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annotate Doc/lib/libsocket.tex @ 25838:8540887bcec6 2.2

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Backport of 2.183: Fix memory leak in add_subclass() found by NealN with valgrind.
author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Fri, 18 Oct 2002 13:42:21 +0000
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1 \section{\module{socket} ---
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2 Low-level networking interface}
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3
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4 \declaremodule{builtin}{socket}
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5 \modulesynopsis{Low-level networking interface.}
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6
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7
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8 This module provides access to the BSD \emph{socket} interface.
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9 It is available on all modern \UNIX{} systems, Windows, MacOS, BeOS,
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10 OS/2, and probably additional platforms.
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11
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12 For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following
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13 papers: \citetitle{An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication
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14 Tutorial}, by Stuart Sechrest and \citetitle{An Advanced 4.3BSD
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15 Interprocess Communication Tutorial}, by Samuel J. Leffler et al,
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16 both in the \citetitle{\UNIX{} Programmer's Manual, Supplementary Documents 1}
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17 (sections PS1:7 and PS1:8). The platform-specific reference material
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18 for the various socket-related system calls are also a valuable source
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19 of information on the details of socket semantics. For \UNIX, refer
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20 to the manual pages; for Windows, see the WinSock (or Winsock 2)
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21 specification.
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22 For IPv6-ready APIs, readers may want to refer to \rfc{2553} titled
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23 \citetitle{Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6}.
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24
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25 The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the
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26 \UNIX{} system call and library interface for sockets to Python's
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27 object-oriented style: the \function{socket()} function returns a
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28 \dfn{socket object}\obindex{socket} whose methods implement the
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29 various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat
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30 higher-level than in the C interface: as with \method{read()} and
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31 \method{write()} operations on Python files, buffer allocation on
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32 receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on send
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33 operations.
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34
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35 Socket addresses are represented as follows:
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36 A single string is used for the \constant{AF_UNIX} address family.
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37 A pair \code{(\var{host}, \var{port})} is used for the
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38 \constant{AF_INET} address family, where \var{host} is a string
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39 representing either a hostname in Internet domain notation like
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40 \code{'daring.cwi.nl'} or an IPv4 address like \code{'100.50.200.5'},
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41 and \var{port} is an integral port number.
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42 For \constant{AF_INET6} address family, a four-tuple
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43 \code{(\var{host}, \var{port}, \var{flowinfo}, \var{scopeid})} is
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44 used, where \var{flowinfo} and \var{scopeid} represents
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45 \code{sin6_flowinfo} and \code{sin6_scope_id} member in
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46 \constant{struct sockaddr_in6} in C.
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47 For \module{socket} module methods, \var{flowinfo} and \var{scopeid}
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48 can be omitted just for backward compatibility. Note, however,
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49 omission of \var{scopeid} can cause problems in manipulating scoped
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50 IPv6 addresses. Other address families are currently not supported.
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51 The address format required by a particular socket object is
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52 automatically selected based on the address family specified when the
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53 socket object was created.
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54
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55 For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host
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56 address: the empty string represents \constant{INADDR_ANY}, and the string
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57 \code{'<broadcast>'} represents \constant{INADDR_BROADCAST}.
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58 The behavior is not available for IPv6 for backward compatibility,
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59 therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to support IPv6 with
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60 your Python programs.
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61
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62 If you use a hostname in the \var{host} portion of IPv4/v6 socket
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63 address, the program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python
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64 uses the first address returned from the DNS resolution. The socket
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65 address will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address,
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66 depending on the results from DNS resolution and/or the host
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67 configuration. For deterministic behavior use a numeric address in
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68 \var{host} portion.
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69
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70 All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid
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71 argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; errors
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72 related to socket or address semantics raise the error
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73 \exception{socket.error}.
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74
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75 Non-blocking mode is supported through the
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76 \method{setblocking()} method.
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77
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78 The module \module{socket} exports the following constants and functions:
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79
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80
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81 \begin{excdesc}{error}
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82 This exception is raised for socket-related errors.
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83 The accompanying value is either a string telling what went wrong or a
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84 pair \code{(\var{errno}, \var{string})}
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85 representing an error returned by a system
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86 call, similar to the value accompanying \exception{os.error}.
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87 See the module \refmodule{errno}\refbimodindex{errno}, which contains
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88 names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system.
