Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate Doc/lib/libselect.tex @ 25838:8540887bcec6 2.2
Backport of 2.183:
Fix memory leak in add_subclass() found by NealN with valgrind.
| author | Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Fri, 18 Oct 2002 13:42:21 +0000 |
| parents | bc02c3b09626 |
| children | ea7772732da1 |
| rev | line source |
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| 8918 | 1 \section{\module{select} --- |
| 10251 | 2 Waiting for I/O completion} |
| 3 | |
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4 \declaremodule{builtin}{select} |
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5 \modulesynopsis{Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.} |
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6 |
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8 This module provides access to the \cfunction{select()} |
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9 and \cfunction{poll()} functions |
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10 available in most operating systems. Note that on Windows, it only |
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11 works for sockets; on other operating systems, it also works for other |
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12 file types (in particular, on \UNIX, it works on pipes). It cannot |
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13 be used on regular files to determine whether a file has grown since |
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14 it was last read. |
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15 |
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16 The module defines the following: |
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17 |
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18 \begin{excdesc}{error} |
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19 The exception raised when an error occurs. The accompanying value is |
| 7789 | 20 a pair containing the numeric error code from \cdata{errno} and the |
| 21 corresponding string, as would be printed by the \C{} function | |
| 22 \cfunction{perror()}. | |
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23 \end{excdesc} |
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24 |
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25 \begin{funcdesc}{poll}{} |
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26 (Not supported by all operating systems.) Returns a polling object, |
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27 which supports registering and unregistering file descriptors, and |
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28 then polling them for I/O events; |
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29 see section~\ref{poll-objects} below for the methods supported by |
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30 polling objects. |
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31 \end{funcdesc} |
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32 |
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33 \begin{funcdesc}{select}{iwtd, owtd, ewtd\optional{, timeout}} |
| 7789 | 34 This is a straightforward interface to the \UNIX{} \cfunction{select()} |
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35 system call. The first three arguments are lists of `waitable |
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36 objects': either integers representing file descriptors or |
| 7789 | 37 objects with a parameterless method named \method{fileno()} returning |
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38 such an integer. The three lists of waitable objects are for input, |
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39 output and `exceptional conditions', respectively. Empty lists are |
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40 allowed, but acceptance of three empty lists is platform-dependent. |
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41 (It is known to work on \UNIX{} but not on Windows.) The optional |
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42 \var{timeout} argument specifies a time-out as a floating point number |
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43 in seconds. When the \var{timeout} argument is omitted the function |
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44 blocks until at least one file descriptor is ready. A time-out value |
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45 of zero specifies a poll and never blocks. |
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46 |
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47 The return value is a triple of lists of objects that are ready: |
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48 subsets of the first three arguments. When the time-out is reached |
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49 without a file descriptor becoming ready, three empty lists are |
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50 returned. |
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51 |
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52 Amongst the acceptable object types in the lists are Python file |
| 7789 | 53 objects (e.g. \code{sys.stdin}, or objects returned by |
| 54 \function{open()} or \function{os.popen()}), socket objects | |
| 55 returned by \function{socket.socket()},% | |
| 56 \withsubitem{(in module socket)}{\ttindex{socket()}} | |
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57 \withsubitem{(in module os)}{\ttindex{popen()}}. |
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58 You may also define a \dfn{wrapper} class yourself, as long as it has |
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59 an appropriate \method{fileno()} method (that really returns a file |
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60 descriptor, not just a random integer). |
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61 \note{File objects on Windows are not acceptable, but sockets |
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62 are.\index{WinSock} On Windows, the underlying \cfunction{select()} |
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63 function is provided by the WinSock library, and does not handle file |
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64 desciptors that don't originate from WinSock.} |
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65 \end{funcdesc} |
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66 |
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67 \subsection{Polling Objects |
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68 \label{poll-objects}} |
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69 |
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70 The \cfunction{poll()} system call, supported on most \UNIX{} systems, |
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71 provides better scalability for network servers that service many, |
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72 many clients at the same time. |
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73 \cfunction{poll()} scales better because the system call only |
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74 requires listing the file descriptors of interest, while \cfunction{select()} |
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75 builds a bitmap, turns on bits for the fds of interest, and then |
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76 afterward the whole bitmap has to be linearly scanned again. |
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77 \cfunction{select()} is O(highest file descriptor), while |
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78 \cfunction{poll()} is O(number of file descriptors). |
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79 |
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80 \begin{methoddesc}{register}{fd\optional{, eventmask}} |
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81 Register a file descriptor with the polling object. Future calls to |
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82 the \method{poll()} method will then check whether the file descriptor |
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83 has any pending I/O events. \var{fd} can be either an integer, or an |
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84 object with a \method{fileno()} method that returns an integer. File |
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85 objects implement |
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86 \method{fileno()}, so they can also be used as the argument. |
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87 |
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88 \var{eventmask} is an optional bitmask describing the type of events you |
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89 want to check for, and can be a combination of the constants |
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90 \constant{POLLIN}, \constant{POLLPRI}, and \constant{POLLOUT}, |
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91 described in the table below. If not specified, the default value |
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92 used will check for all 3 types of events. |
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93 |
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94 \begin{tableii}{l|l}{constant}{Constant}{Meaning} |
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95 \lineii{POLLIN}{There is data to read} |
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96 \lineii{POLLPRI}{There is urgent data to read} |
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97 \lineii{POLLOUT}{Ready for output: writing will not block} |
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98 \lineii{POLLERR}{Error condition of some sort} |
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99 \lineii{POLLHUP}{Hung up} |
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100 \lineii{POLLNVAL}{Invalid request: descriptor not open} |
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101 \end{tableii} |
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102 |
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103 Registering a file descriptor that's already registered is not an |
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104 error, and has the same effect as registering the descriptor exactly |
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105 once. |
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106 |
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107 \end{methoddesc} |
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108 |
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109 \begin{methoddesc}{unregister}{fd} |
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110 Remove a file descriptor being tracked by a polling object. Just like |
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111 the \method{register()} method, \var{fd} can be an integer or an |
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112 object with a \method{fileno()} method that returns an integer. |
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113 |
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114 Attempting to remove a file descriptor that was never registered |
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115 causes a \exception{KeyError} exception to be raised. |
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116 \end{methoddesc} |
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117 |
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118 \begin{methoddesc}{poll}{\optional{timeout}} |
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119 Polls the set of registered file descriptors, and returns a |
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120 possibly-empty list containing \code{(\var{fd}, \var{event})} 2-tuples |
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121 for the descriptors that have events or errors to report. |
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122 \var{fd} is the file descriptor, and \var{event} is a bitmask |
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123 with bits set for the reported events for that descriptor |
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124 --- \constant{POLLIN} for waiting input, |
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125 \constant{POLLOUT} to indicate that the descriptor can be written to, and |
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126 so forth. |
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127 An empty list indicates that the call timed out and no file |
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128 descriptors had any events to report. |
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129 If \var{timeout} is given, it specifies the length of time in |
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130 milliseconds which the system will wait for events before returning. |
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131 If \var{timeout} is omitted, negative, or \code{None}, the call will |
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132 block until there is an event for this poll object. |
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133 \end{methoddesc} |
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134 |
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135 |
