Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst @ 74006:88198b93ff2f

Find changesets by keywords (author, files, the commit message), revision number or hash, or revset expression.
Issue #13560: Add PyUnicode_EncodeLocale() * Use PyUnicode_EncodeLocale() in time.strftime() if wcsftime() is not available * Document my last changes in Misc/NEWS
author Victor Stinner <victor.stinner@haypocalc.com>
date Sat, 17 Dec 2011 04:13:41 +0100
parents b39270c6b8d1
children d6e4080960a3
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1 .. _tut-brieftour:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3 **********************************
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4 Brief Tour of the Standard Library
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5 **********************************
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
6
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
7
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
8 .. _tut-os-interface:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
9
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
10 Operating System Interface
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
11 ==========================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
12
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
13 The :mod:`os` module provides dozens of functions for interacting with the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
14 operating system::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
15
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
16 >>> import os
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
17 >>> os.getcwd() # Return the current working directory
68070
203945060baf Bump trunk to 3.3 alpha 0.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 66554
diff changeset
18 'C:\\Python33'
66499
ad79f9b3a021 Recorded merge of revisions 86795,86798-86799,86801 via svnmerge from
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 59019
diff changeset
19 >>> os.chdir('/server/accesslogs') # Change current working directory
ad79f9b3a021 Recorded merge of revisions 86795,86798-86799,86801 via svnmerge from
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 59019
diff changeset
20 >>> os.system('mkdir today') # Run the command mkdir in the system shell
ad79f9b3a021 Recorded merge of revisions 86795,86798-86799,86801 via svnmerge from
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 59019
diff changeset
21 0
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
22
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
23 Be sure to use the ``import os`` style instead of ``from os import *``. This
51776
d06a3ebf306f Merged revisions 69846 via svnmerge from
Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com>
parents: 50514
diff changeset
24 will keep :func:`os.open` from shadowing the built-in :func:`open` function which
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
25 operates much differently.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
26
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
27 .. index:: builtin: help
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
28
51776
d06a3ebf306f Merged revisions 69846 via svnmerge from
Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com>
parents: 50514
diff changeset
29 The built-in :func:`dir` and :func:`help` functions are useful as interactive
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
30 aids for working with large modules like :mod:`os`::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
31
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
32 >>> import os
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
33 >>> dir(os)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
34 <returns a list of all module functions>
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
35 >>> help(os)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
36 <returns an extensive manual page created from the module's docstrings>
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
37
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
38 For daily file and directory management tasks, the :mod:`shutil` module provides
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
39 a higher level interface that is easier to use::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
40
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
41 >>> import shutil
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
42 >>> shutil.copyfile('data.db', 'archive.db')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
43 >>> shutil.move('/build/executables', 'installdir')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
44
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
45
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
46 .. _tut-file-wildcards:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
47
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
48 File Wildcards
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
49 ==============
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
50
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
51 The :mod:`glob` module provides a function for making file lists from directory
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
52 wildcard searches::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
53
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
54 >>> import glob
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
55 >>> glob.glob('*.py')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
56 ['primes.py', 'random.py', 'quote.py']
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
57
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
58
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
59 .. _tut-command-line-arguments:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
60
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
61 Command Line Arguments
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
62 ======================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
63
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
64 Common utility scripts often need to process command line arguments. These
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
65 arguments are stored in the :mod:`sys` module's *argv* attribute as a list. For
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
66 instance the following output results from running ``python demo.py one two
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
67 three`` at the command line::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
68
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
69 >>> import sys
43115
95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42654
diff changeset
70 >>> print(sys.argv)
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
71 ['demo.py', 'one', 'two', 'three']
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
72
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
73 The :mod:`getopt` module processes *sys.argv* using the conventions of the Unix
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
74 :func:`getopt` function. More powerful and flexible command line processing is
59258
f923fe55a40c Merged revisions 78576 via svnmerge from
Steven Bethard <steven.bethard@gmail.com>
parents: 59019
diff changeset
75 provided by the :mod:`argparse` module.
