Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate README @ 4566:6403c94de50d legacy-trunk
Added safeguard against failure in __del__.
| author | Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 27 Nov 1996 19:39:58 +0000 |
| parents | 559aa47b2e2c |
| children | 9ad7b8c36c79 |
| rev | line source |
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1 This is Python release 1.4 (final) |
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2 ================================== |
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3 |
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4 I appreciate everybody's patience... This is the official, final |
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5 release of Python 1.4. You can throw away your copies of 1.3 and the |
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6 1.4 betas now! |
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7 |
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8 |
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9 What's new in this release? |
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10 --------------------------- |
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11 |
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12 An exhaustive list of (nearly) everything that changed since the |
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13 release of Python 1.3, over a year ago, can be found in the file |
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14 Misc/NEWS. (A history of all changes before that time is kept in |
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15 Misc/HISTORY.) An overview of the most important user-visible changes |
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16 is appended as a new chapter to the Tutorial (Doc/tut.tex). Perhaps |
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17 the most visible changes are the new power operator, complex numbers, |
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18 new slicing and indexing syntax, and class-private names of the form |
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19 __spam (an experimental feature). |
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20 |
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21 |
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22 What is Python anyway? |
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23 ---------------------- |
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24 |
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25 Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is |
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26 often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme or Java. For a quick summary of |
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27 what Python can mean for a UNIX/C programmer, read Misc/BLURB.LUTZ. |
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28 If you have web access, point your browser to http://www.python.org. |
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29 |
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30 |
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31 How do I learn Python? |
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32 ---------------------- |
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33 |
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34 The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc |
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35 directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html). |
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36 Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for |
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37 some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. |
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38 |
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39 There are now also two books on Python. While these are still based |
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40 on Python 1.3 or 1.4beta2, the language is so stable now that you'd be |
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41 hard pressed to find places where the books are out of date. The |
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42 books, both first published in October 1996 and both including a |
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43 CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other: |
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44 |
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45 Internet Programming with Python |
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46 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom |
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47 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers |
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48 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8 |
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49 |
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50 Programming Python |
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51 by Mark Lutz |
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52 O'Reilly & Associates |
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53 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6 |
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54 |
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55 |
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56 If you don't read instructions |
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57 ------------------------------ |
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58 |
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59 Congratulations on getting this far. :-) |
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60 |
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61 To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the |
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62 current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section |
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63 Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-) |
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64 |
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65 |
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66 Copyright issues |
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67 ---------------- |
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68 |
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69 Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright |
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70 notice at the end of this file. |
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71 |
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72 The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence |
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73 (GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely |
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74 optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python. For all these |
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75 packages, GPL-free public domain versions also exist. |
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76 |
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77 |
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78 |
| 3110 | 79 A modest plug |
| 80 ============= | |
| 81 | |
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82 ********************************************************************* |
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83 * Without your help, I won't be able to continue to support Python! * |
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84 ********************************************************************* |
| 3110 | 85 |
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86 If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software |
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87 Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/. |
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88 |
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89 Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged |
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90 to become corporate members! |
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91 |
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92 |
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93 Build instructions |
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94 ================== |
| 1453 | 95 |
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96 Before you can build Python, you must first configure it. |
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97 Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined |
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98 for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few |
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99 commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some |
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100 platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform |
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101 specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms |
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102 sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below. |
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103 |
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104 You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your |
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105 system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a |
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106 minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to |
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107 run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see |
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108 the section below on configuration options and variables. |
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109 |
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110 To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory. |
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111 This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser, |
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112 Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The |
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113 executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and |
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114 moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also |
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115 chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do |
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116 the Modules subdirectory last!). |
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117 |
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118 Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on |
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119 testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run |
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120 in trouble, see the next section. |
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121 |
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122 |
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123 Troubleshooting |
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124 --------------- |
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125 |
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126 See also the platform specific notes in the next section. |
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127 |
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128 If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make". |
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129 |
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130 If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ (file |
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131 Misc/FAQ) for hints on what can go wrong, and how to fix it. |
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132 |
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133 If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all |
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134 object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or |
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135 not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable |
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136 problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report! |
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137 |
| 4134 | 138 If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that |
| 139 should be there, inspect the config.log file. | |
| 140 | |
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141 |
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142 Platform specific notes |
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143 ----------------------- |
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144 |
| 3174 | 145 (Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python |
