Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate Mac/Demo/using.html @ 4566:6403c94de50d legacy-trunk
Added safeguard against failure in __del__.
| author | Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 27 Nov 1996 19:39:58 +0000 |
| parents | 8900213764ba |
| children | d91fd7cd8be7 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 3505 | 1 <HTML> |
| 2 <HEAD> | |
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3 <TITLE>Using Python 1.4 on the Macintosh</TITLE> |
| 3505 | 4 </HEAD> |
| 5 <BODY> | |
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6 <H1>Using Python 1.4 on the Macintosh</H1> |
| 3505 | 7 <HR> |
| 8 | |
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9 This document is an introduction to using Python on the Apple |
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10 Macintosh. It does not introduce the language itself, for this you |
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11 should refer to the <A |
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12 HREF="http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html">Python Tutorial</A> by |
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13 Guido van Rossum. This guide more-or-less replaces chapter two of the |
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14 tutorial, and provides some additional material. <p> |
| 3505 | 15 |
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16 The tutorial, along with other indispensible documentation like the |
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17 library reference and such, is also available in a number of different |
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18 formats at <a href="ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc"> |
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19 ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc</a>. The Adobe Acrobat <code>.pdf</code> |
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20 files are probably a good choice for reading or printing the documents |
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21 from your mac. <p> |
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22 |
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23 There is currently no good tutorial for the mac-specific features of |
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24 Python, but to whet your appetite: it has interfaces to many MacOS |
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25 toolboxes (quickdraw, sound, quicktime, open scripting, etc) and |
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26 various portable toolboxes are available too (Tk, stdwin, complex |
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27 numbers, image manipulation, etc). Some <A HREF="index.html"> |
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28 annotated sample programs</A> are available to give you an idea of |
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29 Python's power. <P> |
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30 |
| 3505 | 31 <h2>Invoking the interpreter</h2> |
| 32 | |
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33 The name of the interpreter may differ on different installations: it |
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34 may be called <CODE>Python</CODE>, <CODE>PythonPPC</CODE> (for powerpc |
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35 macs), <CODE>PythonCFM68K</CODE> or<CODE>Python68K</CODE> (both for 68K macs). |
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36 It will always |
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37 be recognizable by the "16 ton" icon, though. You start the |
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38 interpreter in interactive mode by double-clicking its icon: <p> |
| 3505 | 39 |
| 40 <img src="html.icons/python.gif"><p> | |
| 41 | |
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42 This should give you a text window with an informative version string |
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43 and a prompt, something like the following: |
| 3505 | 44 <PRE> |
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45 Python 1.4 (Oct 27 1996) [CW PPC w/GUSI] |
| 3505 | 46 Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam |
| 47 >>> | |
| 48 </PRE> | |
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49 The version string tells you the version of Python, whether it was |
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50 built for PPC or 68K macs and possibly some options used to build the |
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51 interpreter. If you find a bug or have a question about how the |
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52 interpreter works it is a good idea to include the version information |
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53 in your message. <p> |
| 3505 | 54 |
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55 At the prompt you can type interactive python commands. See the |
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56 tutorial for more information. The interactive window works |
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57 more-or-less like a Communication Toolbox or Telnet window: you type |
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58 commands at the bottom and terminate them with the <EM>[return]</EM> |
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59 or <EM>[enter]</EM> key. Interpreter feedback also appears at the |
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60 bottom of the window, and the contents scroll as output is added. You |
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61 can use copy and paste in the normal way, but be sure to paste only at |
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62 the bottom of the document. |
| 3505 | 63 |
| 64 <h2>Creating Python scripts</h2> | |
| 65 | |
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66 The Python interpreter works in a way that is different from what you |
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67 would expect of a macintosh program: the interpreter is just that: an |
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68 interpreter. There is no builtin editor or other development |
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69 support. Hence, to create a Python script you need an external text |
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70 editor. For a first script you can use any editor that can create |
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71 plain, unstyled text files, such as <CODE>SimpleText</CODE>. <p> |
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72 |
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73 For more serious scripts, though, it is advisable to use a programmers |
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74 editor, such as <CODE>BBEdit</CODE> or <CODE>Alpha</CODE>. BBEdit is |
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75 my favorite: it comes in a commercial version but also in a |
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76 fully-functional free version <CODE>BBEdit Lite</CODE>. You can |
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77 download it from the <A HREF="http://www.barebones.com/">BareBones</A> |
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78 site. The free version will probably provide all the functionality |
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79 you will ever need. Besides the standard edit facilities it has |
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80 multi-file searches and many other goodies that can be very handy when |
