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	67
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	68 \subsection{Boolean Operations \label{boolean}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	69
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	70 These are the Boolean operations, ordered by ascending priority:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	71 \indexii{Boolean}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	72
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	73 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	74 \lineiii{\var{x} or \var{y}}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	75 {if \var{x} is false, then \var{y}, else \var{x}}{(1)}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	76 \lineiii{\var{x} and \var{y}}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	77 {if \var{x} is false, then \var{x}, else \var{y}}{(1)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	78 \hline
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	79 \lineiii{not \var{x}}
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	80 {if \var{x} is false, then \code{True}, else \code{False}}{(2)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	81 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	82 \opindex{and}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	83 \opindex{or}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	84 \opindex{not}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	85
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	86 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	87 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	88
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	89 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	90
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	91 \item[(1)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	92 These only evaluate their second argument if needed for their outcome.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	93
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	94 \item[(2)]
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	95 \samp{not} has a lower priority than non-Boolean operators, so
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	96 \code{not \var{a} == \var{b}} is interpreted as \code{not (\var{a} ==
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	97 \var{b})}, and \code{\var{a} == not \var{b}} is a syntax error.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	98
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	99 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	100
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	101
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	102 \subsection{Comparisons \label{comparisons}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	103
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	104 Comparison operations are supported by all objects. They all have the
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	105 same priority (which is higher than that of the Boolean operations).
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	106 Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, \code{\var{x} <
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	107 \var{y} <= \var{z}} is equivalent to \code{\var{x} < \var{y} and
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	108 \var{y} <= \var{z}}, except that \var{y} is evaluated only once (but
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	109 in both cases \var{z} is not evaluated at all when \code{\var{x} <
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	110 \var{y}} is found to be false).
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	111 \indexii{chaining}{comparisons}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	112
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	113 This table summarizes the comparison operations:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	114
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	115 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Meaning}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	116 \lineiii{<}{strictly less than}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	117 \lineiii{<=}{less than or equal}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	118 \lineiii{>}{strictly greater than}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	119 \lineiii{>=}{greater than or equal}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	120 \lineiii{==}{equal}{}
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	121 \lineiii{!=}{not equal}{(1)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	122 \lineiii{<>}{not equal}{(1)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	123 \lineiii{is}{object identity}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	124 \lineiii{is not}{negated object identity}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	125 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	126 \indexii{operator}{comparison}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	127 \opindex{==} % XXX All others have funny characters < ! >
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	128 \opindex{is}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	129 \opindex{is not}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	130
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	131 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	132 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	133
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	134 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	135
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	136 \item[(1)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	137 \code{<>} and \code{!=} are alternate spellings for the same operator.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	138 \code{!=} is the preferred spelling; \code{<>} is obsolescent.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	139
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	140 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	141
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	142 Objects of different types, except different numeric types, never
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	143 compare equal; such objects are ordered consistently but arbitrarily
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	144 (so that sorting a heterogeneous array yields a consistent result).
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	145 Furthermore, some types (for example, file objects) support only a
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	146 degenerate notion of comparison where any two objects of that type are
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	147 unequal. Again, such objects are ordered arbitrarily but
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	148 consistently. The \code{<}, \code{<=}, \code{>} and \code{>=}
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	149 operators will raise a \exception{TypeError} exception when any operand
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	150 is a complex number.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	151 \indexii{object}{numeric}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	152 \indexii{objects}{comparing}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	153
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	154 Instances of a class normally compare as non-equal unless the class
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	155 \withsubitem{(instance method)}{\ttindex{__cmp__()}}
14485 ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	156 defines the \method{__cmp__()} method. Refer to the
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	157 \citetitle[../ref/customization.html]{Python Reference Manual} for
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	158 information on the use of this method to effect object comparisons.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	159
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	160 \strong{Implementation note:} Objects of different types except
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	161 numbers are ordered by their type names; objects of the same types
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	162 that don't support proper comparison are ordered by their address.
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	163
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	164 Two more operations with the same syntactic priority,
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	165 \samp{in}\opindex{in} and \samp{not in}\opindex{not in}, are supported
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	166 only by sequence types (below).
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	167
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	168
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	169 \subsection{Numeric Types \label{typesnumeric}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	170
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	171 There are four distinct numeric types: \dfn{plain integers},
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	172 \dfn{long integers},
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	173 \dfn{floating point numbers}, and \dfn{complex numbers}.
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	174 In addition, Booleans are a subtype of plain integers.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	175 Plain integers (also just called \dfn{integers})
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	176 are implemented using \ctype{long} in C, which gives them at least 32
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	177 bits of precision. Long integers have unlimited precision. Floating
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	178 point numbers are implemented using \ctype{double} in C. All bets on
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	179 their precision are off unless you happen to know the machine you are
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	180 working with.
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	181 \obindex{numeric}
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	182 \obindex{Boolean}
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	183 \obindex{integer}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	184 \obindex{long integer}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	185 \obindex{floating point}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	186 \obindex{complex number}
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	187 \indexii{C}{language}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	188
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	189 Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part, which are each
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	190 implemented using \ctype{double} in C. To extract these parts from
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	191 a complex number \var{z}, use \code{\var{z}.real} and \code{\var{z}.imag}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	192
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	193 Numbers are created by numeric literals or as the result of built-in
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	194 functions and operators. Unadorned integer literals (including hex
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	195 and octal numbers) yield plain integers unless the value they denote
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	196 is too large to be represented as a plain integer, in which case
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	197 they yield a long integer. Integer literals with an
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	198 \character{L} or \character{l} suffix yield long integers
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	199 (\character{L} is preferred because \samp{1l} looks too much like
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	200 eleven!). Numeric literals containing a decimal point or an exponent
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	201 sign yield floating point numbers. Appending \character{j} or
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	202 \character{J} to a numeric literal yields a complex number with a
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	203 zero real part. A complex numeric literal is the sum of a real and
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	204 an imaginary part.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	205 \indexii{numeric}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	206 \indexii{integer}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	207 \indexiii{long}{integer}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	208 \indexii{floating point}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	209 \indexii{complex number}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	210 \indexii{hexadecimal}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	211 \indexii{octal}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	212
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	213 Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	214 operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	215 ``narrower'' type is widened to that of the other, where plain
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	216 integer is narrower than long integer is narrower than floating point is
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	217 narrower than complex.
10520 7ee1e3134147 Fixed latex2html weirdness with footnotes. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10241 diff changeset	218 Comparisons between numbers of mixed type use the same rule.\footnote{
7ee1e3134147 Fixed latex2html weirdness with footnotes. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10241 diff changeset	219 As a consequence, the list \code{[1, 2]} is considered equal
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	220 to \code{[1.0, 2.0]}, and similarly for tuples.
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	221 } The constructors \function{int()}, \function{long()}, \function{float()},
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	222 and \function{complex()} can be used
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	223 to produce numbers of a specific type.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	224 \index{arithmetic}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	225 \bifuncindex{int}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	226 \bifuncindex{long}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	227 \bifuncindex{float}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	228 \bifuncindex{complex}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	229
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	230 All numeric types support the following operations, sorted by
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	231 ascending priority (operations in the same box have the same
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	232 priority; all numeric operations have a higher priority than
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	233 comparison operations):
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	234
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	235 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	236 \lineiii{\var{x} + \var{y}}{sum of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	237 \lineiii{\var{x} - \var{y}}{difference of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	238 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	239 \lineiii{\var{x} * \var{y}}{product of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	240 \lineiii{\var{x} / \var{y}}{quotient of \var{x} and \var{y}}{(1)}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	241 \lineiii{\var{x} \%{} \var{y}}{remainder of \code{\var{x} / \var{y}}}{}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	242 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	243 \lineiii{-\var{x}}{\var{x} negated}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	244 \lineiii{+\var{x}}{\var{x} unchanged}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	245 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	246 \lineiii{abs(\var{x})}{absolute value or magnitude of \var{x}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	247 \lineiii{int(\var{x})}{\var{x} converted to integer}{(2)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	248 \lineiii{long(\var{x})}{\var{x} converted to long integer}{(2)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	249 \lineiii{float(\var{x})}{\var{x} converted to floating point}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	250 \lineiii{complex(\var{re},\var{im})}{a complex number with real part \var{re}, imaginary part \var{im}. \var{im} defaults to zero.}{}
10147 3ac7f0066375 Document <complex #>.conjugate(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9558 diff changeset	251 \lineiii{\var{c}.conjugate()}{conjugate of the complex number \var{c}}{}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	252 \lineiii{divmod(\var{x}, \var{y})}{the pair \code{(\var{x} / \var{y}, \var{x} \%{} \var{y})}}{(3)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	253 \lineiii{pow(\var{x}, \var{y})}{\var{x} to the power \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	254 \lineiii{\var{x} ** \var{y}}{\var{x} to the power \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	255 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	256 \indexiii{operations on}{numeric}{types}
10147 3ac7f0066375 Document <complex #>.conjugate(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9558 diff changeset	257 \withsubitem{(complex number method)}{\ttindex{conjugate()}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	258
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	259 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	260 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	261 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	262
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	263 \item[(1)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	264 For (plain or long) integer division, the result is an integer.