| 146 on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let | |
| 147 me know so I can remove them!) | |
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148 |
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149 Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run |
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150 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently |
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151 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on |
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152 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to |
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153 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x |
| 4134 | 154 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default |
| 155 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. | |
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156 |
| 4134 | 157 AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in |
| 158 place. To enable it, uncomment the LINKCC line in the Setup | |
| 159 file. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done. | |
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160 |
| 4134 | 161 WARNING! In some versions of AIX 3.x, you get errors about |
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162 Invalid Indent when running the Python test set. This appears |
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163 to be a bug in the AIX compiler. Rebuild Parser/tokenizer.c |
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164 using OPT="" or OPT=-g, or use gcc. |
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165 |
| 4134 | 166 HP-UX: Shared library support now works by default (at least on HP-UX |
| 167 9.x). One other problem remains: the HP ANSI C compiler (cc | |
| 168 -Aa) is too pedantic to use, but in K&R mode, it barfs on a | |
| 169 few files (complexobject.c, getargs.c and operator.c). Until | |
| 170 this is fixed, the following seems to work: | |
| 171 | |
| 172 make -k # this compiles all but a few files | |
| 173 make OPT=-Aa # compile the remaining files | |
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174 |
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175 Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"! |
| 1882 | 176 |
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177 SCO: 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the |
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178 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken. |
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179 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard it's |
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180 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined. |
| 1453 | 181 |
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182 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt |
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183 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS |
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184 needed be set to: |
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185 |
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186 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i' |
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187 |
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188 3) According to at least one report, the above apply only to |
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189 SCO 3 -- Python builds out of the box on SCO 5. |
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190 |
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191 SunOS: On SunOS 4.x, when using the native "cc" compiler, you have to |
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192 disable modules "cmath" and "operator" in Modules/Setup (see |
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193 the next section) and edit the various Makefiles to add |
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194 "-DWITHOUT_COMPLEX" to the CFLAGS variable, in order to |
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195 overcome the limitation to pre-ANSI C. (Or, of course, you |
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196 could get gcc :-). |
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197 |
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198 NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch |
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199 described below. |
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200 |
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201 |
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202 Configuring additional built-in modules |
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203 --------------------------------------- |
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204 |
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205 You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in |
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206 modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially |
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207 copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the |
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208 first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy |
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209 yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the |
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210 comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can |
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211 make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules |
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212 will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the |
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213 toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use |
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214 "make Makefile; make".) |
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215 |
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216 The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but |
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217 many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm, |
| 4134 | 218 nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often |
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219 the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not |
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220 is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get |
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221 compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support. |
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222 |
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223 On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific |
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224 system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. |
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225 |
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226 For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the |
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227 audio device. |
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228 |
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229 |
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230 Setting the optimization/debugging options |
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231 ------------------------------------------ |
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232 |
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233 If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for |
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234 the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make |
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235 command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python |
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236 on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the |
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237 environment when the configure script is run overrides this default |
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238 (likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base |
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239 set of libraries to link with). |
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240 |
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241 |
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242 Testing |
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243 ------- |
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245 To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test". |
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246 This runs the test set silently, twice (once with no compiled files, |
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247 once with the compiled files left by the previous test run). Each |
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248 test run should print "All tests OK." and nothing more. (The test set |
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249 does not test the built-in modules, but will find most other problems |
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250 with the interpreter.) |
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251 |
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252 IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report, |
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253 *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the |
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254 following command instead: |
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255 |
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256 PYTHONPATH=../Lib:../Lib/test:./Modules ./python -c 'import testall' |
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257 |
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258 (substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a |
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259 different directory). This gives the output of the tests and shows |
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260 which test failed. |
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261 |
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262 |
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263 Installing |
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264 ---------- |
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265 |
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266 Installing Python was never this easy! |
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267 |
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268 To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules |
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269 (see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page, |
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270 just type "make install". This will install all platform-independent |
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271 files in subdirectories the directory given with the --prefix option |
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272 to configure or the 'prefix' Make variable (default /usr/local), and |
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273 all binary and other platform-specific files in subdirectories if the |
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274 directory given by --exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable |
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275 (defaults to the --prefix directory). All subdirectories created will |
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276 have Python's version number in their name, e.g. the library modules |
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277 are installed in "/usr/local/lib/python1.4/" by default. The Python |
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278 binary is installed as "python1.4" and a hard link named "python" is |
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279 created. The only file not installed with a version number in its |
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280 name is the manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" |
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281 by default. |
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283 If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.4 Python that you don't |
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284 want to replace yet, use "make altinstall". This installs the same |
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285 set of files as "make install" except it doesn't create the hard link |
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286 to "python1.4" named "python" and it doesn't install the manual page |
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287 at all. |
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288 |
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289 The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for |
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290 Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already |