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81 editing programs. <p> |
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82 |
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83 After you have created your script in the editor of your choice you |
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84 drop it on the interpreter. This will start the interpreter executing |
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85 the script, again with a console window in which the output appears |
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86 and in which you can type input if the script requires it. Normally |
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87 the interpreter will close the window and quit as soon as the script |
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88 is done executing, see below under <A HREF="#startup">startup |
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89 options</A> for a way to change this. <p> |
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90 |
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91 <blockquote> |
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92 There is a BBEdit extension available that allows you to run Python |
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93 scripts more-or-less straight from your bbedit source window. Check |
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94 out the <code>Mac:Tools:BBPy</code> folder. |
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95 </blockquote> |
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96 |
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97 It is a good idea to have the names of all your scripts end in |
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98 <CODE>.py</CODE>. While this is not necessary for standalone scripts |
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99 it is needed for modules, and it is probably a good idea to start the |
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100 habit now. <p> |
| 3505 | 101 |
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102 If you do not like to start the Python interpreter afresh for each |
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103 edit-run cycle you can use the <CODE>import</CODE> statement and |
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104 <CODE>reload()</CODE> function to speed things up in some cases. Here |
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105 is Guido's original comment for how to do this, from the 1.1 release |
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106 notes: <P> |
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107 |
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108 <BLOCKQUOTE> |
| 3505 | 109 |
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110 Make sure the program is a module file (filename must be a Python |
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111 identifier followed by '<CODE>.py</CODE>'). You can then import it |
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112 when you test it for the first time. There are now three |
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113 possibilities: it contains a syntax error; it gets a runtime error |
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114 (unhandled exception); or it runs OK but gives wrong results. (If it |
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115 gives correct results, you are done testing and don't need to read the |
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116 rest of this paragraph. :-) Note that the following is not |
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117 Mac-specific -- it's just that on UNIX it's easier to restart the |
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118 entire script so it's rarely useful. <P> |
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119 |
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120 Recovery from a syntax error is easy: edit the file and import it |
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121 again. <P> |
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122 |
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123 Recovery from wrong output is almost as easy: edit the file and, |
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124 instead of importing it, call the function <CODE>reload()</CODE> with |
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125 the module name as argument (e.g., if your module is called |
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126 <CODE>foo</CODE>, type <CODE>reload(foo)</CODE>). <P> |
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127 |
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128 Recovery from an exception is trickier. Once the syntax is correct, a |
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129 'module' entry is placed in an internal table, and following import |
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130 statements will not re-read the file, even if the module's |
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131 initialization terminated with an error (one reason why this is done |
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132 is so that mutually recursive modules are initialized only once). You |
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133 must therefore force re-reading the module with <CODE>reload()</CODE>, |
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134 however, if this happens the first time you try to import the module, |
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135 the import statement itself has not completed, and your workspace does |
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136 not know the module name (even though the internal table of moduesl |
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137 does!). The trick is to first import the module again, then reload |
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138 it. For instance, <CODE>import foo; reload(foo)</CODE>. Because the |
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139 module object already exists internally, the import statement does not |
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140 attempt to execute the module again -- it just places it in your |
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141 workspace. </BLOCKQUOTE> |
| 3505 | 142 |
| 143 <h2>Clickable python scripts</h2> | |
| 144 | |
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145 If you create your script with the correct creator and type, creator |
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146 <CODE>'Pyth'</CODE> and type <CODE>'TEXT'</CODE>, you can double-click |
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147 your script and it will automatically invoke the interpreter. If you |
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148 use BBEdit you can tell it about the Python file type by adding it to |
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149 the "file types" sections of the preferences. Then, if you save a file |
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150 for the first time you can tell BBEdit to save the file as a Python |
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151 script through the "options" choice of the save dialog. <p> |
| 3505 | 152 |
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153 The <CODE>Scripts</CODE> folder contains a script |
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154 <CODE>fixfiletypes</CODE> that will recursively traverse a folder and |
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155 set the correct creator and type for all files ending in |