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	265 The result is always rounded towards minus infinity: 1/2 is 0,
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	266 (-1)/2 is -1, 1/(-2) is -1, and (-1)/(-2) is 0. Note that the result
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	267 is a long integer if either operand is a long integer, regardless of
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	268 the numeric value.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	269 \indexii{integer}{division}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	270 \indexiii{long}{integer}{division}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	271
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	272 \item[(2)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	273 Conversion from floating point to (long or plain) integer may round or
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	274 truncate as in C; see functions \function{floor()} and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	275 \function{ceil()} in the \refmodule{math}\refbimodindex{math} module
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	276 for well-defined conversions.
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	277 \withsubitem{(in module math)}{\ttindex{floor()}\ttindex{ceil()}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	278 \indexii{numeric}{conversions}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	279 \indexii{C}{language}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	280
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	281 \item[(3)]
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	282 See section \ref{built-in-funcs}, ``Built-in Functions,'' for a full
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	283 description.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	284
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	285 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	286 % XXXJH exceptions: overflow (when? what operations?) zerodivision
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	287
10241 f138ba72bf2d Update description of what modules "look like" when printed. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10156 diff changeset	288 \subsubsection{Bit-string Operations on Integer Types \label{bitstring-ops}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	289 \nodename{Bit-string Operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	290
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	291 Plain and long integer types support additional operations that make
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	292 sense only for bit-strings. Negative numbers are treated as their 2's
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	293 complement value (for long integers, this assumes a sufficiently large
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	294 number of bits that no overflow occurs during the operation).
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	295
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	296 The priorities of the binary bit-wise operations are all lower than
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	297 the numeric operations and higher than the comparisons; the unary
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	298 operation \samp{\~} has the same priority as the other unary numeric
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	299 operations (\samp{+} and \samp{-}).
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	300
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	301 This table lists the bit-string operations sorted in ascending
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	302 priority (operations in the same box have the same priority):
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	303
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	304 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	305 \lineiii{\var{x} \| \var{y}}{bitwise \dfn{or} of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	306 \lineiii{\var{x} \^{} \var{y}}{bitwise \dfn{exclusive or} of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	307 \lineiii{\var{x} \&{} \var{y}}{bitwise \dfn{and} of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	308 \lineiii{\var{x} << \var{n}}{\var{x} shifted left by \var{n} bits}{(1), (2)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	309 \lineiii{\var{x} >> \var{n}}{\var{x} shifted right by \var{n} bits}{(1), (3)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	310 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	311 \lineiii{\~\var{x}}{the bits of \var{x} inverted}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	312 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	313 \indexiii{operations on}{integer}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	314 \indexii{bit-string}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	315 \indexii{shifting}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	316 \indexii{masking}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	317
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	318 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	319 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	320 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	321 \item[(1)] Negative shift counts are illegal and cause a
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	322 \exception{ValueError} to be raised.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	323 \item[(2)] A left shift by \var{n} bits is equivalent to
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	324 multiplication by \code{pow(2, \var{n})} without overflow check.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	325 \item[(3)] A right shift by \var{n} bits is equivalent to
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	326 division by \code{pow(2, \var{n})} without overflow check.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	327 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	328
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	329
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	330 \subsection{Iterator Types \label{typeiter}}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	331
17663 d76649bd38d0 The general iteration support is part of 2.2, not 2.1 -- fixed the version Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17658 diff changeset	332 \versionadded{2.2}
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	333 \index{iterator protocol}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	334 \index{protocol!iterator}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	335 \index{sequence!iteration}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	336 \index{container!iteration over}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	337
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	338 Python supports a concept of iteration over containers. This is
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	339 implemented using two distinct methods; these are used to allow
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	340 user-defined classes to support iteration. Sequences, described below
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	341 in more detail, always support the iteration methods.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	342
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	343 One method needs to be defined for container objects to provide
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	344 iteration support:
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	345
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	346 \begin{methoddesc}[container]{__iter__}{}
18839 ab8aa4302109 Typo fix. Greg Ward <gward@python.net> parents: 18829 diff changeset	347 Return an iterator object. The object is required to support the
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	348 iterator protocol described below. If a container supports
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	349 different types of iteration, additional methods can be provided to
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	350 specifically request iterators for those iteration types. (An
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	351 example of an object supporting multiple forms of iteration would be
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	352 a tree structure which supports both breadth-first and depth-first
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	353 traversal.) This method corresponds to the \member{tp_iter} slot of
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	354 the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	355 \end{methoddesc}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	356
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	357 The iterator objects themselves are required to support the following
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	358 two methods, which together form the \dfn{iterator protocol}:
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	359
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	360 \begin{methoddesc}[iterator]{__iter__}{}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	361 Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	362 containers and iterators to be used with the \keyword{for} and
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	363 \keyword{in} statements. This method corresponds to the
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	364 \member{tp_iter} slot of the type structure for Python objects in
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	365 the Python/C API.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	366 \end{methoddesc}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	367
17663 d76649bd38d0 The general iteration support is part of 2.2, not 2.1 -- fixed the version Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17658 diff changeset	368 \begin{methoddesc}[iterator]{next}{}
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	369 Return the next item from the container. If there are no further
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	370 items, raise the \exception{StopIteration} exception. This method
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	371 corresponds to the \member{tp_iternext} slot of the type structure
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	372 for Python objects in the Python/C API.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	373 \end{methoddesc}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	374
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	375 Python defines several iterator objects to support iteration over
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	376 general and specific sequence types, dictionaries, and other more
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	377 specialized forms. The specific types are not important beyond their
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	378 implementation of the iterator protocol.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	379
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	380
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	381 \subsection{Sequence Types \label{typesseq}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	382
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	383 There are six sequence types: strings, Unicode strings, lists,
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	384 tuples, buffers, and xrange objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	385
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	386 String literals are written in single or double quotes:
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	387 \code{'xyzzy'}, \code{"frobozz"}. See chapter 2 of the
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	388 \citetitle[../ref/strings.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more about
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	389 string literals. Unicode strings are much like strings, but are
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	390 specified in the syntax using a preceeding \character{u} character:
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	391 \code{u'abc'}, \code{u"def"}. Lists are constructed with square brackets,
11463 17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	392 separating items with commas: \code{[a, b, c]}. Tuples are
17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	393 constructed by the comma operator (not within square brackets), with
17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	394 or without enclosing parentheses, but an empty tuple must have the
17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	395 enclosing parentheses, e.g., \code{a, b, c} or \code{()}. A single
18395 1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	396 item tuple must have a trailing comma, e.g., \code{(d,)}.
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	397 \obindex{sequence}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	398 \obindex{string}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	399 \obindex{Unicode}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	400 \obindex{tuple}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	401 \obindex{list}
18395 1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	402
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	403 Buffer objects are not directly supported by Python syntax, but can be
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	404 created by calling the builtin function
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	405 \function{buffer()}.\bifuncindex{buffer}. They don't support
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	406 concatenation or repetition.
18395 1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	407 \obindex{buffer}
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	408
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	409 Xrange objects are similar to buffers in that there is no specific
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	410 syntax to create them, but they are created using the \function{xrange()}
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	411 function.\bifuncindex{xrange} They don't support slicing,
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	412 concatenation or repetition, and using \code{in}, \code{not in},
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	413 \function{min()} or \function{max()} on them is inefficient.