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291 have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the |
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292 instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific |
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293 files. |
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294 |
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295 |
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296 Configuration options and variables |
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297 ----------------------------------- |
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298 |
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299 Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure |
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300 script. |
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301 |
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302 WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you |
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303 must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule: |
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304 after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove |
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305 Modules/getpath.o; after changing --with-readline, just remove |
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306 Parser/myreadline.o. |
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307 |
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308 --with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if |
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309 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is |
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310 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option |
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311 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the |
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312 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the |
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313 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is |
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314 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck |
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315 option. |
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316 |
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317 --prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the |
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318 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib}, |
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319 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter |
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320 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the |
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321 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass |
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322 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the |
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323 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the |
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324 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also |
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325 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when |
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326 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option |
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327 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the |
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328 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient |
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329 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind |
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330 about the install prefix... |
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331 |
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332 --with-readline: You can use the GNU readline library to improve the |
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333 interactive user interface. This gives you line editing and |
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334 command history when calling Python interactively. Unless GNU |
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335 readline is a standard part of your system (it is on Linux), |
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336 you need to configure build the GNU readline library before |
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337 running the configure script. Its sources are not distributed |
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338 with Python; you can ftp them from any GNU mirror site, or |
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339 from its home site: |
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340 ftp://slc2.ins.cwru.edu/pub/dist/readline-2.0.tar.gz (or |
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341 a higher version number -- using version 1.x is not |
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342 recommended). |
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343 |
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344 A GPL-free version was posted to comp.sources.misc in volume |
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345 31 and is widely available from FTP archive sites, e.g. |
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346 ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/. |
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347 |
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348 Pass the Python configure script the option |
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349 --with-readline=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY is the absolute |
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350 pathname of the directory where you've built the readline |
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351 library. If GNU readline is a standard part of your system, |
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352 don't pass '=DIRECTORY'. Some hints on building and using the |
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353 readline library are in the FAQ (file Misc/FAQ). |
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354 |
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355 --with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads. |
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356 To enable this, pass --with-thread. If the library required |
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357 for threads lives in a peculiar place, you can use |
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358 --with-thread=DIRECTORY. In the Modules/Setup file, enable |
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359 the thread module. (Threads aren't enabled automatically |
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360 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is |
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361 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make |
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362 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this |
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363 option! |
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364 |
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365 --with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is |
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366 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is |
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367 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z. |
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368 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl |
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369 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY |
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370 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on |
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371 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style |
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372 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated. |
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373 |
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374 --with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported |
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375 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent |
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376 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a |
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377 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package |
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378 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an |
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379 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation |
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380 can be found at |
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381 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To |
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382 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the |
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383 configure passing it the option |
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384 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is |
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385 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and |
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386 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library. |
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387 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic |
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388 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is |
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389 deprecated. |
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390 |
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391 --with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative |
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392 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library |
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393 (default the empty string) using the options |
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394 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g. |
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395 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler |
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396 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s. |
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397 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C |
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398 library last. |
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399 |
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400 --with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build |
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401 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes |
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402 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource |
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403 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.) |
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404 |
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405 --with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python |
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406 linked against. |
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407 |
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408 |
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409 Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature) |
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410 ------------------------------------------------------------- |
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411 |
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412 If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it |
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413 usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each |
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414 architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the |
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415 VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each |
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416 architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the |
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417 appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the |
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418 necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles |
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419 contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the |