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156 <CODE>.py</CODE>. <p> |
| 3505 | 157 |
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158 <BLOCKQUOTE> |
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159 Older releases of Python used the creator code |
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160 <CODE>'PYTH'</CODE> in stead of <CODE>'Pyth'</CODE>. If you still have |
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161 older Python sources on your system and named them with |
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162 <CODE>'.py'</CODE> extension the <CODE>fixfiletypes</CODE> script will |
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163 correct them. |
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164 </BLOCKQUOTE> |
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165 |
| 3505 | 166 <h2>Interaction with the user</h2> |
| 167 | |
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168 Normally, the interpreter will check for user input (mouse clicks, |
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169 keyboard input) every once in a while, so it is possible to switch to |
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170 other applications while a script runs. It is also possible to |
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171 interrupt the interpreter with the standard command-period keypress, |
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172 this will raise the <CODE>KeyboardInterrupt</CODE> exception. Scripts |
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173 may, however, turn off this behaviour to facilitate their own event |
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174 handling. Such scripts can only be killed with the |
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175 command-option-escape shortcut. |
| 3505 | 176 |
| 177 <h2><A NAME="startup">startup options</A></h2> | |
| 178 | |
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179 If the <EM>option</EM> key is depressed when Python starts executing |
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180 the interpreter will bring up an options dialog thru which you can |
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181 influence the way the interpreter behaves. Keep the option key |
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182 depressed until the dialog comes up. <p> |
| 3505 | 183 |
| 184 <img src="html.icons/options.gif"><p> | |
| 185 | |
| 186 The options modify the interpreters behaviour in the following way: | |
| 187 <ul> | |
| 188 <li> the interpreter goes to interactive mode (in stead of | |
| 189 exiting) after a script has terminated normally, | |
| 190 <li> for every module imported a line is printed telling you where the | |
| 191 module was loaded from, | |
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192 <li> do not print the values of expressions executed as statements in |
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193 an interactive python, |
| 3505 | 194 <li> do not buffer stdout and stderr, |
| 195 <li> print some debugging output during the parsing phase, | |
| 196 <li> keep the output window open when a script terminates. | |
| 197 </ul> | |
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198 In addition, you can enter a unix-style command line which is passed |
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199 to the script in <CODE>sys.argv</CODE>. Sys.argv[0] is always the name |
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200 of the script being executed, additional values can be passed |
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201 here. Quoting works as expected. <p> |
| 3505 | 202 |
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203 <BLOCKQUOTE> |
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204 <EM>Warning:</EM> redirecting standard input or standard output in the |
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205 command-line dialog does not work. This is due to circumstances beyond my |
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206 control, hence I cannot say when this will be fixed. |
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207 </BLOCKQUOTE> |
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208 |
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209 The default options are also settable on a system-wide basis, see the |
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210 section on <A HREF="#preferences">editing preferences</A>. <p> |
| 3505 | 211 |
| 212 <h2>Module search path</h2> | |
| 213 | |
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214 The module search path, <CODE>sys.path</CODE>, contains the folders |
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215 python will search when you import a module. The path is settable on a |
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216 system-wide basis (see the preferences section), and normally |
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217 comprises the current folder (where the script lives), the |
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218 <CODE>Lib</CODE> folder and some of its subfolders and possibly some |
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219 more. <p> |
| 3505 | 220 |
| 221 <h2>Working folder</h2> | |
| 222 | |
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223 The unix concept of a <I>working directory</I> does not translate |
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224 directly to a similar concept on the Macintosh. To facilitate easy |
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225 porting and the use of relative pathnames in scripts the interpreter |
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226 simulates a working directory. When a script is started the initial |
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227 working directory is the folder where the script lives. In case of an |
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228 interactive interpreter the working directory is the folder where the |
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229 interpreter lives. <P> |
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230 |
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231 By the way: the "standard file" folder, the folder that is presented |
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232 to the user initially for an <I>open</I> or <I>save</I> dialog, does |
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233 <EM>not</EM> follow the Python working directory. Which folder is |
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234 initially shown to the user is usually one of (a) the application |
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235 folder, (b) the "Documents" folder or (c) the folder most recently |
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236 used for such a dialog (in any Python program). This is standard MacOS |
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237 behaviour, so don't blame Python for it. The exact behaviour is |
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238 settable through a control panel since System 7.5. |
| 3505 | 239 |
| 240 <h2>Interactive startup file</h2> | |
| 241 | |
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242 If the folder containing the interpreter contains a file named |
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243 <CODE>PythonStartup</CODE> this file is executed when you start an |
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244 interactive interpreter. In this file you could import modules you |
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245 often use and other such things. <p> |