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	414 \obindex{xrange}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	415
18395 1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	416 Most sequence types support the following operations. The \samp{in} and
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	417 \samp{not in} operations have the same priorities as the comparison
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	418 operations. The \samp{+} and \samp{*} operations have the same
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	419 priority as the corresponding numeric operations.\footnote{They must
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	420 have since the parser can't tell the type of the operands.}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	421
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	422 This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	423 (operations in the same box have the same priority). In the table,
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	424 \var{s} and \var{t} are sequences of the same type; \var{n}, \var{i}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	425 and \var{j} are integers:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	426
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	427 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	428 \lineiii{\var{x} in \var{s}}{\code{1} if an item of \var{s} is equal to \var{x}, else \code{0}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	429 \lineiii{\var{x} not in \var{s}}{\code{0} if an item of \var{s} is
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	430 equal to \var{x}, else \code{1}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	431 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	432 \lineiii{\var{s} + \var{t}}{the concatenation of \var{s} and \var{t}}{}
19529 dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	433 \lineiii{\var{s} * \var{n}\textrm{,} \var{n} * \var{s}}{\var{n} shallow copies of \var{s} concatenated}{(1)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	434 \hline
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	435 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}]}{\var{i}'th item of \var{s}, origin 0}{(2)}
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	436 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}]}{slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j}}{(2), (3)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	437 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	438 \lineiii{len(\var{s})}{length of \var{s}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	439 \lineiii{min(\var{s})}{smallest item of \var{s}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	440 \lineiii{max(\var{s})}{largest item of \var{s}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	441 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	442 \indexiii{operations on}{sequence}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	443 \bifuncindex{len}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	444 \bifuncindex{min}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	445 \bifuncindex{max}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	446 \indexii{concatenation}{operation}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	447 \indexii{repetition}{operation}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	448 \indexii{subscript}{operation}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	449 \indexii{slice}{operation}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	450 \opindex{in}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	451 \opindex{not in}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	452
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	453 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	454 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	455
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	456 \begin{description}
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	457 \item[(1)] Values of \var{n} less than \code{0} are treated as
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	458 \code{0} (which yields an empty sequence of the same type as
19529 dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	459 \var{s}). Note also that the copies are shallow; nested structures
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	460 are not copied. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider:
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	461
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	462 \begin{verbatim}
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	463 >>> lists = [[]] * 3
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	464 >>> lists
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	465 [[], [], []]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	466 >>> lists[0].append(3)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	467 >>> lists
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	468 [[3], [3], [3]]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	469 \end{verbatim}
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	470
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	471 What has happened is that \code{lists} is a list containing three
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	472 copies of the list \code{[[]]} (a one-element list containing an
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	473 empty list), but the contained list is shared by each copy. You can
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	474 create a list of different lists this way:
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	475
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	476 \begin{verbatim}
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	477 >>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	478 >>> lists[0].append(3)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	479 >>> lists[1].append(5)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	480 >>> lists[2].append(7)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	481 >>> lists
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	482 [[3], [5], [7]]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	483 \end{verbatim}
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	484
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	485 \item[(2)] If \var{i} or \var{j} is negative, the index is relative to
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	486 the end of the string: \code{len(\var{s}) + \var{i}} or
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	487 \code{len(\var{s}) + \var{j}} is substituted. But note that \code{-0} is
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	488 still \code{0}.
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	489
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	490 \item[(3)] The slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j} is defined as
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	491 the sequence of items with index \var{k} such that \code{\var{i} <=
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	492 \var{k} < \var{j}}. If \var{i} or \var{j} is greater than
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	493 \code{len(\var{s})}, use \code{len(\var{s})}. If \var{i} is omitted,
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	494 use \code{0}. If \var{j} is omitted, use \code{len(\var{s})}. If
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	495 \var{i} is greater than or equal to \var{j}, the slice is empty.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	496 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	497
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	498
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	499 \subsubsection{String Methods \label{string-methods}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	500
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	501 These are the string methods which both 8-bit strings and Unicode
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	502 objects support:
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	503
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	504 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{capitalize}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	505 Return a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	506 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	507
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	508 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{center}{width}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	509 Return centered in a string of length \var{width}. Padding is done
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	510 using spaces.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	511 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	512
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	513 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{count}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	514 Return the number of occurrences of substring \var{sub} in string
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	515 S\code{[\var{start}:\var{end}]}. Optional arguments \var{start} and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	516 \var{end} are interpreted as in slice notation.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	517 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	518
21332 fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	519 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{decode}{\optional{encoding\optional{, errors}}}
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	520 Decodes the string using the codec registered for \var{encoding}.
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	521 \var{encoding} defaults to the default string encoding. \var{errors}
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	522 may be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default is
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	523 \code{'strict'}, meaning that encoding errors raise
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	524 \exception{ValueError}. Other possible values are \code{'ignore'} and
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	525 \code{replace'}.
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	526 \versionadded{2.2}
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	527 \end{methoddesc}
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	528
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	529 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{encode}{\optional{encoding\optional{,errors}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	530 Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the current
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	531 default string encoding. \var{errors} may be given to set a different
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	532 error handling scheme. The default for \var{errors} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	533 \code{'strict'}, meaning that encoding errors raise a
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	534 \exception{ValueError}. Other possible values are \code{'ignore'} and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	535 \code{'replace'}.
15332 12aec3381c94 Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com> noted that the encode() string method Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15005 diff changeset	536 \versionadded{2.0}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	537 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	538
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	539 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{endswith}{suffix\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	540 Return true if the string ends with the specified \var{suffix},
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	541 otherwise return false. With optional \var{start}, test beginning at
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	542 that position. With optional \var{end}, stop comparing at that position.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	543 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	544
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	545 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{expandtabs}{\optional{tabsize}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	546 Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are expanded
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	547 using spaces. If \var{tabsize} is not given, a tab size of \code{8}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	548 characters is assumed.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	549 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	550
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	551 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{find}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	552 Return the lowest index in the string where substring \var{sub} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	553 found, such that \var{sub} is contained in the range [\var{start},
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	554 \var{end}). Optional arguments \var{start} and \var{end} are
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	555 interpreted as in slice notation. Return \code{-1} if \var{sub} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	556 not found.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	557 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	558
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	559 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{index}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	560 Like \method{find()}, but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	561 substring is not found.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	562 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	563
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	564 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isalnum}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	565 Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and there
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	566 is at least one character, false otherwise.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	567 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	568
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	569 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isalpha}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	570 Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	571 is at least one character, false otherwise.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	572 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	573
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	574 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isdigit}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	575 Return true if there are only digit characters, false otherwise.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	576 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	577
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	578 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{islower}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	579 Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	580 there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	581 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	582
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	583 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isspace}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	584 Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	585 the string is not empty, false otherwise.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	586 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	587
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	588 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{istitle}{}
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	589 Return true if the string is a titlecased string: uppercase
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	590 characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	591 only cased ones. Return false otherwise.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	592 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	593
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	594 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isupper}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	595 Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	596 there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	597 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	598
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	599 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{join}{seq}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	600 Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	601 sequence \var{seq}. The separator between elements is the string
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	602 providing this method.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	603 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	604
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	605 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{ljust}{width}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	606 Return the string left justified in a string of length \var{width}.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	607 Padding is done using spaces. The original string is returned if
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	608 \var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	609 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	610
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	611 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{lower}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	612 Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	613 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	614
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	615 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{lstrip}{\optional{chars}}
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	616 Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. If
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	617 \var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace characters are
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	618 removed. If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars} must be a string;
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	619 the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	620 the string this method is called on.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	621 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	622
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	623 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{replace}{old, new\optional{, maxsplit}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	624 Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	625 \var{old} replaced by \var{new}. If the optional argument
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	626 \var{maxsplit} is given, only the first \var{maxsplit} occurrences are
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	627 replaced.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	628 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	629
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	630 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rfind}{sub \optional{,start \optional{,end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	631 Return the highest index in the string where substring \var{sub} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	632 found, such that \var{sub} is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	633 arguments \var{start} and \var{end} are interpreted as in slice
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	634 notation. Return \code{-1} on failure.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	635 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	636
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	637 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rindex}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	638 Like \method{rfind()} but raises \exception{ValueError} when the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	639 substring \var{sub} is not found.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	640 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	641
