Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate Include/object.h @ 4566:6403c94de50d legacy-trunk
Added safeguard against failure in __del__.
| author | Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 27 Nov 1996 19:39:58 +0000 |
| parents | 65d2d8e67da3 |
| children | 4567e158d20c |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
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1 #ifndef Py_OBJECT_H |
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2 #define Py_OBJECT_H |
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3 #ifdef __cplusplus |
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4 extern "C" { |
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5 #endif |
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6 |
| 145 | 7 /*********************************************************** |
| 2058 | 8 Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, |
| 9 The Netherlands. | |
| 145 | 10 |
| 11 All Rights Reserved | |
| 12 | |
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13 Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its |
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14 documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, |
| 145 | 15 provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that |
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16 both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in |
| 145 | 17 supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch |
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18 Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or |
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19 CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to |
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20 distribution of the software without specific, written prior |
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21 permission. |
| 145 | 22 |
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23 While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version |
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24 is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives |
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25 (CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org. |
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26 |
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27 STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH |
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28 REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF |
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29 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH |
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30 CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL |
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31 DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR |
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32 PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER |
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33 TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR |
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34 PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
| 145 | 35 |
| 36 ******************************************************************/ | |
| 37 | |
| 6 | 38 /* Object and type object interface */ |
| 39 | |
| 40 /* | |
| 41 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 42 | |
| 43 Objects are structures allocated on the heap. Special rules apply to | |
| 44 the use of objects to ensure they are properly garbage-collected. | |
| 45 Objects are never allocated statically or on the stack; they must be | |
| 46 accessed through special macros and functions only. (Type objects are | |
| 47 exceptions to the first rule; the standard types are represented by | |
| 48 statically initialized type objects.) | |
| 49 | |
| 50 An object has a 'reference count' that is increased or decreased when a | |
| 51 pointer to the object is copied or deleted; when the reference count | |
| 52 reaches zero there are no references to the object left and it can be | |
| 53 removed from the heap. | |
| 54 | |
| 55 An object has a 'type' that determines what it represents and what kind | |
| 56 of data it contains. An object's type is fixed when it is created. | |
| 57 Types themselves are represented as objects; an object contains a | |
| 58 pointer to the corresponding type object. The type itself has a type | |
| 59 pointer pointing to the object representing the type 'type', which | |
| 60 contains a pointer to itself!). | |
| 61 | |
| 62 Objects do not float around in memory; once allocated an object keeps | |
| 63 the same size and address. Objects that must hold variable-size data | |
| 64 can contain pointers to variable-size parts of the object. Not all | |
| 65 objects of the same type have the same size; but the size cannot change | |
| 66 after allocation. (These restrictions are made so a reference to an | |
| 67 object can be simply a pointer -- moving an object would require | |
| 68 updating all the pointers, and changing an object's size would require | |
| 69 moving it if there was another object right next to it.) | |
| 70 | |
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71 Objects are always accessed through pointers of the type 'PyObject *'. |
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72 The type 'PyObject' is a structure that only contains the reference count |
| 6 | 73 and the type pointer. The actual memory allocated for an object |
| 74 contains other data that can only be accessed after casting the pointer | |
| 75 to a pointer to a longer structure type. This longer type must start | |
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76 with the reference count and type fields; the macro PyObject_HEAD should be |
| 6 | 77 used for this (to accomodate for future changes). The implementation |
| 78 of a particular object type can cast the object pointer to the proper | |
| 79 type and back. | |
| 80 | |
| 81 A standard interface exists for objects that contain an array of items | |
| 82 whose size is determined when the object is allocated. | |
| 83 | |
| 84 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 85 */ | |
| 86 | |
| 3605 | 87 #ifdef DEBUG |
| 86 | 88 |
| 89 /* Turn on heavy reference debugging */ | |
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90 #define Py_TRACE_REFS |
| 86 | 91 |
| 92 /* Turn on reference counting */ | |
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93 #define Py_REF_DEBUG |
| 86 | 94 |
| 3605 | 95 #endif /* DEBUG */ |
| 6 | 96 |
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97 #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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98 #define PyObject_HEAD \ |
| 6 | 99 struct _object *_ob_next, *_ob_prev; \ |
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100 int ob_refcnt; \ |