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89 \end{excdesc}
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90
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91 \begin{excdesc}{herror}
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92 This exception is raised for address-related errors, i.e. for
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93 functions that use \var{h_errno} in the C API, including
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94 \function{gethostbyname_ex()} and \function{gethostbyaddr()}.
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95
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96 The accompanying value is a pair \code{(\var{h_errno}, \var{string})}
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97 representing an error returned by a library call. \var{string}
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98 represents the description of \var{h_errno}, as returned by
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99 the \cfunction{hstrerror()} C function.
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100 \end{excdesc}
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101
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102 \begin{excdesc}{gaierror}
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103 This exception is raised for address-related errors, for
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104 \function{getaddrinfo()} and \function{getnameinfo()}.
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105 The accompanying value is a pair \code{(\var{error}, \var{string})}
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106 representing an error returned by a library call.
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107 \var{string} represents the description of \var{error}, as returned
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108 by the \cfunction{gai_strerror()} C function.
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109 \end{excdesc}
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110
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111 \begin{datadesc}{AF_UNIX}
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112 \dataline{AF_INET}
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113 \dataline{AF_INET6}
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114 These constants represent the address (and protocol) families,
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115 used for the first argument to \function{socket()}. If the
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116 \constant{AF_UNIX} constant is not defined then this protocol is
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117 unsupported.
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118 \end{datadesc}
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119
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120 \begin{datadesc}{SOCK_STREAM}
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121 \dataline{SOCK_DGRAM}
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122 \dataline{SOCK_RAW}
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123 \dataline{SOCK_RDM}
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124 \dataline{SOCK_SEQPACKET}
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125 These constants represent the socket types,
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126 used for the second argument to \function{socket()}.
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127 (Only \constant{SOCK_STREAM} and
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128 \constant{SOCK_DGRAM} appear to be generally useful.)
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129 \end{datadesc}
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130
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131 \begin{datadesc}{SO_*}
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132 \dataline{SOMAXCONN}
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133 \dataline{MSG_*}
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134 \dataline{SOL_*}
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135 \dataline{IPPROTO_*}
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136 \dataline{IPPORT_*}
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137 \dataline{INADDR_*}
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138 \dataline{IP_*}
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139 \dataline{IPV6_*}
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
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diff changeset
140 \dataline{EAI_*}
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
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diff changeset
141 \dataline{AI_*}
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
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142 \dataline{NI_*}
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143 \dataline{TCP_*}
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144 Many constants of these forms, documented in the \UNIX{} documentation on
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145 sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module.
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146 They are generally used in arguments to the \method{setsockopt()} and
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147 \method{getsockopt()} methods of socket objects. In most cases, only
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148 those symbols that are defined in the \UNIX{} header files are defined;
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149 for a few symbols, default values are provided.
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150 \end{datadesc}
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151
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152 \begin{funcdesc}{getaddrinfo}{host, port\optional{, family, socktype, proto, flags}}
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153
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154 Resolves the \var{host}/\var{port} argument, into a sequence of
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
155 5-tuples that contain all the necessary argument for the sockets
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156 manipulation. \var{host} is a domain name, a string representation of
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
157 IPv4/v6 address or \code{None}.
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parents: 15800
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158 \var{port} is a string service name (like \code{``http''}), a numeric
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
159 port number or \code{None}.
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
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160
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diff changeset
161 The rest of the arguments are optional and must be numeric if
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parents: 15800
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162 specified. For \var{host} and \var{port}, by passing either an empty
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
163 string or \code{None}, you can pass \code{NULL} to the C API. The
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
164 \function{getaddrinfo()} function returns a list of 5-tuples with
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
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diff changeset
165 the following structure:
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166
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167 \code{(\var{family}, \var{socktype}, \var{proto}, \var{canonname}, \var{sockaddr})}.
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168
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169 \var{family}, \var{socktype}, \var{proto} are all integer and are meant to
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
170 be passed to the \function{socket()} function.
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171 \var{canonname} is a string representing the canonical name of the \var{host}.
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parents: 15800
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172 It can be a numeric IPv4/v6 address when \code{AI_CANONNAME} is specified
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
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173 for a numeric \var{host}.
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
174 \var{sockaddr} is a tuple describing a socket address, as described above.
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parents: 15800
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175 See \code{Lib/httplib.py} and other library files
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
176 for a typical usage of the function.