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	642 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rjust}{width}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	643 Return the string right justified in a string of length \var{width}.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	644 Padding is done using spaces. The original string is returned if
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	645 \var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	646 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	647
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	648 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rstrip}{\optional{chars}}
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	649 Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. If
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	650 \var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace characters are
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	651 removed. If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars} must be a string;
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	652 the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	653 string this method is called on.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	654 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	655
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	656 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{split}{\optional{sep \optional{,maxsplit}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	657 Return a list of the words in the string, using \var{sep} as the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	658 delimiter string. If \var{maxsplit} is given, at most \var{maxsplit}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	659 splits are done. If \var{sep} is not specified or \code{None}, any
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	660 whitespace string is a separator.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	661 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	662
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	663 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{splitlines}{\optional{keepends}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	664 Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	665 boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	666 \var{keepends} is given and true.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	667 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	668
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	669 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{startswith}{prefix\optional{,
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	670 start\optional{, end}}}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	671 Return true if string starts with the \var{prefix}, otherwise
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	672 return false. With optional \var{start}, test string beginning at
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	673 that position. With optional \var{end}, stop comparing string at that
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	674 position.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	675 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	676
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	677 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{strip}{\optional{chars}}
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	678 Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	679 removed. If \var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	680 characters are removed. If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars}
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	681 must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	682 the both ends of the string this method is called on.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	683 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	684
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	685 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{swapcase}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	686 Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	687 lowercase and vice versa.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	688 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	689
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	690 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{title}{}
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	691 Return a titlecased version of the string: words start with uppercase
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	692 characters, all remaining cased characters are lowercase.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	693 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	694
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	695 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{translate}{table\optional{, deletechars}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	696 Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	697 optional argument \var{deletechars} are removed, and the remaining
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	698 characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	699 must be a string of length 256.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	700 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	701
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	702 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{upper}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	703 Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	704 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	705
23045 8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	706 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{zfill}{width}
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	707 Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	708 of length \var{width}. The original string is returned if
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	709 \var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	710 \end{methoddesc}
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	711
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	712
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	713 \subsubsection{String Formatting Operations \label{typesseq-strings}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	714
21177 7d1eac41ce3e Slightly improved indexing for the string-% operator, thanks to comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21163 diff changeset	715 \index{formatting, string (\%{})}
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	716 \index{interpolation, string (\%{})}
14552 a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	717 \index{string!formatting}
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	718 \index{string!interpolation}
14552 a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	719 \index{printf-style formatting}
a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	720 \index{sprintf-style formatting}
21177 7d1eac41ce3e Slightly improved indexing for the string-% operator, thanks to comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21163 diff changeset	721 \index{\protect\%{} formatting}
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	722 \index{\protect\%{} interpolation}
14552 a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	723
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	724 String and Unicode objects have one unique built-in operation: the
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	725 \code{\%} operator (modulo). This is also known as the string
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	726 \emph{formatting} or \emph{interpolation} operator. Given
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	727 \code{\var{format} \% \var{values}} (where \var{format} is a string or
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	728 Unicode object), \code{\%} conversion specifications in \var{format}
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	729 are replaced with zero or more elements of \var{values}. The effect
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	730 is similar to the using \cfunction{sprintf()} in the C language. If
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	731 \var{format} is a Unicode object, or if any of the objects being
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	732 converted using the \code{\%s} conversion are Unicode objects, the
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	733 result will also be a Unicode object.
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	734
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	735 If \var{format} requires a single argument, \var{values} may be a
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	736 single non-tuple object. \footnote{To format only a tuple you
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	737 should therefore provide a singleton tuple whose only element
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	738 is the tuple to be formatted.} Otherwise, \var{values} must be a tuple with
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	739 exactly the number of items specified by the format string, or a
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	740 single mapping object (for example, a dictionary).
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	741
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	742 A conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	743 following components, which must occur in this order:
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	744
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	745 \begin{enumerate}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	746 \item The \character{\%} character, which marks the start of the
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	747 specifier.
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	748 \item Mapping key (optional), consisting of a parenthesised sequence
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	749 of characters (for example, \code{(somename)}).
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	750 \item Conversion flags (optional), which affect the result of some
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	751 conversion types.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	752 \item Minimum field width (optional). If specified as an
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	753 \character{*} (asterisk), the actual width is read from the
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	754 next element of the tuple in \var{values}, and the object to
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	755 convert comes after the minimum field width and optional
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	756 precision.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	757 \item Precision (optional), given as a \character{.} (dot) followed
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	758 by the precision. If specified as \character{*} (an
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	759 asterisk), the actual width is read from the next element of
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	760 the tuple in \var{values}, and the value to convert comes after
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	761 the precision.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	762 \item Length modifier (optional).
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	763 \item Conversion type.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	764 \end{enumerate}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	765
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	766 When the right argument is a dictionary (or other mapping type), then
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	767 the formats in the string \emph{must} include a parenthesised mapping key into
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	768 that dictionary inserted immediately after the \character{\%}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	769 character. The mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	770 mapping. For example:
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	771
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	772 \begin{verbatim}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	773 >>> print '%(language)s has %(#)03d quote types.' % \
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	774 {'language': "Python", "#": 2}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	775 Python has 002 quote types.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	776 \end{verbatim}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	777
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	778 In this case no \code{*} specifiers may occur in a format (since they
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	779 require a sequential parameter list).
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	780
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	781 The conversion flag characters are:
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	782
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	783 \begin{tableii}{c\|l}{character}{Flag}{Meaning}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	784 \lineii{\#}{The value conversion will use the ``alternate form''
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	785 (where defined below).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	786 \lineii{0}{The conversion will be zero padded.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	787 \lineii{-}{The converted value is left adjusted (overrides
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	788 \character{-}).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	789 \lineii{{~}}{(a space) A blank should be left before a positive number
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	790 (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	791 \lineii{+}{A sign character (\character{+} or \character{-}) will
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	792 precede the conversion (overrides a "space" flag).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	793 \end{tableii}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	794
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	795 The length modifier may be \code{h}, \code{l}, and \code{L} may be
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	796 present, but are ignored as they are not necessary for Python.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	797
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	798 The conversion types are:
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	799
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	800 \begin{tableii}{c\|l}{character}{Conversion}{Meaning}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	801 \lineii{d}{Signed integer decimal.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	802 \lineii{i}{Signed integer decimal.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	803 \lineii{o}{Unsigned octal.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	804 \lineii{u}{Unsigned decimal.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	805 \lineii{x}{Unsigned hexidecimal (lowercase).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	806 \lineii{X}{Unsigned hexidecimal (uppercase).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	807 \lineii{e}{Floating point exponential format (lowercase).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	808 \lineii{E}{Floating point exponential format (uppercase).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	809 \lineii{f}{Floating point decimal format.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	810 \lineii{F}{Floating point decimal format.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	811 \lineii{g}{Same as \character{e} if exponent is greater than -4 or
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	812 less than precision, \character{f} otherwise.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	813 \lineii{G}{Same as \character{E} if exponent is greater than -4 or
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	814 less than precision, \character{F} otherwise.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	815 \lineii{c}{Single character (accepts integer or single character
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	816 string).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	817 \lineii{r}{String (converts any python object using
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	818 \function{repr()}).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	819 \lineii{s}{String (converts any python object using
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	820 \function{str()}).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	821 \lineii{\%}{No argument is converted, results in a \character{\%}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	822 character in the result. (The complete specification is
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	823 \code{\%\%}.)}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	824 \end{tableii}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	825
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	826 % XXX Examples?
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	827
23320 23bf68778a2a Add a note about when the "%r" formatting code was added. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 23045 diff changeset	828 (The \code{\%r} conversion was added in Python 2.0.)
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	829
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	830 Since Python strings have an explicit length, \code{\%s} conversions
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	831 do not assume that \code{'\e0'} is the end of the string.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	832
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	833 For safety reasons, floating point precisions are clipped to 50;
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	834 \code{\%f} conversions for numbers whose absolute value is over 1e25
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	835 are replaced by \code{\%g} conversions.\footnote{
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	836 These numbers are fairly arbitrary. They are intended to
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	837 avoid printing endless strings of meaningless digits without hampering
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	838 correct use and without having to know the exact precision of floating
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	839 point values on a particular machine.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	840 } All other errors raise exceptions.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	841
21163 7b6879714b74 Make no assumption about how modules are built when referring to them; this Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21159 diff changeset	842 Additional string operations are defined in standard modules
7b6879714b74 Make no assumption about how modules are built when referring to them; this Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21159 diff changeset	843 \refmodule{string}\refstmodindex{string} and
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	844 \refmodule{re}.\refstmodindex{re}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	845
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	846
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	847 \subsubsection{XRange Type \label{typesseq-xrange}}
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	848
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	849 The xrange\obindex{xrange} type is an immutable sequence which is
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	850 commonly used for looping. The advantage of the xrange type is that an
a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	851 xrange object will always take the same amount of memory, no matter the
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	852 size of the range it represents. There are no consistent performance
7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	853 advantages.
