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author Jack Jansen <jack.jansen@cwi.nl>
date Thu, 31 Aug 1995 13:47:14 +0000
parents 9b7e6d9a528d
children 91c1bb75e945
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1 \section{Standard Module \sectcode{string}}
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2
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3 \stmodindex{string}
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4
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5 This module defines some constants useful for checking character
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6 classes and some useful string functions. See the modules
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7 \code{regex} and \code{regsub} for string functions based on regular
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8 expressions.
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9
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10 The constants defined in this module are are:
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11
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12 \renewcommand{\indexsubitem}{(data in module string)}
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13 \begin{datadesc}{digits}
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14 The string \code{'0123456789'}.
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15 \end{datadesc}
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16
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17 \begin{datadesc}{hexdigits}
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18 The string \code{'0123456789abcdefABCDEF'}.
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19 \end{datadesc}
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20
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21 \begin{datadesc}{letters}
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22 The concatenation of the strings \code{lowercase} and
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23 \code{uppercase} described below.
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24 \end{datadesc}
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25
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26 \begin{datadesc}{lowercase}
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27 A string containing all the characters that are considered lowercase
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28 letters. On most systems this is the string
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29 \code{'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'}. Do not change its definition ---
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30 the effect on the routines \code{upper} and \code{swapcase} is
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31 undefined.
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32 \end{datadesc}
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33
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34 \begin{datadesc}{octdigits}
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35 The string \code{'01234567'}.
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36 \end{datadesc}
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37
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38 \begin{datadesc}{uppercase}
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39 A string containing all the characters that are considered uppercase
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40 letters. On most systems this is the string
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41 \code{'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'}. Do not change its definition ---
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42 the effect on the routines \code{lower} and \code{swapcase} is
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43 undefined.
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44 \end{datadesc}
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45
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46 \begin{datadesc}{whitespace}
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47 A string containing all characters that are considered whitespace.
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48 On most systems this includes the characters space, tab, linefeed,
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49 return, formfeed, and vertical tab. Do not change its definition ---
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50 the effect on the routines \code{strip} and \code{split} is
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51 undefined.
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52 \end{datadesc}
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53
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54 The functions defined in this module are:
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55
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56 \renewcommand{\indexsubitem}{(in module string)}
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57
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58 \begin{funcdesc}{atof}{s}
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59 Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have
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60 the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python, optionally
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61 preceded by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}).
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62 \end{funcdesc}
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63
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64 \begin{funcdesc}{atoi}{s\optional{\, base}}
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65 Convert string \var{s} to an integer in the given \var{base}. The
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66 string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a
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67 sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} defaults to 10. If it is
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68 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters of the
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69 string (after stripping the sign): \samp{0x} or \samp{0X} means 16,
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70 \samp{0} means 8, anything else means 10. If \var{base} is 16, a
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71 leading \samp{0x} or \samp{0X} is always accepted. (Note: for a more
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72 flexible interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in function
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73 \code{eval()}.)
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74 \bifuncindex{eval}
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75 \end{funcdesc}
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76
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77 \begin{funcdesc}{atol}{s\optional{\, base}}
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78 Convert string \var{s} to a long integer in the given \var{base}. The
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79 string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a
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80 sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} argument has the same
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81 meaning as for \code{atoi()}. A trailing \samp{l} or \samp{L} is not
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82 allowed.
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83 \end{funcdesc}
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84
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85 \begin{funcdesc}{expandtabs}{s\, tabsize}
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86 Expand tabs in a string, i.e.\ replace them by one or more spaces,
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87 depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column
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88 number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string.
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89 This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape
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90 sequences.
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91 \end{funcdesc}
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92
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93 \begin{funcdesc}{find}{s\, sub\optional{\, start}}
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94 Return the lowest index in \var{s} not smaller than \var{start} where the
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95 substring \var{sub} is found. Return \code{-1} when \var{sub}
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96 does not occur as a substring of \var{s} with index at least \var{start}.
