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annotate Doc/lib/libturtle.tex @ 25838:8540887bcec6 2.2

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Backport of 2.183: Fix memory leak in add_subclass() found by NealN with valgrind.
author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Fri, 18 Oct 2002 13:42:21 +0000
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children 8f70602fbebb
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1 \section{\module{turtle} ---
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2 Turtle graphics for Tk}
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3
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4 \declaremodule{standard}{turtle}
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5 \platform{Tk}
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6 \moduleauthor{Guido van Rossum}{guido@python.org}
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7 \modulesynopsis{An environment for turtle graphics.}
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8
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9 \sectionauthor{Moshe Zadka}{moshez@zadka.site.co.il}
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10
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11
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12 The \module{turtle} module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both an
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13 object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses \module{Tkinter}
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14 for the underlying graphics, it needs a version of python installed with
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15 Tk support.
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16
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17 The procedural interface uses a pen and a canvas which are automagically
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18 created when any of the functions are called.
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19
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20 The \module{turtle} module defines the following functions:
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21
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22 \begin{funcdesc}{degrees}{}
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23 Set angle measurement units to degrees.
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24 \end{funcdesc}
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25
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26 \begin{funcdesc}{radians}{}
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27 Set angle measurement units to radians.
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28 \end{funcdesc}
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29
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30 \begin{funcdesc}{reset}{}
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31 Clear the screen, re-center the pen, and set variables to the default
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32 values.
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33 \end{funcdesc}
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34
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35 \begin{funcdesc}{clear}{}
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36 Clear the screen.
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37 \end{funcdesc}
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38
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39 \begin{funcdesc}{tracer}{flag}
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40 Set tracing on/off (according to whether flag is true or not). Tracing
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41 means line are drawn more slowly, with an animation of an arrow along the
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42 line.
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43 \end{funcdesc}
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44
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45 \begin{funcdesc}{forward}{distance}
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46 Go forward \var{distance} steps.
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47 \end{funcdesc}
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48
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49 \begin{funcdesc}{backward}{distance}
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50 Go backward \var{distance} steps.
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51 \end{funcdesc}
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52
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53 \begin{funcdesc}{left}{angle}
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54 Turn left \var{angle} units. Units are by default degrees, but can be
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55 set via the \function{degrees()} and \function{radians()} functions.
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56 \end{funcdesc}
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57
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58 \begin{funcdesc}{right}{angle}
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59 Turn right \var{angle} units. Units are by default degrees, but can be
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60 set via the \function{degrees()} and \function{radians()} functions.
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61 \end{funcdesc}
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62
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63 \begin{funcdesc}{up}{}
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64 Move the pen up --- stop drawing.
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65 \end{funcdesc}
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66
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67 \begin{funcdesc}{down}{}
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68 Move the pen up --- draw when moving.
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69 \end{funcdesc}
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70
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71 \begin{funcdesc}{width}{width}
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72 Set the line width to \var{width}.
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73 \end{funcdesc}
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74
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75 \begin{funcdesc}{color}{s}
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76 \funclineni{color}{(r, g, b)}
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77 \funclineni{color}{r, g, b}
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78 Set the pen color. In the first form, the color is specified as a
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79 Tk color specification as a string. The second form specifies the
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80 color as a tuple of the RGB values, each in the range [0..1]. For the
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81 third form, the color is specified giving the RGB values as three
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82 separate parameters (each in the range [0..1]).
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83 \end{funcdesc}
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84
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85 \begin{funcdesc}{write}{text\optional{, move}}
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86 Write \var{text} at the current pen position. If \var{move} is true,
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87 the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default,
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88 \var{move} is false.
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89 \end{funcdesc}
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90
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91 \begin{funcdesc}{fill}{flag}
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92 The complete specifications are rather complex, but the recommended
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93 usage is: call \code{fill(1)} before drawing a path you want to fill,
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94 and call \code{fill(0)} when you finish to draw the path.
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95 \end{funcdesc}
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96
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97 \begin{funcdesc}{circle}{radius\optional{, extent}}
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98 Draw a circle with radius \var{radius} whose center-point is where the
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99 pen would be if a \code{forward(\var{radius})} were
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100 called. \var{extent} determines which part of a circle is drawn: if
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101 not given it defaults to a full circle.
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102
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103 If \var{extent} is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
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104 current pen position. The arc is drawn in a counter clockwise
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105 direction if \var{radius} is positive, otherwise in a clockwise
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106 direction.
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107 \end{funcdesc}
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108
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109 \begin{funcdesc}{goto}{x, y}
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110 \funclineni{goto}{(x, y)}
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111 Go to co-ordinates \var{x}, \var{y}. The co-ordinates may be
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112 specified either as two separate arguments or as a 2-tuple.
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113 \end{funcdesc}
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114
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115 This module also does \code{from math import *}, so see the
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116 documentation for the \refmodule{math} module for additional constants
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117 and functions useful for turtle graphics.
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118
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119 \begin{funcdesc}{demo}{}
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120 Exercise the module a bit.
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121 \end{funcdesc}
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122
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123 \begin{excdesc}{Error}
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124 Exception raised on any error caught by this module.
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125 \end{excdesc}
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126
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127 For examples, see the code of the \function{demo()} function.
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128
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129 This module defines the following classes:
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130
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131 \begin{classdesc}{Pen}{}
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132 Define a pen. All above functions can be called as a methods on the given
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133 pen. The constructor automatically creates a canvas do be drawn on.
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134 \end{classdesc}
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135
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136 \begin{classdesc}{RawPen}{canvas}
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137 Define a pen which draws on a canvas \var{canvas}. This is useful if
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138 you want to use the module to create graphics in a ``real'' program.
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139 \end{classdesc}
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140
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141 \subsection{Pen and RawPen Objects \label{pen-rawpen-objects}}
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142
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143 \class{Pen} and \class{RawPen} objects have all the global functions
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144 described above, except for \function{demo()} as methods, which
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145 manipulate the given pen.
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146
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147 The only method which is more powerful as a method is
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148 \function{degrees()}.
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149
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150 \begin{methoddesc}{degrees}{\optional{fullcircle}}
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151 \var{fullcircle} is by default 360. This can cause the pen to have any
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152 angular units whatever: give \var{fullcircle} 2*$\pi$ for radians, or
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153 400 for gradians.
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154 \end{methoddesc}