7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	854
18391 aadd99830531 Rip out the fancy behaviors of xrange that nobody uses: repeat, slice, Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18286 diff changeset	855 XRange objects have very little behavior: they only support indexing
aadd99830531 Rip out the fancy behaviors of xrange that nobody uses: repeat, slice, Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18286 diff changeset	856 and the \function{len()} function.
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	857
7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	858
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	859 \subsubsection{Mutable Sequence Types \label{typesseq-mutable}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	860
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	861 List objects support additional operations that allow in-place
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	862 modification of the object.
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	863 Other mutable sequence types (when added to the language) should
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	864 also support these operations.
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	865 Strings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	866 be modified once created.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	867 The following operations are defined on mutable sequence types (where
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	868 \var{x} is an arbitrary object):
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	869 \indexiii{mutable}{sequence}{types}
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	870 \obindex{list}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	871
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	872 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	873 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}] = \var{x}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	874 {item \var{i} of \var{s} is replaced by \var{x}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	875 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}] = \var{t}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	876 {slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j} is replaced by \var{t}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	877 \lineiii{del \var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}]}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	878 {same as \code{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}] = []}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	879 \lineiii{\var{s}.append(\var{x})}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	880 {same as \code{\var{s}[len(\var{s}):len(\var{s})] = [\var{x}]}}{(1)}
9318 8a26e55e18b8 Document the new list.extend() method. Interesting enough, the Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 9083 diff changeset	881 \lineiii{\var{s}.extend(\var{x})}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	882 {same as \code{\var{s}[len(\var{s}):len(\var{s})] = \var{x}}}{(2)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	883 \lineiii{\var{s}.count(\var{x})}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	884 {return number of \var{i}'s for which \code{\var{s}[\var{i}] == \var{x}}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	885 \lineiii{\var{s}.index(\var{x})}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	886 {return smallest \var{i} such that \code{\var{s}[\var{i}] == \var{x}}}{(3)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	887 \lineiii{\var{s}.insert(\var{i}, \var{x})}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	888 {same as \code{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{i}] = [\var{x}]}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	889 if \code{\var{i} >= 0}}{(4)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	890 \lineiii{\var{s}.pop(\optional{\var{i}})}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	891 {same as \code{\var{x} = \var{s}[\var{i}]; del \var{s}[\var{i}]; return \var{x}}}{(5)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	892 \lineiii{\var{s}.remove(\var{x})}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	893 {same as \code{del \var{s}[\var{s}.index(\var{x})]}}{(3)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	894 \lineiii{\var{s}.reverse()}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	895 {reverses the items of \var{s} in place}{(6)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	896 \lineiii{\var{s}.sort(\optional{\var{cmpfunc}})}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	897 {sort the items of \var{s} in place}{(6), (7)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	898 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	899 \indexiv{operations on}{mutable}{sequence}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	900 \indexiii{operations on}{sequence}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	901 \indexiii{operations on}{list}{type}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	902 \indexii{subscript}{assignment}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	903 \indexii{slice}{assignment}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	904 \stindex{del}
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	905 \withsubitem{(list method)}{
11183 1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	906 \ttindex{append()}\ttindex{extend()}\ttindex{count()}\ttindex{index()}
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	907 \ttindex{insert()}\ttindex{pop()}\ttindex{remove()}\ttindex{reverse()}
9523 ed6cacddc6c6 Fix indexing of func_code attribute; this is on a function, not a code Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9461 diff changeset	908 \ttindex{sort()}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	909 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	910 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	911 \begin{description}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	912 \item[(1)] The C implementation of Python historically accepted
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	913 multiple parameters and implicitly joined them into a tuple;
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	914 Use of this misfeature has been deprecated since Python 1.4,
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	915 and became an error with the introduction of Python 2.0.
23778 245224d1b8c9 This is my nearly two year old patch Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 23515 diff changeset	916
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	917 \item[(2)] Raises an exception when \var{x} is not a list object. The
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	918 \method{extend()} method is experimental and not supported by
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	919 mutable sequence types other than lists.
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	920
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	921 \item[(3)] Raises \exception{ValueError} when \var{x} is not found in
11183 1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	922 \var{s}.
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	923
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	924 \item[(4)] When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to
20701 5f6850d1f9e8 Explain what [].insert() does when the target index is negative. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20580 diff changeset	925 the \method{insert()} method, the new element is prepended to the
5f6850d1f9e8 Explain what [].insert() does when the target index is negative. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20580 diff changeset	926 sequence.
5f6850d1f9e8 Explain what [].insert() does when the target index is negative. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20580 diff changeset	927
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	928 \item[(5)] The \method{pop()} method is only supported by the list and
13777 b3903e05017f Stop lying about [].pop() being experimental! There is no backing it out Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13772 diff changeset	929 array types. The optional argument \var{i} defaults to \code{-1},
b3903e05017f Stop lying about [].pop() being experimental! There is no backing it out Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13772 diff changeset	930 so that by default the last item is removed and returned.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	931
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	932 \item[(6)] The \method{sort()} and \method{reverse()} methods modify the
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	933 list in place for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large
18829 1bc1fdf1482b trivial rewording in footnote 5. Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com> parents: 18416 diff changeset	934 list. To remind you that they operate by side effect, they don't return
1bc1fdf1482b trivial rewording in footnote 5. Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com> parents: 18416 diff changeset	935 the sorted or reversed list.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	936
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	937 \item[(7)] The \method{sort()} method takes an optional argument
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	938 specifying a comparison function of two arguments (list items) which
20173 f100793ca9af The list.sort() docs require a function that returns -1, 0 or +1. That's Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20045 diff changeset	939 should return a negative, zero or positive number depending on whether
11183 1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	940 the first argument is considered smaller than, equal to, or larger
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	941 than the second argument. Note that this slows the sorting process
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	942 down considerably; e.g. to sort a list in reverse order it is much
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	943 faster to use calls to the methods \method{sort()} and
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	944 \method{reverse()} than to use the built-in function
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	945 \function{sort()} with a comparison function that reverses the
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	946 ordering of the elements.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	947 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	948
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	949
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	950 \subsection{Mapping Types \label{typesmapping}}
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	951 \obindex{mapping}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	952 \obindex{dictionary}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	953
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	954 A \dfn{mapping} object maps immutable values to
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	955 arbitrary objects. Mappings are mutable objects. There is currently
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	956 only one standard mapping type, the \dfn{dictionary}. A dictionary's keys are
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	957 almost arbitrary values. Only values containing lists, dictionaries
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	958 or other mutable types (that are compared by value rather than by
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	959 object identity) may not be used as keys.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	960 Numeric types used for keys obey the normal rules for numeric
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	961 comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g. \code{1} and
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	962 \code{1.0}) then they can be used interchangeably to index the same
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	963 dictionary entry.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	964
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	965 Dictionaries are created by placing a comma-separated list of
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	966 \code{\var{key}: \var{value}} pairs within braces, for example:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	967 \code{\{'jack': 4098, 'sjoerd': 4127\}} or
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	968 \code{\{4098: 'jack', 4127: 'sjoerd'\}}.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	969
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	970 The following operations are defined on mappings (where \var{a} and
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	971 \var{b} are mappings, \var{k} is a key, and \var{v} and \var{x} are
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	972 arbitrary objects):
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	973 \indexiii{operations on}{mapping}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	974 \indexiii{operations on}{dictionary}{type}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	975 \stindex{del}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	976 \bifuncindex{len}
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	977 \withsubitem{(dictionary method)}{
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	978 \ttindex{clear()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	979 \ttindex{copy()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	980 \ttindex{has_key()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	981 \ttindex{items()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	982 \ttindex{keys()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	983 \ttindex{update()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	984 \ttindex{values()}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	985 \ttindex{get()}}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	986
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	987 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	988 \lineiii{len(\var{a})}{the number of items in \var{a}}{}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	989 \lineiii{\var{a}[\var{k}]}{the item of \var{a} with key \var{k}}{(1)}
13764 fdbc8730d356 Two minor nits from Gerry Weiner (no working email address) about Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13222 diff changeset	990 \lineiii{\var{a}[\var{k}] = \var{v}}
fdbc8730d356 Two minor nits from Gerry Weiner (no working email address) about Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13222 diff changeset	991 {set \code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} to \var{v}}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	992 {}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	993 \lineiii{del \var{a}[\var{k}]}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	994 {remove \code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} from \var{a}}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	995 {(1)}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	996 \lineiii{\var{a}.clear()}{remove all items from \code{a}}{}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	997 \lineiii{\var{a}.copy()}{a (shallow) copy of \code{a}}{}
17616 7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	998 \lineiii{\var{a}.has_key(\var{k})}
17594 bf94af396b1e Implement, test and document "key in dict" and "key not in dict". Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 16778 diff changeset	999 {\code{1} if \var{a} has a key \var{k}, else \code{0}}
bf94af396b1e Implement, test and document "key in dict" and "key not in dict". Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 16778 diff changeset	1000 {}
