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Issue #4384: Added logging integration with warnings module using captureWarnings(). This change includes a NullHandler which does nothing; it will be of use to library developers who want to avoid the "No handlers could be found for logger XXX" message which can appear if the library user doesn't configure logging.
author Vinay Sajip <vinay_sajip@yahoo.co.uk>
date Wed, 03 Dec 2008 23:22:58 +0000
parents a2140eb5fc6a
children 9b24d010133f 438592890e2b
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1 .. _tut-interacting:
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2
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3 **************************************************
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4 Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
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5 **************************************************
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6
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7 Some versions of the Python interpreter support editing of the current input
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8 line and history substitution, similar to facilities found in the Korn shell and
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9 the GNU Bash shell. This is implemented using the *GNU Readline* library, which
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10 supports Emacs-style and vi-style editing. This library has its own
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11 documentation which I won't duplicate here; however, the basics are easily
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12 explained. The interactive editing and history described here are optionally
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13 available in the Unix and Cygwin versions of the interpreter.
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14
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15 This chapter does *not* document the editing facilities of Mark Hammond's
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16 PythonWin package or the Tk-based environment, IDLE, distributed with Python.
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17 The command line history recall which operates within DOS boxes on NT and some
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18 other DOS and Windows flavors is yet another beast.
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20
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21 .. _tut-lineediting:
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22
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23 Line Editing
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24 ============
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25
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26 If supported, input line editing is active whenever the interpreter prints a
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27 primary or secondary prompt. The current line can be edited using the
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28 conventional Emacs control characters. The most important of these are:
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29 :kbd:`C-A` (Control-A) moves the cursor to the beginning of the line, :kbd:`C-E`
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30 to the end, :kbd:`C-B` moves it one position to the left, :kbd:`C-F` to the
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31 right. Backspace erases the character to the left of the cursor, :kbd:`C-D` the
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32 character to its right. :kbd:`C-K` kills (erases) the rest of the line to the
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33 right of the cursor, :kbd:`C-Y` yanks back the last killed string.
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34 :kbd:`C-underscore` undoes the last change you made; it can be repeated for
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35 cumulative effect.
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36
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38 .. _tut-history:
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39
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40 History Substitution
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41 ====================
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42
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43 History substitution works as follows. All non-empty input lines issued are
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44 saved in a history buffer, and when a new prompt is given you are positioned on
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45 a new line at the bottom of this buffer. :kbd:`C-P` moves one line up (back) in
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46 the history buffer, :kbd:`C-N` moves one down. Any line in the history buffer
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47 can be edited; an asterisk appears in front of the prompt to mark a line as
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48 modified. Pressing the :kbd:`Return` key passes the current line to the
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49 interpreter. :kbd:`C-R` starts an incremental reverse search; :kbd:`C-S` starts
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50 a forward search.
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51
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52
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53 .. _tut-keybindings:
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54
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55 Key Bindings
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56 ============
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57
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58 The key bindings and some other parameters of the Readline library can be
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59 customized by placing commands in an initialization file called
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60 :file:`~/.inputrc`. Key bindings have the form ::
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61
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62 key-name: function-name
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63
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64 or ::
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65
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66 "string": function-name
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67
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68 and options can be set with ::
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69
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70 set option-name value
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71
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72 For example::
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73
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74 # I prefer vi-style editing:
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75 set editing-mode vi
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76
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77 # Edit using a single line:
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78 set horizontal-scroll-mode On
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79
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80 # Rebind some keys:
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81 Meta-h: backward-kill-word
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82 "\C-u": universal-argument
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83 "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
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84
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85 Note that the default binding for :kbd:`Tab` in Python is to insert a :kbd:`Tab`
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86 character instead of Readline's default filename completion function. If you
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87 insist, you can override this by putting ::
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88
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89 Tab: complete
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90
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91 in your :file:`~/.inputrc`. (Of course, this makes it harder to type indented
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92 continuation lines if you're accustomed to using :kbd:`Tab` for that purpose.)
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93
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94 .. index::
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95 module: rlcompleter
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96 module: readline
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97
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98 Automatic completion of variable and module names is optionally available. To
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99 enable it in the interpreter's interactive mode, add the following to your
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100 startup file: [#]_ ::
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101
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102 import rlcompleter, readline
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103 readline.parse_and_bind('tab: complete')
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104
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105 This binds the :kbd:`Tab` key to the completion function, so hitting the
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106 :kbd:`Tab` key twice suggests completions; it looks at Python statement names,
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107 the current local variables, and the available module names. For dotted
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108 expressions such as ``string.a``, it will evaluate the expression up to the
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109 final ``'.'`` and then suggest completions from the attributes of the resulting
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110 object. Note that this may execute application-defined code if an object with a
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111 :meth:`__getattr__` method is part of the expression.
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112
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113 A more capable startup file might look like this example. Note that this
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114 deletes the names it creates once they are no longer needed; this is done since
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115 the startup file is executed in the same namespace as the interactive commands,
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116 and removing the names avoids creating side effects in the interactive
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117 environment. You may find it convenient to keep some of the imported modules,
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118 such as :mod:`os`, which turn out to be needed in most sessions with the
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119 interpreter. ::
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120
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121 # Add auto-completion and a stored history file of commands to your Python
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122 # interactive interpreter. Requires Python 2.0+, readline. Autocomplete is
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123 # bound to the Esc key by default (you can change it - see readline docs).
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124 #
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125 # Store the file in ~/.pystartup, and set an environment variable to point
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126 # to it: "export PYTHONSTARTUP=/home/user/.pystartup" in bash.
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127 #
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128 # Note that PYTHONSTARTUP does *not* expand "~", so you have to put in the
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129 # full path to your home directory.
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130
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131 import atexit
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132 import os
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133 import readline
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134 import rlcompleter
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135
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136 historyPath = os.path.expanduser("~/.pyhistory")
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137
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138 def save_history(historyPath=historyPath):
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139 import readline
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140 readline.write_history_file(historyPath)
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141
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142 if os.path.exists(historyPath):
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143 readline.read_history_file(historyPath)
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144
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145 atexit.register(save_history)
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146 del os, atexit, readline, rlcompleter, save_history, historyPath
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147
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148
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149 .. _tut-commentary:
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150
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151 Commentary
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152 ==========
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153
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154 This facility is an enormous step forward compared to earlier versions of the
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155 interpreter; however, some wishes are left: It would be nice if the proper
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156 indentation were suggested on continuation lines (the parser knows if an indent
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157 token is required next). The completion mechanism might use the interpreter's
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158 symbol table. A command to check (or even suggest) matching parentheses,
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159 quotes, etc., would also be useful.
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160
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161
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162 .. rubric:: Footnotes
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163
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164 .. [#] Python will execute the contents of a file identified by the
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165 :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` environment variable when you start an interactive
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166 interpreter.
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167