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97 If \var{start} is omitted, it defaults to \code{0}. If \var{start} is
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98 negative, \code{len(\var{s})} is added.
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99 \end{funcdesc}
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100
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101 \begin{funcdesc}{rfind}{s\, sub\optional{\, start}}
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102 Like \code{find} but find the highest index.
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103 \end{funcdesc}
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104
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105 \begin{funcdesc}{index}{s\, sub\optional{\, start}}
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106 Like \code{find} but raise \code{ValueError} when the substring is
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107 not found.
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108 \end{funcdesc}
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109
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110 \begin{funcdesc}{rindex}{s\, sub\optional{\, start}}
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111 Like \code{rfind} but raise \code{ValueError} when the substring is
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112 not found.
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113 \end{funcdesc}
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114
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115 \begin{funcdesc}{count}{s\, sub\optional{\, start}}
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116 Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring
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117 \var{sub} in string \var{s} with index at least \var{start}.
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118 If \var{start} is omitted, it defaults to \code{0}. If \var{start} is
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119 negative, \code{len(\var{s})} is added.
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120 \end{funcdesc}
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121
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122 \begin{funcdesc}{lower}{s}
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123 Convert letters to lower case.
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124 \end{funcdesc}
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125
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126 \begin{funcdesc}{split}{s}
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127 Return a list of the whitespace-delimited words of the string
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128 \var{s}.
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129 \end{funcdesc}
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130
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131 \begin{funcdesc}{splitfields}{s\, sep}
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132 Return a list containing the fields of the string \var{s}, using
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133 the string \var{sep} as a separator. The list will have one more
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134 items than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the
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135 separator in the string. Thus, \code{string.splitfields(\var{s}, '
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136 ')} is not the same as \code{string.split(\var{s})}, as the latter
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137 only returns non-empty words. As a special case,
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138 \code{splitfields(\var{s}, '')} returns \code{[\var{s}]}, for any string
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139 \var{s}. (See also \code{regsub.split()}.)
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140 \end{funcdesc}
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141
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142 \begin{funcdesc}{join}{words}
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143 Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening spaces.
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144 \end{funcdesc}
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145
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146 \begin{funcdesc}{joinfields}{words\, sep}
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147 Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening separators.
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148 It is always true that
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149 \code{string.joinfields(string.splitfields(\var{t}, \var{sep}), \var{sep})}
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150 equals \var{t}.
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151 \end{funcdesc}
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152
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153 \begin{funcdesc}{strip}{s}
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154 Remove leading and trailing whitespace from the string
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155 \var{s}.
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156 \end{funcdesc}
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157
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158 \begin{funcdesc}{swapcase}{s}
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159 Convert lower case letters to upper case and vice versa.
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160 \end{funcdesc}
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161
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162 \begin{funcdesc}{upper}{s}
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163 Convert letters to upper case.
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164 \end{funcdesc}
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165
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166 \begin{funcdesc}{ljust}{s\, width}
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167 \funcline{rjust}{s\, width}
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168 \funcline{center}{s\, width}
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169 These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center a
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170 string in a field of given width.
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171 They return a string that is at least
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172 \var{width}
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173 characters wide, created by padding the string
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174 \var{s}
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175 with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both sides.
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176 The string is never truncated.
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177 \end{funcdesc}
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178
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179 \begin{funcdesc}{zfill}{s\, width}
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180 Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given
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181 width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled correctly.
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182 \end{funcdesc}
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183
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184 This module is implemented in Python. Much of its functionality has
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185 been reimplemented in the built-in module \code{strop}. However, you
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186 should \emph{never} import the latter module directly. When
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187 \code{string} discovers that \code{strop} exists, it transparently
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188 replaces parts of itself with the implementation from \code{strop}.
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189 After initialization, there is \emph{no} overhead in using
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190 \code{string} instead of \code{strop}.
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191 \bimodindex{strop}