17616 7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	1001 \lineiii{\var{k} \code{in} \var{a}}
7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	1002 {Equivalent to \var{a}.has_key(\var{k})}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1003 {(2)}
17594 bf94af396b1e Implement, test and document "key in dict" and "key not in dict". Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 16778 diff changeset	1004 \lineiii{\var{k} not in \var{a}}
17616 7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	1005 {Equivalent to \code{not} \var{a}.has_key(\var{k})}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1006 {(2)}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1007 \lineiii{\var{a}.items()}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1008 {a copy of \var{a}'s list of (\var{key}, \var{value}) pairs}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1009 {(3)}
18085 7e459fb3c332 Fixed reference to table notes for {}.keys() and {}.items() -- these Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17966 diff changeset	1010 \lineiii{\var{a}.keys()}{a copy of \var{a}'s list of keys}{(3)}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1011 \lineiii{\var{a}.update(\var{b})}
13764 fdbc8730d356 Two minor nits from Gerry Weiner (no working email address) about Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13222 diff changeset	1012 {\code{for k in \var{b}.keys(): \var{a}[k] = \var{b}[k]}}
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1013 {}
18085 7e459fb3c332 Fixed reference to table notes for {}.keys() and {}.items() -- these Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17966 diff changeset	1014 \lineiii{\var{a}.values()}{a copy of \var{a}'s list of values}{(3)}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1015 \lineiii{\var{a}.get(\var{k}\optional{, \var{x}})}
17603 d638e419c304 Fix a number of minor markup errors. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17594 diff changeset	1016 {\code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} if \code{\var{k} in \var{a}},
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1017 else \var{x}}
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1018 {(4)}
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1019 \lineiii{\var{a}.setdefault(\var{k}\optional{, \var{x}})}
17603 d638e419c304 Fix a number of minor markup errors. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17594 diff changeset	1020 {\code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} if \code{\var{k} in \var{a}},
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1021 else \var{x} (also setting it)}
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1022 {(5)}
22994 196dfa7ed348 Add Raymond Hettinger's d.pop(). See SF patch 539949. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22920 diff changeset	1023 \lineiii{\var{a}.pop(\var{k})}
196dfa7ed348 Add Raymond Hettinger's d.pop(). See SF patch 539949. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22920 diff changeset	1024 {remove specified \var{key} and return corresponding \var{value}}
196dfa7ed348 Add Raymond Hettinger's d.pop(). See SF patch 539949. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22920 diff changeset	1025 {}
15522 aaa54752e4ba "Documentation" for {}.popitem(). Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15463 diff changeset	1026 \lineiii{\var{a}.popitem()}
aaa54752e4ba "Documentation" for {}.popitem(). Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15463 diff changeset	1027 {remove and return an arbitrary (\var{key}, \var{value}) pair}
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1028 {(6)}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1029 \lineiii{\var{a}.iteritems()}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1030 {return an iterator over (\var{key}, \var{value}) pairs}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1031 {(2)}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1032 \lineiii{\var{a}.iterkeys()}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1033 {return an iterator over the mapping's keys}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1034 {(2)}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1035 \lineiii{\var{a}.itervalues()}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1036 {return an iterator over the mapping's values}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1037 {(2)}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1038 \end{tableiii}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1039
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1040 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1041 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1042 \begin{description}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1043 \item[(1)] Raises a \exception{KeyError} exception if \var{k} is not
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1044 in the map.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1045
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1046 \item[(2)] \versionadded{2.2}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1047
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1048 \item[(3)] Keys and values are listed in random order. If
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1049 \method{keys()} and \method{values()} are called with no intervening
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1050 modifications to the dictionary, the two lists will directly
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1051 correspond. This allows the creation of \code{(\var{value},
18085 7e459fb3c332 Fixed reference to table notes for {}.keys() and {}.items() -- these Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17966 diff changeset	1052 \var{key})} pairs using \function{zip()}: \samp{pairs =
7e459fb3c332 Fixed reference to table notes for {}.keys() and {}.items() -- these Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17966 diff changeset	1053 zip(\var{a}.values(), \var{a}.keys())}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1054
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1055 \item[(4)] Never raises an exception if \var{k} is not in the map,
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1056 instead it returns \var{x}. \var{x} is optional; when \var{x} is not
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1057 provided and \var{k} is not in the map, \code{None} is returned.
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1058
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1059 \item[(5)] \function{setdefault()} is like \function{get()}, except
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1060 that if \var{k} is missing, \var{x} is both returned and inserted into
77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1061 the dictionary as the value of \var{k}.
15522 aaa54752e4ba "Documentation" for {}.popitem(). Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15463 diff changeset	1062
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1063 \item[(6)] \function{popitem()} is useful to destructively iterate
15522 aaa54752e4ba "Documentation" for {}.popitem(). Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15463 diff changeset	1064 over a dictionary, as often used in set algorithms.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1065 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1066
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1067
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1068 \subsection{File Objects
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1069 \label{bltin-file-objects}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1070
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1071 File objects\obindex{file} are implemented using C's \code{stdio}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1072 package and can be created with the built-in constructor
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1073 \function{file()}\bifuncindex{file} described in section
20764 37b8d92e12f5 Mention the new file() builtin in the section on file objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20701 diff changeset	1074 \ref{built-in-funcs}, ``Built-in Functions.''\footnote{\function{file()}
37b8d92e12f5 Mention the new file() builtin in the section on file objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20701 diff changeset	1075 is new in Python 2.2. The older built-in \function{open()} is an
37b8d92e12f5 Mention the new file() builtin in the section on file objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20701 diff changeset	1076 alias for \function{file()}.}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1077 File objects are also returned
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1078 by some other built-in functions and methods, such as
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	1079 \function{os.popen()} and \function{os.fdopen()} and the
9461 9ffd604807c2 Don't describe something as "below"; that won't make sense for the Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9318 diff changeset	1080 \method{makefile()} method of socket objects.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	1081 \refstmodindex{os}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1082 \refbimodindex{socket}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1083
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1084 When a file operation fails for an I/O-related reason, the exception
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	1085 \exception{IOError} is raised. This includes situations where the
fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	1086 operation is not defined for some reason, like \method{seek()} on a tty
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1087 device or writing a file opened for reading.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1088
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1089 Files have the following methods:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1090
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1091
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1092 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{close}{}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1093 Close the file. A closed file cannot be read or written any more.
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1094 Any operation which requires that the file be open will raise a
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1095 \exception{ValueError} after the file has been closed. Calling
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1096 \method{close()} more than once is allowed.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1097 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1098
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1099 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{flush}{}
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1100 Flush the internal buffer, like \code{stdio}'s
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1101 \cfunction{fflush()}. This may be a no-op on some file-like
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1102 objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1103 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1104
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1105 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{isatty}{}
22920 2392af05f052 Update docs for bool changes by Guido around April 6 Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 22785 diff changeset	1106 Return \code{True} if the file is connected to a tty(-like) device, else
2392af05f052 Update docs for bool changes by Guido around April 6 Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 22785 diff changeset	1107 \code{False}. \note{If a file-like object is not associated
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1108 with a real file, this method should \emph{not} be implemented.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1109 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1110
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1111 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{fileno}{}
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1112 \index{file descriptor}
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1113 \index{descriptor, file}
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1114 Return the integer ``file descriptor'' that is used by the
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1115 underlying implementation to request I/O operations from the
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1116 operating system. This can be useful for other, lower level
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1117 interfaces that use file descriptors, such as the
33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1118 \refmodule{fcntl}\refbimodindex{fcntl} module or
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1119 \function{os.read()} and friends. \note{File-like objects
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1120 which do not have a real file descriptor should \emph{not} provide
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1121 this method!}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1122 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1123
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1124 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{read}{\optional{size}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1125 Read at most \var{size} bytes from the file (less if the read hits
10606 fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1126 \EOF{} before obtaining \var{size} bytes). If the \var{size}
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1127 argument is negative or omitted, read all data until \EOF{} is
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1128 reached. The bytes are returned as a string object. An empty
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1129 string is returned when \EOF{} is encountered immediately. (For
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1130 certain files, like ttys, it makes sense to continue reading after
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1131 an \EOF{} is hit.) Note that this method may call the underlying
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1132 C function \cfunction{fread()} more than once in an effort to
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1133 acquire as close to \var{size} bytes as possible.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1134 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1135
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1136 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{readline}{\optional{size}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1137 Read one entire line from the file. A trailing newline character is
10520 7ee1e3134147 Fixed latex2html weirdness with footnotes. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10241 diff changeset	1138 kept in the string\footnote{
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1139 The advantage of leaving the newline on is that
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1140 returning an empty string is then an unambiguous \EOF{}
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1141 indication. It is also possible (in cases where it might
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1142 matter, for example, if you
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1143 want to make an exact copy of a file while scanning its lines)
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1144 to tell whether the last line of a file ended in a newline
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	1145 or not (yes this happens!).