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
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177 \versionadded{2.2}
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
178 \end{funcdesc}
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
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179
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180 \begin{funcdesc}{getfqdn}{\optional{name}}
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
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181 Return a fully qualified domain name for \var{name}.
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
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182 If \var{name} is omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
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parents: 14002
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183 host. To find the fully qualified name, the hostname returned by
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
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184 \function{gethostbyaddr()} is checked, then aliases for the host, if
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
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parents: 14002
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185 available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
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parents: 14002
diff changeset
186 case no fully qualified domain name is available, the hostname is
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
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parents: 14002
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187 returned.
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188 \versionadded{2.0}
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189 \end{funcdesc}
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190
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191 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyname}{hostname}
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192 Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is
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diff changeset
193 returned as a string, such as \code{'100.50.200.5'}. If the host name
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194 is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged. See
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195 \function{gethostbyname_ex()} for a more complete interface.
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196 \function{gethostbyname()} does not support IPv6 name resolution, and
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197 \function{getaddrinfo()} should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
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198 \end{funcdesc}
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199
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200 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyname_ex}{hostname}
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201 Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface.
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202 Return a triple \code{(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)} where
a9eb265d2f57 Document gethostbyname_ex().
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203 \code{hostname} is the primary host name responding to the given
a9eb265d2f57 Document gethostbyname_ex().
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204 \var{ip_address}, \code{aliaslist} is a (possibly empty) list of
a9eb265d2f57 Document gethostbyname_ex().
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parents: 8716
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205 alternative host names for the same address, and \code{ipaddrlist} is
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
206 a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same
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Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 8716
diff changeset
207 host (often but not always a single address).
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208 \function{gethostbyname_ex()} does not support IPv6 name resolution, and
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
209 \function{getaddrinfo()} should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
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210 \end{funcdesc}
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parents:
diff changeset
211
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212 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostname}{}
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213 Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
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diff changeset
214 the Python interpreter is currently executing.
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
215 If you want to know the current machine's IP address, you may want to use
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
216 \code{gethostbyname(gethostname())}.
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
217 This operation assumes that there is a valid address-to-host mapping for
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
218 the host, and the assumption does not always hold.
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219 Note: \function{gethostname()} doesn't always return the fully qualified
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
220 domain name; use \code{gethostbyaddr(gethostname())}
4929
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Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 4882
diff changeset
221 (see below).
2064
280f31e6c653 copyright.tex: Add 1995 to copyright message.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1871
diff changeset
222 \end{funcdesc}
280f31e6c653 copyright.tex: Add 1995 to copyright message.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1871
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223
280f31e6c653 copyright.tex: Add 1995 to copyright message.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1871
diff changeset
224 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyaddr}{ip_address}
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225 Return a triple \code{(\var{hostname}, \var{aliaslist},
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
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parents: 7277
diff changeset
226 \var{ipaddrlist})} where \var{hostname} is the primary host name
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
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parents: 7277
diff changeset
227 responding to the given \var{ip_address}, \var{aliaslist} is a
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
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parents: 7277
diff changeset
228 (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address,
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
229 and \var{ipaddrlist} is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
230 on the same host (most likely containing only a single address).
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14002
diff changeset
231 To find the fully qualified domain name, use the function
49c7a4dd9f61 Document socket.getfqdn().
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14002
diff changeset
232 \function{getfqdn()}.
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parents: 15800
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233 \function{gethostbyaddr} supports both IPv4 and IPv6.
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
234 \end{funcdesc}
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
235
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
236 \begin{funcdesc}{getnameinfo}{sockaddr, flags}
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
237 Translate a socket address \var{sockaddr} into a 2-tuple
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
238 \code{(\var{host}, \var{port})}.
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
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parents: 15800
diff changeset
239 Depending on the settings of \var{flags}, the result can contain a
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
240 fully-qualified domain name or numeric address representation in
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
241 \var{host}. Similarly, \var{port} can contain a string port name or a
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
242 numeric port number.
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
243 \versionadded{2.2}
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parents: 1750
diff changeset
244 \end{funcdesc}
4d421f9e8373 * Doc/libsocket.tex (subsection{Socket Object Methods}):
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parents: 1750
diff changeset
245
4784
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Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 4576
diff changeset
246 \begin{funcdesc}{getprotobyname}{protocolname}
21573
d089d1e8411c Add note that fromfd() is Unix-specific.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 21213
diff changeset
247 Translate an Internet protocol name (for example, \code{'icmp'}) to a constant
4784
e43362910a5e Documented getprotobyname() interface.