| 3505 | 246 |
| 247 | |
| 248 <h2>Compiled python scripts</h2> | |
| 249 | |
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250 Once a python module has been imported the interpreter creates a |
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251 compiled version which is stored in a file with the ".py" extension |
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252 replaced by ".pyc". These compiled files, with creator |
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253 <CODE>'Pyth'</CODE> and type <CODE>'PYC '</CODE> load faster when |
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254 imported (because they do not have to be parsed). The <CODE>Lib</CODE> |
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255 folder contains a script <CODE>compileall.py</CODE>, running this |
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256 script will cause all modules along the python search path to be |
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257 precompiled, which will speed up your programs. Compiled files are |
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258 also double-clickable. <p> |
| 3505 | 259 |
| 260 <h2>Python resources</h2> | |
| 261 | |
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262 MacPython has the ability to collect a number of compiled modules |
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263 together in the resource fork of a single file. This feature is useful |
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264 if you distribute a python program and want to minimize clutter: you |
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265 can put all the needed modules in a single file (which could even be |
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266 the interpreter itself). <p> |
| 3505 | 267 |
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268 If the module search path contains a filename as one of its entries |
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269 (as opposed to a folder name, which is the normal case) this file will |
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270 be searched for a resource with type <CODE>'PYC '</CODE> and a name |
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271 matching the module being imported. <p> |
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273 The <CODE>scripts</CODE> folder contains a script |
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274 <CODE>PackLibDir</CODE> which will convert a number of modules (or |
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275 possibly a complete subtree full of modules) into such a resource |
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276 file. |
| 3505 | 277 |
| 278 <h2><A NAME="preferences">Setting interpreter preferences</A></h2> | |
| 279 | |
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280 The python interpreter keeps a preferences file in the standard |
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281 location in the system folder. In this preferences file it remembers |
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282 the default module search path and the default settings for the |
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283 runtime options. The preferences are settable via |
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284 <CODE>EditPythonPrefs</CODE>. For PPC python this is a standalone |
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285 program living in the main Python folder, for 68K python it is a |
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286 script in the <CODE>Scripts</CODE> folder. <p> |
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288 The interface to edit the preferences is rather clunky for the current |
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289 release. <p> |
| 3505 | 290 |
| 291 <img src="html.icons/preferences.gif"><p> | |
| 292 | |
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293 In the editable text field at the top you enter the initial module |
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294 search path, using newline as a separator. There are two special |
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295 values you can use here: an initial substring <CODE>$(PYTHON)</CODE> |
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296 will expand to the Python home folder and a value of |
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297 <CODE>$(APPLICATION)</CODE> will expand to the the python application |
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298 itself. Note that the text field may extend "beyond the bottom" even |
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299 though it does not have a scroll bar. Using the arrow keys works, |
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300 though.<p> |
| 3505 | 301 |
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302 The Python home folder $(PYTHON) is initially, when you execute the |
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303 interpreter for the first time, set to the folder where the |
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304 interpreter lives. You can change it here. <p> |
| 3505 | 305 |
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306 Finally, you can set the default startup options here, through a |
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307 sub-dialog. |
| 3505 | 308 |
| 309 <h2>Applets</h2> | |
| 310 | |
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311 An applet is a fullblown application written in Python, similar to an |
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312 AppleScript applet (and completely different from a Java |
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313 applet). Applets are currently supported on PowerPC macintoshes and on |
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314 68K macintoshes if you use the CFM68K version of the interpreter, |
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315 and are created using the <CODE>mkapplet</CODE> program. You create an |
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316 applet by dropping the python source script onto mkapplet. |
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317 <a href="example2.html">Example 2</a> is a more involved applet |
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318 with its own resource file, etc. <p> |
| 3505 | 319 |
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320 Note that while an applet behaves as a fullblown Macintosh application |
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321 it is not self-sufficient, so distributing it to a machine without an |
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322 installed Python interpreter will not work: it needs the shared python |
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323 execution engine <CODE>PythonCore</CODE>, and probably various modules |
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324 from the Lib and PlugIns folders. Distributing it to a machine that does |
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325 have a Python system (of the same release and architecture) will work. <p> |
| 3505 | 326 |
| 327 <h2>Customizing applets</h2> | |
| 328 | |
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329 Applets can have their own settings for the startup options and module |
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330 search path. Dropping an applet on the <CODE>EditPythonPrefs</CODE> |
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331 application allows you to set these, in the same way as |