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	1146 } (but may be absent when a file ends with an
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1147 incomplete line). If the \var{size} argument is present and
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1148 non-negative, it is a maximum byte count (including the trailing
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1149 newline) and an incomplete line may be returned.
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1150 An empty string is returned \emph{only} when \EOF{} is encountered
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1151 immediately. \note{Unlike \code{stdio}'s \cfunction{fgets()}, the
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1152 returned string contains null characters (\code{'\e 0'}) if they
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1153 occurred in the input.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1154 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1155
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1156 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{readlines}{\optional{sizehint}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1157 Read until \EOF{} using \method{readline()} and return a list containing
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1158 the lines thus read. If the optional \var{sizehint} argument is
21062 bc02c3b09626 Clean up some markup cruft. A number of the macros that take no Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20767 diff changeset	1159 present, instead of reading up to \EOF, whole lines totalling
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1160 approximately \var{sizehint} bytes (possibly after rounding up to an
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1161 internal buffer size) are read. Objects implementing a file-like
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1162 interface may choose to ignore \var{sizehint} if it cannot be
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1163 implemented, or cannot be implemented efficiently.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1164 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1165
15926 ac13cef423c8 Document xreadlines() method. (Forgot to check this in before!) Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15896 diff changeset	1166 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{xreadlines}{}
17612 c19d6db6e99b Only document <file>.xreadlines() once; added version annotation. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17603 diff changeset	1167 Equivalent to
c19d6db6e99b Only document <file>.xreadlines() once; added version annotation. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17603 diff changeset	1168 \function{xreadlines.xreadlines(\var{file})}.\refstmodindex{xreadlines}
c19d6db6e99b Only document <file>.xreadlines() once; added version annotation. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17603 diff changeset	1169 (See the \refmodule{xreadlines} module for more information.)
c19d6db6e99b Only document <file>.xreadlines() once; added version annotation. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17603 diff changeset	1170 \versionadded{2.1}
15926 ac13cef423c8 Document xreadlines() method. (Forgot to check this in before!) Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15896 diff changeset	1171 \end{methoddesc}
ac13cef423c8 Document xreadlines() method. (Forgot to check this in before!) Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15896 diff changeset	1172
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1173 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{seek}{offset\optional{, whence}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1174 Set the file's current position, like \code{stdio}'s \cfunction{fseek()}.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1175 The \var{whence} argument is optional and defaults to \code{0}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1176 (absolute file positioning); other values are \code{1} (seek
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1177 relative to the current position) and \code{2} (seek relative to the
15731 a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1178 file's end). There is no return value. Note that if the file is
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1179 opened for appending (mode \code{'a'} or \code{'a+'}), any
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1180 \method{seek()} operations will be undone at the next write. If the
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1181 file is only opened for writing in append mode (mode \code{'a'}),
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1182 this method is essentially a no-op, but it remains useful for files
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1183 opened in append mode with reading enabled (mode \code{'a+'}).
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1184 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1185
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1186 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{tell}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1187 Return the file's current position, like \code{stdio}'s
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1188 \cfunction{ftell()}.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1189 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1190
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1191 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{truncate}{\optional{size}}
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1192 Truncate the file's size. If the optional \var{size} argument is
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1193 present, the file is truncated to (at most) that size. The size
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1194 defaults to the current position. The current file position is
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1195 not changed. Note that if a specified size exceeds the file's
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1196 current size, the result is platform-dependent: possibilities
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1197 include that file may remain unchanged, increase to the specified
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1198 size as if zero-filled, or increase to the specified size with
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1199 undefined new content.
22214 e24ba04d01b0 file_truncate(): provide full "large file" support on Windows, by Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 21542 diff changeset	1200 Availability: Windows, many \UNIX variants.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1201 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1202
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1203 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{write}{str}
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1204 Write a string to the file. There is no return value. Due to
15789 9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1205 buffering, the string may not actually show up in the file until
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1206 the \method{flush()} or \method{close()} method is called.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1207 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1208
20045 7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1209 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{writelines}{sequence}
7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1210 Write a sequence of strings to the file. The sequence can be any
7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1211 iterable object producing strings, typically a list of strings.
7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1212 There is no return value.
15789 9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1213 (The name is intended to match \method{readlines()};
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1214 \method{writelines()} does not add line separators.)
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1215 \end{methoddesc}
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1216
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1217
20031 e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1218 Files support the iterator protocol. Each iteration returns the same
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1219 result as \code{\var{file}.readline()}, and iteration ends when the
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1220 \method{readline()} method returns an empty string.
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1221
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1222
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1223 File objects also offer a number of other interesting attributes.
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1224 These are not required for file-like objects, but should be
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1225 implemented if they make sense for the particular object.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1226
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1227 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{closed}
22920 2392af05f052 Update docs for bool changes by Guido around April 6 Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 22785 diff changeset	1228 bool indicating the current state of the file object. This is a
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1229 read-only attribute; the \method{close()} method changes the value.
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1230 It may not be available on all file-like objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1231 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1232
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1233 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{mode}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1234 The I/O mode for the file. If the file was created using the
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1235 \function{open()} built-in function, this will be the value of the
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1236 \var{mode} parameter. This is a read-only attribute and may not be
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1237 present on all file-like objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1238 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1239
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1240 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{name}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1241 If the file object was created using \function{open()}, the name of
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1242 the file. Otherwise, some string that indicates the source of the
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1243 file object, of the form \samp{<\mbox{\ldots}>}. This is a read-only
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1244 attribute and may not be present on all file-like objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1245 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1246
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1247 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{softspace}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1248 Boolean that indicates whether a space character needs to be printed
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1249 before another value when using the \keyword{print} statement.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1250 Classes that are trying to simulate a file object should also have a
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1251 writable \member{softspace} attribute, which should be initialized to
14485 ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1252 zero. This will be automatic for most classes implemented in Python
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1253 (care may be needed for objects that override attribute access); types
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1254 implemented in C will have to provide a writable
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1255 \member{softspace} attribute.
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1256 \note{This attribute is not used to control the
14705 4712f5b8f279 Clarify that the softspace attribute is used by print for state management, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14685 diff changeset	1257 \keyword{print} statement, but to allow the implementation of
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1258 \keyword{print} to keep track of its internal state.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1259 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1260
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1261
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1262 \subsection{Other Built-in Types \label{typesother}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1263
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1264 The interpreter supports several other kinds of objects.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1265 Most of these support only one or two operations.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1266
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1267
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1268 \subsubsection{Modules \label{typesmodules}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1269
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1270 The only special operation on a module is attribute access:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1271 \code{\var{m}.\var{name}}, where \var{m} is a module and \var{name}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1272 accesses a name defined in \var{m}'s symbol table. Module attributes
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1273 can be assigned to. (Note that the \keyword{import} statement is not,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1274 strictly speaking, an operation on a module object; \code{import
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1275 \var{foo}} does not require a module object named \var{foo} to exist,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1276 rather it requires an (external) \emph{definition} for a module named
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1277 \var{foo} somewhere.)