| 6 | 101 struct _typeobject *ob_type; |
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102 #define PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) 0, 0, 1, type, |
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103 #else /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
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104 #define PyObject_HEAD \ |
| 2058 | 105 int ob_refcnt; \ |
| 6 | 106 struct _typeobject *ob_type; |
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107 #define PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) 1, type, |
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108 #endif /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
| 6 | 109 |
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110 #define PyObject_VAR_HEAD \ |
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111 PyObject_HEAD \ |
| 2058 | 112 int ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part */ |
| 6 | 113 |
| 114 typedef struct _object { | |
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115 PyObject_HEAD |
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116 } PyObject; |
| 6 | 117 |
| 118 typedef struct { | |
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119 PyObject_VAR_HEAD |
| 6 | 120 } varobject; |
| 121 | |
| 122 | |
| 123 /* | |
| 124 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 125 | |
| 126 Type objects contain a string containing the type name (to help somewhat | |
| 127 in debugging), the allocation parameters (see newobj() and newvarobj()), | |
| 128 and methods for accessing objects of the type. Methods are optional,a | |
| 129 nil pointer meaning that particular kind of access is not available for | |
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130 this type. The Py_DECREF() macro uses the tp_dealloc method without |
| 6 | 131 checking for a nil pointer; it should always be implemented except if |
| 132 the implementation can guarantee that the reference count will never | |
| 133 reach zero (e.g., for type objects). | |
| 134 | |
| 135 NB: the methods for certain type groups are now contained in separate | |
| 136 method blocks. | |
| 137 */ | |
| 138 | |
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139 typedef PyObject * (*unaryfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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140 typedef PyObject * (*binaryfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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141 typedef PyObject * (*ternaryfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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142 typedef int (*inquiry) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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143 typedef int (*coercion) Py_PROTO((PyObject **, PyObject **)); |
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144 typedef PyObject *(*intargfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int)); |
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145 typedef PyObject *(*intintargfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, int)); |
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146 typedef int(*intobjargproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, PyObject *)); |
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147 typedef int(*intintobjargproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, int, PyObject *)); |
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148 typedef int(*objobjargproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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149 |
| 6 | 150 typedef struct { |
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151 binaryfunc nb_add; |
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152 binaryfunc nb_subtract; |
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153 binaryfunc nb_multiply; |
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154 binaryfunc nb_divide; |
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155 binaryfunc nb_remainder; |
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156 binaryfunc nb_divmod; |
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157 ternaryfunc nb_power; |
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158 unaryfunc nb_negative; |
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159 unaryfunc nb_positive; |
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160 unaryfunc nb_absolute; |
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161 inquiry nb_nonzero; |
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162 unaryfunc nb_invert; |
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163 binaryfunc nb_lshift; |
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164 binaryfunc nb_rshift; |
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165 binaryfunc nb_and; |
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166 binaryfunc nb_xor; |
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167 binaryfunc nb_or; |
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168 coercion nb_coerce; |
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169 unaryfunc nb_int; |
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170 unaryfunc nb_long; |
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171 unaryfunc nb_float; |
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172 unaryfunc nb_oct; |
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173 unaryfunc nb_hex; |
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174 } PyNumberMethods; |
| 6 | 175 |
| 176 typedef struct { | |
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177 inquiry sq_length; |
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178 binaryfunc sq_concat; |
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179 intargfunc sq_repeat; |
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180 intargfunc sq_item; |
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181 intintargfunc sq_slice; |
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182 intobjargproc sq_ass_item; |
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183 intintobjargproc sq_ass_slice; |
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184 } PySequenceMethods; |
| 6 | 185 |
| 186 typedef struct { | |
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187 inquiry mp_length; |
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188 binaryfunc mp_subscript; |
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189 objobjargproc mp_ass_subscript; |
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190 } PyMappingMethods; |
| 6 | 191 |
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192 typedef void (*destructor) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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193 typedef int (*printfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, FILE *, int)); |
