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Added safeguard against failure in __del__.
author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Wed, 27 Nov 1996 19:39:58 +0000
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1 \section{Built-in Module \sectcode{marshal}}
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2
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3 \bimodindex{marshal}
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4 This module contains functions that can read and write Python
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5 values in a binary format. The format is specific to Python, but
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6 independent of machine architecture issues (e.g., you can write a
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7 Python value to a file on a PC, transport the file to a Sun, and read
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8 it back there). Details of the format are undocumented on purpose;
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9 it may change between Python versions (although it rarely does).%
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10 \footnote{The name of this module stems from a bit of terminology used
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11 by the designers of Modula-3 (amongst others), who use the term
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12 ``marshalling'' for shipping of data around in a self-contained form.
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13 Strictly speaking, ``to marshal'' means to convert some data from
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14 internal to external form (in an RPC buffer for instance) and
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15 ``unmarshalling'' for the reverse process.}
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16
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17 This is not a general ``persistency'' module. For general persistency
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18 and transfer of Python objects through RPC calls, see the modules
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19 \code{pickle} and \code{shelve}. The \code{marshal} module exists
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20 mainly to support reading and writing the ``pseudo-compiled'' code for
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21 Python modules of \samp{.pyc} files.
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22 \stmodindex{pickle}
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23 \stmodindex{shelve}
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24 \obindex{code}
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25
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26 Not all Python object types are supported; in general, only objects
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27 whose value is independent from a particular invocation of Python can
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28 be written and read by this module. The following types are supported:
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29 \code{None}, integers, long integers, floating point numbers,
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30 strings, tuples, lists, dictionaries, and code objects, where it
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31 should be understood that tuples, lists and dictionaries are only
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32 supported as long as the values contained therein are themselves
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33 supported; and recursive lists and dictionaries should not be written
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34 (they will cause infinite loops).
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35
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36 {\bf Caveat:} On machines where C's \code{long int} type has more than
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37 32 bits (such as the DEC Alpha), it
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38 is possible to create plain Python integers that are longer than 32
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39 bits. Since the current \code{marshal} module uses 32 bits to
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40 transfer plain Python integers, such values are silently truncated.
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41 This particularly affects the use of very long integer literals in
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42 Python modules --- these will be accepted by the parser on such
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43 machines, but will be silently be truncated when the module is read
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44 from the \code{.pyc} instead.%
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45 \footnote{A solution would be to refuse such literals in the parser,
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46 since they are inherently non-portable. Another solution would be to
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47 let the \code{marshal} module raise an exception when an integer value
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48 would be truncated. At least one of these solutions will be
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49 implemented in a future version.}
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50
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51 There are functions that read/write files as well as functions
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52 operating on strings.
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53
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54 The module defines these functions:
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55
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56 \renewcommand{\indexsubitem}{(in module marshal)}
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57
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58 \begin{funcdesc}{dump}{value\, file}
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59 Write the value on the open file. The value must be a supported
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60 type. The file must be an open file object such as
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61 \code{sys.stdout} or returned by \code{open()} or
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62 \code{posix.popen()}.
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63
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64 If the value has (or contains an object that has) an unsupported type,
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65 a \code{ValueError} exception is raised -- but garbage data will also
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66 be written to the file. The object will not be properly read back by
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67 \code{load()}.
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68 \end{funcdesc}
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69
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70 \begin{funcdesc}{load}{file}
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71 Read one value from the open file and return it. If no valid value
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72 is read, raise \code{EOFError}, \code{ValueError} or
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73 \code{TypeError}. The file must be an open file object.
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74
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75 Warning: If an object containing an unsupported type was marshalled
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76 with \code{dump()}, \code{load()} will substitute \code{None} for the
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77 unmarshallable type.
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78 \end{funcdesc}
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79
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80 \begin{funcdesc}{dumps}{value}
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81 Return the string that would be written to a file by
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82 \code{dump(value, file)}. The value must be a supported type.
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83 Raise a \code{ValueError} exception if value has (or contains an
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84 object that has) an unsupported type.
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85 \end{funcdesc}
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86
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87 \begin{funcdesc}{loads}{string}
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88 Convert the string to a value. If no valid value is found, raise
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89 \code{EOFError}, \code{ValueError} or \code{TypeError}. Extra
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90 characters in the string are ignored.
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91 \end{funcdesc}