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parents: 4576
diff changeset
248 suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
249 \function{socket()} function. This is usually only needed for sockets
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
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parents: 7277
diff changeset
250 opened in ``raw'' mode (\constant{SOCK_RAW}); for the normal socket
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
251 modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is
4784
e43362910a5e Documented getprotobyname() interface.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 4576
diff changeset
252 omitted or zero.
e43362910a5e Documented getprotobyname() interface.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 4576
diff changeset
253 \end{funcdesc}
e43362910a5e Documented getprotobyname() interface.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 4576
diff changeset
254
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
255 \begin{funcdesc}{getservbyname}{servicename, protocolname}
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2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
256 Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
257 for that service. The protocol name should be \code{'tcp'} or
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
258 \code{'udp'}.
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
259 \end{funcdesc}
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
260
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
261 \begin{funcdesc}{socket}{family, type\optional{, proto}}
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Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
262 Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and
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Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
263 protocol number. The address family should be \constant{AF_INET}, \constant{AF_INET6} or
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
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264 \constant{AF_UNIX}. The socket type should be \constant{SOCK_STREAM},
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265 \constant{SOCK_DGRAM} or perhaps one of the other \samp{SOCK_} constants.
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266 The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted in that case.
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267 \end{funcdesc}
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268
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269 \begin{funcdesc}{ssl}{sock\optional{, keyfile, certfile}}
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270 Initiate a SSL connection over the socket \var{sock}. \var{keyfile} is
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271 the name of a PEM formatted file that contains your private
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272 key. \var{certfile} is a PEM formatted certificate chain file. On
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273 success, a new \class{SSLObject} is returned.
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274
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275 \warning{This does not do any certificate verification!}
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276 \end{funcdesc}
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277
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278 \begin{funcdesc}{fromfd}{fd, family, type\optional{, proto}}
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279 Build a socket object from an existing file descriptor (an integer as
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280 returned by a file object's \method{fileno()} method). Address family,
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281 socket type and protocol number are as for the \function{socket()} function
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282 above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not
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283 checked --- subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file
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284 descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be
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285 used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as
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286 standard input or output (such as a server started by the \UNIX{} inet
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287 daemon).
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288 Availability: \UNIX.
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289 \end{funcdesc}
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290
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291 \begin{funcdesc}{ntohl}{x}
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292 Convert 32-bit integers from network to host byte order. On machines
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293 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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294 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
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295 \end{funcdesc}
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296
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297 \begin{funcdesc}{ntohs}{x}
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298 Convert 16-bit integers from network to host byte order. On machines
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299 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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300 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
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301 \end{funcdesc}
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302
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303 \begin{funcdesc}{htonl}{x}
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304 Convert 32-bit integers from host to network byte order. On machines
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305 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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306 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
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307 \end{funcdesc}
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308
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309 \begin{funcdesc}{htons}{x}
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310 Convert 16-bit integers from host to network byte order. On machines
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311 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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312 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
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313 \end{funcdesc}
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314
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315 \begin{funcdesc}{inet_aton}{ip_string}
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316 Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example,
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317 '123.45.67.89') to 32-bit packed binary format, as a string four
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318 characters in length.
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319
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320 Useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library
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321 and needs objects of type \ctype{struct in_addr}, which is the C type
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322 for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns.
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323
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324 If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid,
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325 \exception{socket.error} will be raised. Note that exactly what is
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326 valid depends on the underlying C implementation of
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327 \cfunction{inet_aton()}.
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328
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329 \function{inet_aton()} does not support IPv6, and
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330 \function{getnameinfo()} should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack
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331 support.
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332 \end{funcdesc}
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333
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334 \begin{funcdesc}{inet_ntoa}{packed_ip}
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335 Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a string four characters in
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336 length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation
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337 (for example, '123.45.67.89').
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338
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339 Useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library
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340 and needs objects of type \ctype{struct in_addr}, which is the C type
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341 for the 32-bit packed binary this function takes as an argument.
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342
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343 If the string passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in
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344 length, \exception{socket.error} will be raised.