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194 typedef PyObject *(*getattrfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *)); |
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195 typedef PyObject *(*getattrofunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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196 typedef int (*setattrfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *, PyObject *)); |
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197 typedef int (*setattrofunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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198 typedef int (*cmpfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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199 typedef PyObject *(*reprfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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200 typedef long (*hashfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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201 |
| 6 | 202 typedef struct _typeobject { |
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203 PyObject_VAR_HEAD |
| 6 | 204 char *tp_name; /* For printing */ |
| 2058 | 205 int tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */ |
| 6 | 206 |
| 207 /* Methods to implement standard operations */ | |
| 208 | |
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209 destructor tp_dealloc; |
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210 printfunc tp_print; |
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211 getattrfunc tp_getattr; |
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212 setattrfunc tp_setattr; |
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213 cmpfunc tp_compare; |
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214 reprfunc tp_repr; |
| 6 | 215 |
| 216 /* Method suites for standard classes */ | |
| 217 | |
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218 PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number; |
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219 PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence; |
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220 PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping; |
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221 |
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222 /* More standard operations (at end for binary compatibility) */ |
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223 |
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224 hashfunc tp_hash; |
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225 ternaryfunc tp_call; |
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226 reprfunc tp_str; |
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227 getattrofunc tp_getattro; |
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228 setattrofunc tp_setattro; |
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229 |
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230 /* Space for future expansion */ |
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231 long tp_xxx3; |
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232 long tp_xxx4; |
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233 |
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234 char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */ |
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235 |
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236 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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237 /* these must be last */ |
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238 int tp_alloc; |
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239 int tp_free; |
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240 int tp_maxalloc; |
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241 struct _typeobject *tp_next; |
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242 #endif |
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243 } PyTypeObject; |
| 6 | 244 |
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245 extern DL_IMPORT(PyTypeObject) PyType_Type; /* The type of type objects */ |
| 6 | 246 |
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247 #define PyType_Check(op) ((op)->ob_type == &PyType_Type) |
| 6 | 248 |
| 86 | 249 /* Generic operations on objects */ |
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250 extern int PyObject_Print Py_PROTO((PyObject *, FILE *, int)); |
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251 extern PyObject * PyObject_Repr Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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252 extern PyObject * PyObject_Str Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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253 extern int PyObject_Compare Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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254 extern PyObject *PyObject_GetAttrString Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *)); |
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255 extern int PyObject_SetAttrString Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *, PyObject *)); |
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256 extern int PyObject_HasAttrString Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *)); |
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257 extern PyObject *PyObject_GetAttr Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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258 extern int PyObject_SetAttr Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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259 extern long PyObject_Hash Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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260 extern int PyObject_IsTrue Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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261 extern int PyCallable_Check Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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262 extern int PyNumber_Coerce Py_PROTO((PyObject **, PyObject **)); |
| 6 | 263 |
| 264 /* Flag bits for printing: */ | |
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265 #define Py_PRINT_RAW 1 /* No string quotes etc. */ |
| 6 | 266 |
| 267 /* | |
| 268 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 269 | |
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270 The macros Py_INCREF(op) and Py_DECREF(op) are used to increment or decrement |
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271 reference counts. Py_DECREF calls the object's deallocator function; for |
| 6 | 272 objects that don't contain references to other objects or heap memory |
| 273 this can be the standard function free(). Both macros can be used | |
| 274 whereever a void expression is allowed. The argument shouldn't be a | |