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1278
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1279 A special member of every module is \member{__dict__}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1280 This is the dictionary containing the module's symbol table.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1281 Modifying this dictionary will actually change the module's symbol
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1282 table, but direct assignment to the \member{__dict__} attribute is not
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1283 possible (you can write \code{\var{m}.__dict__['a'] = 1}, which
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1284 defines \code{\var{m}.a} to be \code{1}, but you can't write
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1285 \code{\var{m}.__dict__ = \{\}}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1286
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1287 Modules built into the interpreter are written like this:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1288 \code{<module 'sys' (built-in)>}. If loaded from a file, they are
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1289 written as \code{<module 'os' from
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1290 '/usr/local/lib/python\shortversion/os.pyc'>}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1291
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1292
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1293 \subsubsection{Classes and Class Instances \label{typesobjects}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1294 \nodename{Classes and Instances}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1295
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1296 See chapters 3 and 7 of the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1297 Reference Manual} for these.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1298
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1299
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1300 \subsubsection{Functions \label{typesfunctions}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1301
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1302 Function objects are created by function definitions. The only
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1303 operation on a function object is to call it:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1304 \code{\var{func}(\var{argument-list})}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1305
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1306 There are really two flavors of function objects: built-in functions
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1307 and user-defined functions. Both support the same operation (to call
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1308 the function), but the implementation is different, hence the
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1309 different object types.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1310
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1311 The implementation adds two special read-only attributes:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1312 \code{\var{f}.func_code} is a function's \dfn{code
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1313 object}\obindex{code} (see below) and \code{\var{f}.func_globals} is
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1314 the dictionary used as the function's global namespace (this is the
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1315 same as \code{\var{m}.__dict__} where \var{m} is the module in which
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1316 the function \var{f} was defined).
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1317
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1318 Function objects also support getting and setting arbitrary
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1319 attributes, which can be used to, e.g. attach metadata to functions.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1320 Regular attribute dot-notation is used to get and set such
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1321 attributes. \emph{Note that the current implementation only supports
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1322 function attributes on user-defined functions. Function attributes on
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1323 built-in functions may be supported in the future.}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1324
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1325 Functions have another special attribute \code{\var{f}.__dict__}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1326 (a.k.a. \code{\var{f}.func_dict}) which contains the namespace used to
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1327 support function attributes. \code{__dict__} and \code{func_dict} can
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1328 be accessed directly or set to a dictionary object. A function's
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1329 dictionary cannot be deleted.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1330
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1331 \subsubsection{Methods \label{typesmethods}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1332 \obindex{method}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1333
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1334 Methods are functions that are called using the attribute notation.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1335 There are two flavors: built-in methods (such as \method{append()} on
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1336 lists) and class instance methods. Built-in methods are described
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1337 with the types that support them.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1338
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1339 The implementation adds two special read-only attributes to class
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1340 instance methods: \code{\var{m}.im_self} is the object on which the
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1341 method operates, and \code{\var{m}.im_func} is the function
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1342 implementing the method. Calling \code{\var{m}(\var{arg-1},
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1343 \var{arg-2}, \textrm{\ldots}, \var{arg-n})} is completely equivalent to
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1344 calling \code{\var{m}.im_func(\var{m}.im_self, \var{arg-1},
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1345 \var{arg-2}, \textrm{\ldots}, \var{arg-n})}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1346
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1347 Class instance methods are either \emph{bound} or \emph{unbound},
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1348 referring to whether the method was accessed through an instance or a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1349 class, respectively. When a method is unbound, its \code{im_self}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1350 attribute will be \code{None} and if called, an explicit \code{self}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1351 object must be passed as the first argument. In this case,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1352 \code{self} must be an instance of the unbound method's class (or a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1353 subclass of that class), otherwise a \code{TypeError} is raised.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1354
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1355 Like function objects, methods objects support getting
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1356 arbitrary attributes. However, since method attributes are actually
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1357 stored on the underlying function object (\code{meth.im_func}),
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1358 setting method attributes on either bound or unbound methods is
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1359 disallowed. Attempting to set a method attribute results in a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1360 \code{TypeError} being raised. In order to set a method attribute,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1361 you need to explicitly set it on the underlying function object:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1362
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1363 \begin{verbatim}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1364 class C:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1365 def method(self):
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1366 pass
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1367
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1368 c = C()
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1369 c.method.im_func.whoami = 'my name is c'
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1370 \end{verbatim}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1371
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1372 See the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1373 information.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1374
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1375
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1376 \subsubsection{Code Objects \label{bltin-code-objects}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1377 \obindex{code}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1378
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1379 Code objects are used by the implementation to represent
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1380 ``pseudo-compiled'' executable Python code such as a function body.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1381 They differ from function objects because they don't contain a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1382 reference to their global execution environment. Code objects are
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1383 returned by the built-in \function{compile()} function and can be
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1384 extracted from function objects through their \member{func_code}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1385 attribute.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1386 \bifuncindex{compile}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1387 \withsubitem{(function object attribute)}{\ttindex{func_code}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1388
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1389 A code object can be executed or evaluated by passing it (instead of a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1390 source string) to the \keyword{exec} statement or the built-in
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1391 \function{eval()} function.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1392 \stindex{exec}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1393 \bifuncindex{eval}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1394
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1395 See the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1396 information.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1397
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1398
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1399 \subsubsection{Type Objects \label{bltin-type-objects}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1400
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1401 Type objects represent the various object types. An object's type is
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1402 accessed by the built-in function \function{type()}. There are no special
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1403 operations on types. The standard module \module{types} defines names
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1404 for all standard built-in types.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1405 \bifuncindex{type}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1406 \refstmodindex{types}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1407
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1408 Types are written like this: \code{<type 'int'>}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1409
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1410
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1411 \subsubsection{The Null Object \label{bltin-null-object}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1412
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1413 This object is returned by functions that don't explicitly return a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1414 value. It supports no special operations. There is exactly one null
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1415 object, named \code{None} (a built-in name).
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1416
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1417 It is written as \code{None}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1418
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1419
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1420 \subsubsection{The Ellipsis Object \label{bltin-ellipsis-object}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1421
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1422 This object is used by extended slice notation (see the
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1423 \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual}). It supports no
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1424 special operations. There is exactly one ellipsis object, named
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1425 \constant{Ellipsis} (a built-in name).
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1426
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1427 It is written as \code{Ellipsis}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1428
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1429 \subsubsection{Boolean Values}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1430
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1431 Boolean values are the two constant objects \code{False} and
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1432 \code{True}. They are used to represent truth values (although other
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1433 values can also be considered false or true). In numeric contexts
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1434 (for example when used as the argument to an arithmetic operator),
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1435 they behave like the integers 0 and 1, respectively. The built-in
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1436 function \function{bool()} can be used to cast any value to a Boolean,
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1437 if the value can be interpreted as a truth value (see section Truth
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1438 Value Testing above).
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1439
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1440 They are written as \code{False} and \code{True}, respectively.
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1441 \index{False}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1442 \index{True}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1443 \indexii{Boolean}{values}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1444
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1445
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1446 \subsubsection{Internal Objects \label{typesinternal}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1447
11463 17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	1448 See the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for this
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	1449 information. It describes stack frame objects, traceback objects, and
a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	1450 slice objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1451
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1452
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	1453 \subsection{Special Attributes \label{specialattrs}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1454
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1455 The implementation adds a few special read-only attributes to several
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1456 object types, where they are relevant:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1457
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1458 \begin{memberdesc}[object]{__dict__}
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1459 A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	1460 object's (writable) attributes.
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1461 \end{memberdesc}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1462
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1463 \begin{memberdesc}[object]{__methods__}
21159 6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1464 \deprecated{2.2}{Use the built-in function \function{dir()} to get a
6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1465 list of an object's attributes. This attribute is no longer available.}
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1466 \end{memberdesc}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1467
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1468 \begin{memberdesc}[object]{__members__}
21159 6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1469 \deprecated{2.2}{Use the built-in function \function{dir()} to get a
6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1470 list of an object's attributes. This attribute is no longer available.}
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1471 \end{memberdesc}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1472
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1473 \begin{memberdesc}[instance]{__class__}
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1474 The class to which a class instance belongs.
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1475 \end{memberdesc}
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1476
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1477 \begin{memberdesc}[class]{__bases__}
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1478 The tuple of base classes of a class object. If there are no base
33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1479 classes, this will be an empty tuple.
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1480 \end{memberdesc}

Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex @ 24042:63fbbed10714 legacy-trunk