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345
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346 \function{inet_ntoa()} does not support IPv6, and
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347 \function{getnameinfo()} should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack
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348 support.
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349 \end{funcdesc}
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350
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351 \begin{datadesc}{SocketType}
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352 This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type.
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353 It is the same as \code{type(socket(...))}.
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354 \end{datadesc}
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355
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356
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357 \begin{seealso}
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358 \seemodule{SocketServer}{Classes that simplify writing network servers.}
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359 \end{seealso}
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360
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361
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362 \subsection{Socket Objects \label{socket-objects}}
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363
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364 Socket objects have the following methods. Except for
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365 \method{makefile()} these correspond to \UNIX{} system calls
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366 applicable to sockets.
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367
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368 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{accept}{}
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369 Accept a connection.
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370 The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections.
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371 The return value is a pair \code{(\var{conn}, \var{address})}
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
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372 where \var{conn} is a \emph{new} socket object usable to send and
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373 receive data on the connection, and \var{address} is the address bound
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374 to the socket on the other end of the connection.
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375 \end{methoddesc}
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376
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377 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{bind}{address}
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378 Bind the socket to \var{address}. The socket must not already be bound.
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379 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see
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380 above.) \note{This method has historically accepted a pair
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381 of parameters for \constant{AF_INET} addresses instead of only a
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382 tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer be available in
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383 Python 2.0.}
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384 \end{methoddesc}
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385
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386 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{close}{}
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387 Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail.
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
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parents:
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388 The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed).
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
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389 Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected.
7823
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390 \end{methoddesc}
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391
7823
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
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392 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect}{address}
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393 Connect to a remote socket at \var{address}.
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394 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see
20580
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20574
diff changeset
395 above.) \note{This method has historically accepted a pair
12230
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 12223
diff changeset
396 of parameters for \constant{AF_INET} addresses instead of only a
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Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
parents: 15146
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397 tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in
20580
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20574
diff changeset
398 Python 2.0 and later.}
7823
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399 \end{methoddesc}
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parents:
diff changeset
400
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
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401 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect_ex}{address}
6804
e224c41bdac6 Fix a little mess (Likecode{...} -> Like \code{...}) in recently added text.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 6783
diff changeset
402 Like \code{connect(\var{address})}, but return an error indicator
10836
efd1573a4b03 Updated connect_ex() documentation based on comments in the newgroup
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 10655
diff changeset
403 instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level
efd1573a4b03 Updated connect_ex() documentation based on comments in the newgroup
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 10655
diff changeset
404 \cfunction{connect()} call (other problems, such as ``host not found,''
efd1573a4b03 Updated connect_ex() documentation based on comments in the newgroup
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 10655
diff changeset
405 can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is \code{0} if the
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
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406 operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the \cdata{errno}
21573
d089d1e8411c Add note that fromfd() is Unix-specific.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 21213
diff changeset
407 variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects.
20580
376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20574
diff changeset
408 \note{This method has historically accepted a pair of
12230
7bf8b10ce2ab Added notes about the eventual disappearance of two-parameter bind(),
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 12223
diff changeset
409 parameters for \constant{AF_INET} addresses instead of only a tuple.
15800
3a260274bcc6 SourceForge patch #103140, checked in at fdrake's invitation. Minor fixes and
Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
parents: 15146
diff changeset
410 This was never intentional and is no longer be available in Python
20580
376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20574
diff changeset
411 2.0 and later.}
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
412 \end{methoddesc}
6587
e0e667bbc971 Document s.connect_ex(), which does not raise an exception on error.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 6482
diff changeset
413
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
414 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{fileno}{}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
415 Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer). This is useful
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
416 with \function{select.select()}.
7823
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
417 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
418
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
419 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getpeername}{}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is
18995
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
421 useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance.
2453
cdd3a721b40e a few typographical changes (e.g. -- => ---) and lots of new stuff in the WWW chapter
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2447
diff changeset
422 (The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
1759
4d421f9e8373 * Doc/libsocket.tex (subsection{Socket Object Methods}):
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1750
diff changeset
423 see above.) On some systems this function is not supported.
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
424 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
426 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockname}{}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 Return the socket's own address. This is useful to find out the port
18995
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
428 number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance.