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275 NIL pointer. The macro _Py_NewReference(op) is used only to initialize |
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276 reference counts to 1; it is defined here for convenience. |
| 6 | 277 |
| 278 We assume that the reference count field can never overflow; this can | |
| 279 be proven when the size of the field is the same as the pointer size | |
| 280 but even with a 16-bit reference count field it is pretty unlikely so | |
| 281 we ignore the possibility. (If you are paranoid, make it a long.) | |
| 282 | |
| 283 Type objects should never be deallocated; the type pointer in an object | |
| 284 is not considered to be a reference to the type object, to save | |
| 285 complications in the deallocation function. (This is actually a | |
| 286 decision that's up to the implementer of each new type so if you want, | |
| 287 you can count such references to the type object.) | |
| 288 | |
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289 *** WARNING*** The Py_DECREF macro must have a side-effect-free argument |
| 6 | 290 since it may evaluate its argument multiple times. (The alternative |
| 291 would be to mace it a proper function or assign it to a global temporary | |
| 292 variable first, both of which are slower; and in a multi-threaded | |
| 293 environment the global variable trick is not safe.) | |
| 294 */ | |
| 295 | |
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296 #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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297 #ifndef Py_REF_DEBUG |
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298 #define Py_REF_DEBUG |
| 6 | 299 #endif |
| 300 #endif | |
| 301 | |
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302 #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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303 extern void _Py_Dealloc Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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304 extern void _Py_NewReference Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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305 extern void _Py_ForgetReference Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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306 extern void _Py_PrintReferences Py_PROTO((FILE *)); |
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307 #endif |
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308 |
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309 #ifndef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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310 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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311 #define _Py_Dealloc(op) ((op)->ob_type->tp_free++, (*(op)->ob_type->tp_dealloc)((PyObject *)(op))) |
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312 #define _Py_ForgetReference(op) ((op)->ob_type->tp_free++) |
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313 #else /* !COUNT_ALLOCS */ |
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314 #define _Py_Dealloc(op) (*(op)->ob_type->tp_dealloc)((PyObject *)(op)) |
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315 #define _Py_ForgetReference(op) /*empty*/ |
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316 #endif /* !COUNT_ALLOCS */ |
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317 #endif /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
| 6 | 318 |
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319 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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320 extern void inc_count Py_PROTO((PyTypeObject *)); |
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321 #endif |
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322 |
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323 #ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG |
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324 |
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325 extern long _Py_RefTotal; |
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326 |
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327 #ifndef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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328 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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329 #define _Py_NewReference(op) (inc_count((op)->ob_type), _Py_RefTotal++, (op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
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330 #else |
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331 #define _Py_NewReference(op) (_Py_RefTotal++, (op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
| 6 | 332 #endif |
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333 #endif /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
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334 |
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335 #define Py_INCREF(op) (_Py_RefTotal++, (op)->ob_refcnt++) |
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336 #define Py_DECREF(op) \ |
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337 if (--_Py_RefTotal, --(op)->ob_refcnt != 0) \ |
| 6 | 338 ; \ |
| 339 else \ | |
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340 _Py_Dealloc(op) |
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341 #else /* !Py_REF_DEBUG */ |
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342 |
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343 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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344 #define _Py_NewReference(op) (inc_count((op)->ob_type), (op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
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345 #else |
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346 #define _Py_NewReference(op) ((op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
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347 #endif |
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348 |
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349 #define Py_INCREF(op) ((op)->ob_refcnt++) |
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350 #define Py_DECREF(op) \ |
| 2058 | 351 if (--(op)->ob_refcnt != 0) \ |
| 6 | 352 ; \ |
| 353 else \ | |
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354 _Py_Dealloc(op) |
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355 #endif /* !Py_REF_DEBUG */ |
| 6 | 356 |
| 86 | 357 /* Macros to use in case the object pointer may be NULL: */ |
| 358 | |
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359 #define Py_XINCREF(op) if ((op) == NULL) ; else Py_INCREF(op) |
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360 #define Py_XDECREF(op) if ((op) == NULL) ; else Py_DECREF(op) |
| 6 | 361 |
| 362 /* Definition of NULL, so you don't have to include <stdio.h> */ | |