| 4134 | 420 actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if |
| 421 you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.) | |
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422 |
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423 For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python |
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424 in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel |
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425 directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python): |
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426 |
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427 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python |
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428 $ cd /usr/tmp/python |
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429 $ ~guido/src/python/configure |
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430 [...] |
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431 $ make |
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432 [...] |
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433 $ |
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434 |
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435 Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build |
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436 directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can |
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437 edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this |
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438 reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked |
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439 automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy |
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440 of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The |
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441 makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be |
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442 fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it |
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443 doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local; |
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444 however this assumes that you only need to add modules.) |
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445 |
| 1453 | 446 |
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447 Building on non-UNIX systems |
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448 ---------------------------- |
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449 |
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450 Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake! |
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451 |
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452 Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular |
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453 non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the |
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454 PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard |
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455 Unix build instructions). |
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456 |
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457 For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available, |
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458 for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac |
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459 development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group |
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460 (http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to |
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461 pythonmac-sig-request@python.org). |
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462 |
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463 Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these |
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464 platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/. |
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465 |
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466 To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the |
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467 effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this |
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468 has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file |
|
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469 config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual |
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470 configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as |
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471 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone |
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472 otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or |
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473 as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of |
| 4134 | 474 int if they need to be defined at all. |
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475 |
| 1453 | 476 |
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477 |
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478 Miscellaneous issues |
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479 ==================== |
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480 |
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481 Documentation |
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482 ------------- |
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483 |
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484 All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of |
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485 LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut), |
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486 Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext). |
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487 Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of |
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488 Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is |
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489 described here. |
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490 |
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491 To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc |
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492 subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and |
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493 send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and |
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494 ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have |
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495 LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see |
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496 below). |
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497 |
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498 All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site |
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499 (http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded |
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500 separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or |
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501 PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ (file Misc/FAQ) for |
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502 more info. |
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503 |
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504 |
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505 Emacs mode |
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506 ---------- |
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507 |
| 4134 | 508 There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file |
| 509 Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by Tim Peters, it is now | |
| 510 maintained by Barry Warsaw <bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. | |
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511 |
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512 |
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513 Web site |
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514 -------- |
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515 |
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516 Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us! |
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517 There are a number of mirrors, listed on the home page -- try a mirror |
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518 that's close you you. |
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519 |
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520 |
| 4134 | 521 Ftp site |
| 522 -------- | |
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523 |
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524 Python's own ftp site is ftp.python.org, directory /pub/python. See |
|
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525 the FAQ (file Misc/FAQ) for a list of other ftp sites carrying the |
|
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526 Python distribution. |
|
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527 |
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528 |
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529 Newsgroup and mailing list |
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530 -------------------------- |
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531 |
|
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532 There are a newsgroup and a mailing list devoted to Python. The |
|
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533 newsgroup, comp.lang.python, contains exactly the same messages as the |
|
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534 mailing list (though not always in the same order, due to the |
|
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535 mysterious nature of the Usenet news distribution algorithm). To |
|
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536 subscribe to the mailing list, send mail containing your real name and |
|
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537 e-mail address to "python-list-request@cwi.nl". Use the same address |
|
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538 if you want to unsibscribed. (A real person reads these messages, so |
|
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539 no LISTPROC or Majordomo commands, please, and please be patient -- |
|
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540 normal turn-around time is about one working day.) |
| 4134 | 541 |
|
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542 The Python web site contains a search form that lets you search the |
|
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543 newsgroup archives (or the web site itself). Click on the "search" |
|
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544 link in the banner menu on any page of http://www.python.org/. |
| 4134 | 545 |
| 546 | |
| 547 Bug reports | |
| 548 ----------- | |
| 549 | |
|
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550 Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup or the Python |
|
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Changes in description of NeXT options. Fixed reference to newsgroup
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551 mailing list -- see the section "Newsgroup and mailing list" above. |
|
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552 Before posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if |
|
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553 your bug has already been reported! |
| 4134 | 554 |
| 555 | |
| 556 Questions | |
| 557 --------- | |
| 558 | |
| 559 For help, if you can't find it in the manuals, the FAQ or on the web | |
| 560 site, it's best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing | |
| 561 list (see above). If you specifically don't want to involve the | |
| 562 newsgroup or mailing list, send questions to python-help@python.org. | |
|
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563 |
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564 |
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565 The Tk interface |
|
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|
566 ---------------- |
|
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567 |
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|
568 Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is |
|
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|
569 also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and |
|
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Final text for beta2 release. Hopefully no pre-1.4 information is left.
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|
570 install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. It works |
|
4501
559aa47b2e2c
Ready for release. Added section on the book. Removed bugs/gripes emails.