2453
cdd3a721b40e a few typographical changes (e.g. -- => ---) and lots of new stuff in the WWW chapter
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2447
diff changeset
429 (The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
1682
2bcddc905da0 clarify the meaning of address for those methods that or return addresses
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1567
diff changeset
430 see above.)
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
431 \end{methoddesc}
1471
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Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432
7823
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
433 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockopt}{level, optname\optional{, buflen}}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 Return the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} man page
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
435 \manpage{getsockopt}{2}). The needed symbolic constants
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
436 (\constant{SO_*} etc.) are defined in this module. If \var{buflen}
2576
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
437 is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value
2447
73499a667e78 changes refs to SO_* symbols
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2354
diff changeset
438 is returned by the function. If \var{buflen} is present, it specifies
73499a667e78 changes refs to SO_* symbols
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2354
diff changeset
439 the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and
2576
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
440 this buffer is returned as a string. It is up to the caller to decode
2447
73499a667e78 changes refs to SO_* symbols
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2354
diff changeset
441 the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module
10655
299bf53e6861 Logical markup nits.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 8918
diff changeset
442 \refmodule{struct} for a way to decode C structures encoded as strings).
7823
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
443 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444
7823
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
445 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{listen}{backlog}
2576
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
446 Listen for connections made to the socket. The \var{backlog} argument
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
447 specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
448 least 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5).
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
449 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450
7823
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
451 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{makefile}{\optional{mode\optional{, bufsize}}}
2576
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
452 Return a \dfn{file object} associated with the socket. (File objects
11178
245d2b605036 Add index entry "I/O control, buffering" for makefile().
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 10836
diff changeset
453 are described in \ref{bltin-file-objects}, ``File Objects.'')
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
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454 The file object references a \cfunction{dup()}ped version of the
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
455 socket file descriptor, so the file object and socket object may be
11178
245d2b605036 Add index entry "I/O control, buffering" for makefile().
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 10836
diff changeset
456 closed or garbage-collected independently.
245d2b605036 Add index entry "I/O control, buffering" for makefile().
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 10836
diff changeset
457 \index{I/O control!buffering}The optional \var{mode}
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
458 and \var{bufsize} arguments are interpreted the same way as by the
20574
5af6c89c8cb7 When stating that some parameters to makefile() are similar to the open()
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20375
diff changeset
459 built-in \function{file()} function; see ``Built-in Functions''
5af6c89c8cb7 When stating that some parameters to makefile() are similar to the open()
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20375
diff changeset
460 (section \ref{built-in-funcs}) for more information.
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
461 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
463 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recv}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a string representing
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 at once is specified by \var{bufsize}. See the \UNIX{} manual page
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
467 \manpage{recv}{2} for the meaning of the optional argument
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
468 \var{flags}; it defaults to zero.
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
469 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
471 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recvfrom}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 \code{(\var{string}, \var{address})} where \var{string} is a string
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 representing the data received and \var{address} is the address of the
2576
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
475 socket sending the data. The optional \var{flags} argument has the
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
476 same meaning as for \method{recv()} above.
2453
cdd3a721b40e a few typographical changes (e.g. -- => ---) and lots of new stuff in the WWW chapter
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2447
diff changeset
477 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
478 \end{methoddesc}
1471
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Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
480 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{send}{string\optional{, flags}}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote
2576
f47bc5554418 mass changes; fix titles; add examples; correct typos; clarifications;
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2527
diff changeset
482 socket. The optional \var{flags} argument has the same meaning as for
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
483 \method{recv()} above. Returns the number of bytes sent.
21213
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
484 Applications are responsible for checking that all data has been sent;
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
485 if only some of the data was transmitted, the application needs to
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
486 attempt delivery of the remaining data.
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
487 \end{methoddesc}
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
488
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
489 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{sendall}{string\optional{, flags}}
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
490 Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
491 socket. The optional \var{flags} argument has the same meaning as for
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
492 \method{recv()} above. Unlike \method{send()}, this method continues
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
493 to send data from \var{string} until either all data has been sent or
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
494 an error occurs. \code{None} is returned on success. On error, an
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
495 exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data,
3b09ea723ece Added documentation of the sendall() method, and a note to the send() method
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 20580
diff changeset
496 if any, was successfully sent.
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
497 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
499 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{sendto}{string\optional{, flags}, address}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
502 \var{address}. The optional \var{flags} argument has the same
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
503 meaning as for \method{recv()} above. Return the number of bytes sent.
