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Bug #1502728: Correctly link against librt library on HP-UX. (backport from rev. 46743)
author Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
date Thu, 08 Jun 2006 12:54:16 +0000
parents 54f155369a9c
children
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1 \chapter{MacPython OSA Modules \label{scripting}}
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2
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3 This chapter describes the current implementation of the Open Scripting
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4 Architecure (OSA, also commonly referred to as AppleScript) for Python, allowing
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5 you to control scriptable applications from your Python program,
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6 and with a fairly pythonic interface. Development on this set of modules
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7 has stopped, and a replacement is expected for Python 2.5.
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8
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9 For a description of the various components of AppleScript and OSA, and
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10 to get an understanding of the architecture and terminology, you should
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11 read Apple's documentation. The "Applescript Language Guide" explains
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12 the conceptual model and the terminology, and documents the standard
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13 suite. The "Open Scripting Architecture" document explains how to use
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14 OSA from an application programmers point of view. In the Apple Help
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15 Viewer these books are located in the Developer Documentation, Core
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16 Technologies section.
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17
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18
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19 As an example of scripting an application, the following piece of
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20 AppleScript will get the name of the frontmost \program{Finder} window
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21 and print it:
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22
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23 \begin{verbatim}
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24 tell application "Finder"
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25 get name of window 1
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26 end tell
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27 \end{verbatim}
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28
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29 In Python, the following code fragment will do the same:
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30
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31 \begin{verbatim}
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32 import Finder
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33
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34 f = Finder.Finder()
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35 print f.get(f.window(1).name)
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36 \end{verbatim}
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37
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38 As distributed the Python library includes packages that implement the
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39 standard suites, plus packages that interface to a small number of
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40 common applications.
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41
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42 To send AppleEvents to an application you must first create the Python
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43 package interfacing to the terminology of the application (what
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44 \program{Script Editor} calls the "Dictionary"). This can be done from
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45 within the \program{PythonIDE} or by running the
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46 \file{gensuitemodule.py} module as a standalone program from the command
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47 line.
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48
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49 The generated output is a package with a number of modules, one for
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50 every suite used in the program plus an \module{__init__} module to glue
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51 it all together. The Python inheritance graph follows the AppleScript
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52 inheritance graph, so if a program's dictionary specifies that it
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53 includes support for the Standard Suite, but extends one or two verbs
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54 with extra arguments then the output suite will contain a module
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55 \module{Standard_Suite} that imports and re-exports everything from
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56 \module{StdSuites.Standard_Suite} but overrides the methods that have
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57 extra functionality. The output of \module{gensuitemodule} is pretty
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58 readable, and contains the documentation that was in the original
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59 AppleScript dictionary in Python docstrings, so reading it is a good
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60 source of documentation.
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61
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62 The output package implements a main class with the same name as the
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63 package which contains all the AppleScript verbs as methods, with the
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64 direct object as the first argument and all optional parameters as
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65 keyword arguments. AppleScript classes are also implemented as Python
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66 classes, as are comparisons and all the other thingies.
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67
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68 The main
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69 Python class implementing the verbs also allows access to the properties
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70 and elements declared in the AppleScript class "application". In the
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71 current release that is as far as the object orientation goes, so
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72 in the example above we need to use
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73 \code{f.get(f.window(1).name)} instead of the more Pythonic
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74 \code{f.window(1).name.get()}.
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75
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76
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77 If an AppleScript identifier is not a Python identifier the name is
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78 mangled according to a small number of rules:
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79 \begin{itemize}
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80 \item spaces are replaced with underscores
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81 \item other non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with
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82 \code{_xx_} where \code{xx} is the hexadecimal character value
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83 \item any Python reserved word gets an underscore appended
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84 \end{itemize}
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85
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86 Python also has support for creating scriptable applications
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87 in Python, but
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88 The following modules are relevant to MacPython AppleScript support:
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89
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90 \localmoduletable
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91
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92 In addition, support modules have been pre-generated for
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93 \module{Finder}, \module{Terminal}, \module{Explorer},
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94 \module{Netscape}, \module{CodeWarrior}, \module{SystemEvents} and
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95 \module{StdSuites}.
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96
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97 \input{libgensuitemodule}
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98 \input{libaetools}
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99 \input{libaepack}
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100 \input{libaetypes}
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101 \input{libminiae}