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|
571 with Tcl 7.5 and Tk 4.1 as well as with Tcl 7.4 and Tk 4.0. I didn't |
|
559aa47b2e2c
Ready for release. Added section on the book. Removed bugs/gripes emails.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
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|
572 have the time to test it with Tcl 7.6 and Tk 4.2 yet, but it might |
|
559aa47b2e2c
Ready for release. Added section on the book. Removed bugs/gripes emails.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
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|
573 well work. |
|
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|
574 |
|
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Ready for release. Added section on the book. Removed bugs/gripes emails.
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|
575 See http://www.sunlabs.com/research/tcl/ for more info on where to get |
|
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Final text for beta2 release. Hopefully no pre-1.4 information is left.
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576 Tcl/Tk. |
|
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577 |
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|
578 To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed |
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|
579 Tcl/Tk, all you need to do is edit two lines in Modules/Setup; search |
|
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580 for the string "_tkinter". Uncomment one (normally the first) of the |
|
e8bd430cd357
Final text for beta2 release. Hopefully no pre-1.4 information is left.
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|
581 lines beginning with "#_tkinter" and un-comment the line beginning |
|
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Final text for beta2 release. Hopefully no pre-1.4 information is left.
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|
582 with "#TKPATH". If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual |
|
e8bd430cd357
Final text for beta2 release. Hopefully no pre-1.4 information is left.
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|
583 places, you will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L |
|
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Final text for beta2 release. Hopefully no pre-1.4 information is left.
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|
584 options. See the Build Instructions above for more details. |
|
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585 |
|
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|
586 There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of |
|
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587 the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with |
|
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Final text for beta2 release. Hopefully no pre-1.4 information is left.
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|
588 fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document, |
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589 e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped |
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590 tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version |
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591 http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the |
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592 Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are |
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593 translated into Tcl code. |
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594 |
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595 There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories |
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596 guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been |
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597 overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions). |
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598 |
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599 Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which |
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600 lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter" |
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601 (lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in |
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602 Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the |
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603 Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module |
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604 directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled |
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605 and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the |
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606 Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module, |
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607 sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup |
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608 file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly |
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609 ("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for |
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610 the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path |
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611 or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.) |
| 3008 | 612 |
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613 |
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614 Distribution structure |
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615 ---------------------- |
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616 |
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617 Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have |
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618 comments. |
| 1453 | 619 |
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620 BUGS A list of known bugs (not completely up-to-date) |
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621 Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs |
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622 Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources) |
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623 Grammar/ Input for the parser generator |
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624 Include/ Public header files |
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625 Lib/ Python library modules |
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626 Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile |
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627 Misc/ Miscellaneous files |
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628 Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules |
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629 Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types |
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630 PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, NT, OS/2) |
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631 Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling |
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632 Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter |
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633 README The file you're reading now |
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634 TODO A list of things that could be done (not up-to-date) |
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635 Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python |
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636 acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program |
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637 config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h |
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638 configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output) |
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639 configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input) |
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640 install-sh Shell script used to install files |
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641 |
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642 The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by |
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643 the configuration and build processes: |
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644 |
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645 Makefile Build rules |
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646 config.cache cache of configuration variables |
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647 config.h Configuration header |
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648 config.log log from last configure run |
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649 config.status status from last run of configure script |
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650 python The executable interpreter |
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651 tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs |
| 1453 | 652 |
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653 |
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654 Author's address |
| 4134 | 655 ================ |
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656 |
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657 Guido van Rossum |
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658 CNRI |
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659 1895 Preston White Drive |
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660 Reston, VA 20191 |
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661 USA |
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662 |
| 4134 | 663 E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org |
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664 |
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665 |
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666 |
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667 Copyright notice |
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668 ================ |
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669 |
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670 The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it |
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671 as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice: |
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672 |
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673 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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674 Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, |
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675 The Netherlands. |
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676 |
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677 All Rights Reserved |
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678 |
| 1819 | 679 Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its |
| 680 documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, | |
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681 provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that |
| 1819 | 682 both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in |
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683 supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch |
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684 Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or |
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685 CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to |
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686 distribution of the software without specific, written prior |
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687 permission. |
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688 |
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689 While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version |
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690 is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives |
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691 (CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org. |
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692 |
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693 STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH |
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694 REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF |
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695 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH |
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696 CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL |
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697 DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR |
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698 PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER |
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699 TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR |
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700 PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
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701 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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702 |
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8286a662502b
Merge alpha100 branch back to main trunk
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
1456
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changeset
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703 |
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3698
97b1c2a70eae
Some cleanups. Change of address.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
3399
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704 --Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/) |