2453
cdd3a721b40e a few typographical changes (e.g. -- => ---) and lots of new stuff in the WWW chapter
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2447
diff changeset
504 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
505 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
507 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setblocking}{flag}
1871
10a12473ee93 added Tommy Burnette's setblocking() method
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1767
diff changeset
508 Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if \var{flag} is 0,
10a12473ee93 added Tommy Burnette's setblocking() method
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1767
diff changeset
509 the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode. Initially
10a12473ee93 added Tommy Burnette's setblocking() method
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1767
diff changeset
510 all sockets are in blocking mode. In non-blocking mode, if a
10655
299bf53e6861 Logical markup nits.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 8918
diff changeset
511 \method{recv()} call doesn't find any data, or if a
299bf53e6861 Logical markup nits.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 8918
diff changeset
512 \method{send()} call can't immediately dispose of the data, a
299bf53e6861 Logical markup nits.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 8918
diff changeset
513 \exception{error} exception is raised; in blocking mode, the calls
299bf53e6861 Logical markup nits.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 8918
diff changeset
514 block until they can proceed.
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
515 \end{methoddesc}
1871
10a12473ee93 added Tommy Burnette's setblocking() method
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1767
diff changeset
516
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
517 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setsockopt}{level, optname, value}
13178
d37374552a15 Say "manual page", not "man page", when referring to the Unix manual.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 12571
diff changeset
518 Set the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} manual page
7632
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Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
519 \manpage{setsockopt}{2}). The needed symbolic constants are defined in
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
520 the \module{socket} module (\code{SO_*} etc.). The value can be an
2447
73499a667e78 changes refs to SO_* symbols
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2354
diff changeset
521 integer or a string representing a buffer. In the latter case it is
73499a667e78 changes refs to SO_* symbols
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2354
diff changeset
522 up to the caller to ensure that the string contains the proper bits
73499a667e78 changes refs to SO_* symbols
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 2354
diff changeset
523 (see the optional built-in module
10655
299bf53e6861 Logical markup nits.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 8918
diff changeset
524 \refmodule{struct}\refbimodindex{struct} for a way to encode C
299bf53e6861 Logical markup nits.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 8918
diff changeset
525 structures as strings).
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
526 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
528 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{shutdown}{how}
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
529 Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If \var{how} is
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
530 \code{0}, further receives are disallowed. If \var{how} is \code{1},
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
531 further sends are disallowed. If \var{how} is \code{2}, further sends
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
532 and receives are disallowed.
7823
0575d5a17218 Use {methoddesc} as appropriate.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7712
diff changeset
533 \end{methoddesc}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
535 Note that there are no methods \method{read()} or \method{write()};
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
536 use \method{recv()} and \method{send()} without \var{flags} argument
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
537 instead.
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538
13386
3f08bedc1c26 Clean up markup to be more like recommended practice; only small changes
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 13178
diff changeset
539
20082
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
540 \subsection{SSL Objects \label{ssl-objects}}
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
541
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
542 SSL objects have the following methods.
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
543
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
544 \begin{methoddesc}{write}{s}
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
545 Writes the string \var{s} to the on the object's SSL connection.
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
546 The return value is the number of bytes written.
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
547 \end{methoddesc}
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
548
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
549 \begin{methoddesc}{read}{\optional{n}}
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
550 If \var{n} is provided, read \var{n} bytes from the SSL connection, otherwise
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
551 read until EOF. The return value is a string of the bytes read.
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
552 \end{methoddesc}
18df32f6cea1 Added documentation for the SSL interface, contributed by Gerhard Häring.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 18995
diff changeset
553
13386
3f08bedc1c26 Clean up markup to be more like recommended practice; only small changes
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 13178
diff changeset
554 \subsection{Example \label{socket-example}}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555
18995
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
556 Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol:\ a
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
559 sequence \function{socket()}, \method{bind()}, \method{listen()},
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
560 \method{accept()} (possibly repeating the \method{accept()} to service
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
561 more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
562 \function{socket()}, \method{connect()}. Also note that the server
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
563 does not \method{send()}/\method{recv()} on the
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
565 \method{accept()}.