| 363 | |
| 364 #ifndef NULL | |
| 365 #define NULL 0 | |
| 366 #endif | |
| 367 | |
| 368 | |
| 369 /* | |
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370 _Py_NoneStruct is an object of undefined type which can be used in contexts |
| 6 | 371 where NULL (nil) is not suitable (since NULL often means 'error'). |
| 372 | |
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373 Don't forget to apply Py_INCREF() when returning this value!!! |
| 6 | 374 */ |
| 375 | |
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376 extern DL_IMPORT(PyObject) _Py_NoneStruct; /* Don't use this directly */ |
| 6 | 377 |
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378 #define Py_None (&_Py_NoneStruct) |
| 6 | 379 |
| 380 | |
| 381 /* | |
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382 A common programming style in Python requires the forward declaration |
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383 of static, initialized structures, e.g. for a type object that is used |
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384 by the functions whose address must be used in the initializer. |
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385 Some compilers (notably SCO ODT 3.0, I seem to remember early AIX as |
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386 well) botch this if you use the static keyword for both declarations |
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387 (they allocate two objects, and use the first, uninitialized one until |
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388 the second declaration is encountered). Therefore, the forward |
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389 declaration should use the 'forwardstatic' keyword. This expands to |
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390 static on most systems, but to extern on a few. The actual storage |
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391 and name will still be static because the second declaration is |
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392 static, so no linker visible symbols will be generated. (Standard C |
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393 compilers take offense to the extern forward declaration of a static |
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394 object, so I can't just put extern in all cases. :-( ) |
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395 */ |
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396 |
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397 #ifdef BAD_STATIC_FORWARD |
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398 #define staticforward extern |
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399 #ifdef __SC__ |
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400 #define statichere |
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401 #else |
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402 #define statichere static |
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403 #endif /* __SC__ */ |
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404 #else /* !BAD_STATIC_FORWARD */ |
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405 #define staticforward static |
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406 #define statichere static |
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407 #endif /* !BAD_STATIC_FORWARD */ |
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408 |
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409 |
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410 /* |
| 6 | 411 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 |
| 412 | |
| 413 More conventions | |
| 414 ================ | |
| 415 | |
| 416 Argument Checking | |
| 417 ----------------- | |
| 418 | |
| 419 Functions that take objects as arguments normally don't check for nil | |
| 420 arguments, but they do check the type of the argument, and return an | |
| 421 error if the function doesn't apply to the type. | |
| 422 | |
| 423 Failure Modes | |
| 424 ------------- | |
| 425 | |
| 426 Functions may fail for a variety of reasons, including running out of | |
| 86 | 427 memory. This is communicated to the caller in two ways: an error string |
| 428 is set (see errors.h), and the function result differs: functions that | |
| 429 normally return a pointer return NULL for failure, functions returning | |
| 430 an integer return -1 (which could be a legal return value too!), and | |
| 431 other functions return 0 for success and -1 for failure. | |
| 432 Callers should always check for errors before using the result. | |
| 6 | 433 |
| 434 Reference Counts | |
| 435 ---------------- | |
| 436 | |
| 437 It takes a while to get used to the proper usage of reference counts. | |
| 438 | |
| 439 Functions that create an object set the reference count to 1; such new | |
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440 objects must be stored somewhere or destroyed again with Py_DECREF(). |
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441 Functions that 'store' objects such as PyTuple_SetItem() and |
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442 PyDict_SetItemString() |
| 6 | 443 don't increment the reference count of the object, since the most |
| 444 frequent use is to store a fresh object. Functions that 'retrieve' | |
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445 objects such as PyTuple_GetItem() and PyDict_GetItemString() also |
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446 don't increment |
| 6 | 447 the reference count, since most frequently the object is only looked at |
| 448 quickly. Thus, to retrieve an object and store it again, the caller | |
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449 must call Py_INCREF() explicitly. |
| 6 | 450 |
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451 NOTE: functions that 'consume' a reference count like |
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452 PyDict_SetItemString() even |
| 6 | 453 consume the reference if the object wasn't stored, to simplify error |
| 454 handling. | |
| 455 | |
| 456 It seems attractive to make other functions that take an object as | |
| 457 argument consume a reference count; however this may quickly get | |
| 458 confusing (even the current practice is already confusing). Consider | |
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459 it carefully, it may save lots of calls to Py_INCREF() and Py_DECREF() at |
| 6 | 460 times. |
| 461 | |
| 462 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 463 */ | |
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464 |
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465 #ifdef __cplusplus |
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466 } |
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467 #endif |
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468 #endif /* !Py_OBJECT_H */ |