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332 double-clicking EditPythonPrefs allows you to set the system-wide |
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333 defaults. <p> |
| 3505 | 334 |
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335 Actually, not only applets but also the interpreter itself can have |
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336 non-default settings for path and options. If you make a copy of the |
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337 interpreter and drop this copy onto EditPythonPrefs you will have an |
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338 interpreter that has a different set of default settings. <p> |
| 3505 | 339 |
| 340 <h2>Where to go from here</h2> | |
| 341 | |
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342 The previously mentioned <A |
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343 HREF="http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html">Python Tutorial</A> is |
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344 an excellent place to start reading if you have never used Python |
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345 before. Other documentation such as the library reference manual is |
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346 indexed at the <A HREF="http://www.python.org/doc/">Python |
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347 Documentation</A> page. <p> |
| 3505 | 348 |
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349 There are some <A HREF="index.html">annotated sample programs</A> |
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350 available that show some mac-specific issues, like use of various |
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351 toolboxes and creation of Python applets. <p> |
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353 Finally, the <CODE>Demo</CODE> and <CODE>Mac:Demo</CODE> |
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354 folders in the Macintosh distribution |
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355 contains a number of other example programs. Most of these are only |
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356 very lightly documented, but they may help you to understand some |
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357 aspects of using Python. <p> |
| 3505 | 358 |
| 359 The best way to contact fellow Macintosh Python programmers is to join | |
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360 the MacPython Special Interest Group mailing list. Send a message with |
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361 "info" in the body to <A |
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362 HREF="mailto:pythonmac-sig-request@python.org">pythonmac-sig-request@python.org</A> |
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363 or view the <A |
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364 HREF="http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/">Pythonmac SIG |
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365 page</A> on the <A HREF="http://www.python.org">www.python.org</A> WWW |
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366 server. <p> |
| 3505 | 367 |
| 368 <h2>Troubleshooting</h2> | |
| 369 | |
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370 A rather baffling error message can be "PythonCore not found" when you |
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371 start the interpreter and you are sure that PythonCore is available. The |
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372 message should actually say "Not enough memory in the system heap to |
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373 load PythonCore". |
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374 Blame Apple for the confusing message. <p> |
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375 |
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376 Python is a rather safe language, and hence it should be difficult to |
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377 crash the interpreter of the system with a Python script. There is an |
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378 exception to this rule, though: the modules that interface to the |
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379 system toolboxes (windowing, quickdraw, etc) do very little error |
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380 checking and therefore a misbehaving program using these modules may |
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381 indeed crash the system. Such programs are unfortunately rather |
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382 difficult to debug, since the crash does not generate the standard |
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383 Python stack trace, obviously, and since debugging print statements |
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384 will often interfere with the operation of the program. There is |
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385 little to do about this currently. <p> |
| 3505 | 386 |
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387 Probably the most common cause of problems with modules ported from |
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388 other systems is the Mac end-of-line convention. Where unix uses |
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389 linefeed, 0x0a, to separate lines the mac uses carriage return, |
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390 0x0d. To complicate matters more a lot of mac programming editors like |
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391 BBEdit and emacs will work happily with both conventions, so the file |
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392 will appear to be correct in the editor but cause strange errors when |
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393 imported. BBEdit has a popup menu which allows you to inspect (and |
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394 set) the end-of-line convention used in a file. <p> |
| 3505 | 395 |
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396 Python attempts to keep its preferences file up-to-date even when you |
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397 move the Python folder around, etc. If this fails the effect will be |
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398 that Python cannot start or, worse, that it does work but it cannot find |
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399 any standard modules. In this case, start Python examine <code>sys.path</code>. |
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400 If it is incorrect remove any Python preferences file from the system |
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401 folder and start the interpreter <em>while the interpreter sits in the main |
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402 Python folder</em>. This will regenerate the preferences file. <p> |
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403 |
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404 <h2>Where to go from here</h2> |
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405 |
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406 The next section to check out is the <a href="index.html">annotated sample programs</a>.<p> |
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407 |
| 3505 | 408 <HR> |
| 409 <A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack">Jack Jansen</A>, | |
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410 <A HREF="mailto:jack@cwi.nl">jack@cwi.nl</A>, 20-Nov-1996. |
| 3505 | 411 |
| 412 </BODY> | |
| 413 </HTML> |