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566
18995
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
567 The first two examples support IPv4 only.
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
568
7277
bf4e790bd61a Remove all \bcode / \ecode cruft; this is no longer needed. See previous
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7200
diff changeset
569 \begin{verbatim}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 # Echo server program
15146
5cf0a02a574b Revise the examples not to use the "from socket import *", and adjust
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14437
diff changeset
571 import socket
5cf0a02a574b Revise the examples not to use the "from socket import *", and adjust
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14437
diff changeset
572
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning the local host
15146
5cf0a02a574b Revise the examples not to use the "from socket import *", and adjust
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14437
diff changeset
574 PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
5cf0a02a574b Revise the examples not to use the "from socket import *", and adjust
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14437
diff changeset
575 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
12571
8bcd14313c11 Someone found the examples of poor practice on socket addresses!
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 12230
diff changeset
576 s.bind((HOST, PORT))
1567
dddcba2038bc adapt to min value of 1 for listen() backlog argument
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 1483
diff changeset
577 s.listen(1)
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 conn, addr = s.accept()
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 print 'Connected by', addr
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 while 1:
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 data = conn.recv(1024)
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 if not data: break
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 conn.send(data)
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 conn.close()
7277
bf4e790bd61a Remove all \bcode / \ecode cruft; this is no longer needed. See previous
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7200
diff changeset
585 \end{verbatim}
7632
d22cf666fa2c Logical markup.
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7277
diff changeset
586
7277
bf4e790bd61a Remove all \bcode / \ecode cruft; this is no longer needed. See previous
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7200
diff changeset
587 \begin{verbatim}
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 # Echo client program
15146
5cf0a02a574b Revise the examples not to use the "from socket import *", and adjust
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14437
diff changeset
589 import socket
5cf0a02a574b Revise the examples not to use the "from socket import *", and adjust
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14437
diff changeset
590
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
15146
5cf0a02a574b Revise the examples not to use the "from socket import *", and adjust
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 14437
diff changeset
593 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
12571
8bcd14313c11 Someone found the examples of poor practice on socket addresses!
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 12230
diff changeset
594 s.connect((HOST, PORT))
1471
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595 s.send('Hello, world')
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 data = s.recv(1024)
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 s.close()
2ec96140a36b Restructured library documentation
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 print 'Received', `data`
7277
bf4e790bd61a Remove all \bcode / \ecode cruft; this is no longer needed. See previous
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
parents: 7200
diff changeset
599 \end{verbatim}
18995
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
600
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
601 The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
602 IPv4 and IPv6.
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
603 The server side will listen to the first address family available
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
604 (it should listen to both instead).
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
605 On most of IPv6-ready systems, IPv6 will take precedence
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
606 and the server may not accept IPv4 traffic.
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
607 The client side will try to connect to the all addresses returned as a result
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
608 of the name resolution, and sends traffic to the first one connected
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
609 successfully.
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
610
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
611 \begin{verbatim}
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
612 # Echo server program
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
613 import socket
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
614 import sys
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
615
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
616 HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning the local host
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
617 PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
618 s = None
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
619 for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
620 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
621 try:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
622 s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
623 except socket.error, msg:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
624 s = None
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
625 continue
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
626 try:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
627 s.bind(sa)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
628 s.listen(1)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
629 except socket.error, msg:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
630 s.close()
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
631 s = None
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
632 continue
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
633 break
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
634 if s is None:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
635 print 'could not open socket'
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
636 sys.exit(1)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
637 conn, addr = s.accept()
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
638 print 'Connected by', addr
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
639 while 1:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
640 data = conn.recv(1024)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
641 if not data: break
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
642 conn.send(data)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
643 conn.close()
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
644 \end{verbatim}
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
645
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
646 \begin{verbatim}
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
647 # Echo client program
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
648 import socket
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
649 import sys
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
650
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
651 HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
652 PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
653 s = None
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
654 for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
655 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
656 try:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
657 s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
658 except socket.error, msg:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
659 s = None
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
660 continue
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
661 try:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
662 s.connect(sa)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
663 except socket.error, msg:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
664 s.close()
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
665 s = None
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
666 continue
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
667 break
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
668 if s is None:
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
669 print 'could not open socket'
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
670 sys.exit(1)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
671 s.send('Hello, world')
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
672 data = s.recv(1024)
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
673 s.close()
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
674 print 'Received', `data`
805090ce328a Document IPv6 changes. Contributed by itojun.
Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
parents: 15800
diff changeset
675 \end{verbatim}