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
76
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
77
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
78 .. _tut-stderr:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
79
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
80 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
81 ================================================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
82
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
83 The :mod:`sys` module also has attributes for *stdin*, *stdout*, and *stderr*.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
84 The latter is useful for emitting warnings and error messages to make them
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
85 visible even when *stdout* has been redirected::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
86
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
87 >>> sys.stderr.write('Warning, log file not found starting a new one\n')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
88 Warning, log file not found starting a new one
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
89
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
90 The most direct way to terminate a script is to use ``sys.exit()``.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
91
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
92
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
93 .. _tut-string-pattern-matching:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
94
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
95 String Pattern Matching
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
96 =======================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
97
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
98 The :mod:`re` module provides regular expression tools for advanced string
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
99 processing. For complex matching and manipulation, regular expressions offer
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
100 succinct, optimized solutions::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
101
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
102 >>> import re
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
103 >>> re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*', 'which foot or hand fell fastest')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
104 ['foot', 'fell', 'fastest']
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
105 >>> re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+) \1', r'\1', 'cat in the the hat')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
106 'cat in the hat'
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
107
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
108 When only simple capabilities are needed, string methods are preferred because
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
109 they are easier to read and debug::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
110
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
111 >>> 'tea for too'.replace('too', 'two')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
112 'tea for two'
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
113
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
114
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
115 .. _tut-mathematics:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
116
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
117 Mathematics
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
118 ===========
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
119
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
120 The :mod:`math` module gives access to the underlying C library functions for
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
121 floating point math::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
122
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
123 >>> import math
45084
38604fa2a48f Update docs w.r.t. PEP 3100 changes -- patch for GHOP by Dan Finnie.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 43115
diff changeset
124 >>> math.cos(math.pi / 4)
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
125 0.70710678118654757
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
126 >>> math.log(1024, 2)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
127 10.0
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
128
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
129 The :mod:`random` module provides tools for making random selections::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
130
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
131 >>> import random
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
132 >>> random.choice(['apple', 'pear', 'banana'])
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
133 'apple'
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
134 >>> random.sample(range(100), 10) # sampling without replacement
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
135 [30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33]
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
136 >>> random.random() # random float
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
137 0.17970987693706186
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
138 >>> random.randrange(6) # random integer chosen from range(6)
50514
c3d3b760d8bf Remove trailing whitespace.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 49946
diff changeset
139 4
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
140
43115
95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42654
diff changeset
141 The SciPy project <http://scipy.org> has many other modules for numerical
95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42654
diff changeset
142 computations.
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
143
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
144 .. _tut-internet-access:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
145
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
146 Internet Access
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
147 ===============
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
148
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
149 There are a number of modules for accessing the internet and processing internet
48354
1f671c85df04 Documentation updates for urllib package. Modified the documentation for the
Senthil Kumaran <orsenthil@gmail.com>
parents: 47288
diff changeset
150 protocols. Two of the simplest are :mod:`urllib.request` for retrieving data
1f671c85df04 Documentation updates for urllib package. Modified the documentation for the
Senthil Kumaran <orsenthil@gmail.com>
parents: 47288
diff changeset
151 from urls and :mod:`smtplib` for sending mail::
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
152
48355
1dbd7a522a23 Review the doc changes for the urllib package creation.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 48354
diff changeset
153 >>> from urllib.request import urlopen
1dbd7a522a23 Review the doc changes for the urllib package creation.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 48354
diff changeset
154 >>> for line in urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl'):
59019
c88b6602f82d Fixing Issue7399 - Fixing an example of urllib usage.
Senthil Kumaran <orsenthil@gmail.com>
parents: 57798
diff changeset
155 ... line = line.decode('utf-8') # Decoding the binary data to text.
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
156 ... if 'EST' in line or 'EDT' in line: # look for Eastern Time
43115
95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42654
diff changeset
157 ... print(line)
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
158
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
159 <BR>Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
160
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
161 >>> import smtplib
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
162 >>> server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
163 >>> server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org', 'jcaesar@example.org',
42654
74446509f0f2 Another merge. Only doc stuff was affected (but this aligns the UTF-32
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42604
diff changeset
164 ... """To: jcaesar@example.org
74446509f0f2 Another merge. Only doc stuff was affected (but this aligns the UTF-32
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42604
diff changeset
165 ... From: soothsayer@example.org
74446509f0f2 Another merge. Only doc stuff was affected (but this aligns the UTF-32
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42604
diff changeset
166 ...
74446509f0f2 Another merge. Only doc stuff was affected (but this aligns the UTF-32
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42604
diff changeset
167 ... Beware the Ides of March.
74446509f0f2 Another merge. Only doc stuff was affected (but this aligns the UTF-32
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42604
diff changeset
168 ... """)
74446509f0f2 Another merge. Only doc stuff was affected (but this aligns the UTF-32
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42604
diff changeset
169 >>> server.quit()
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
170
42654
74446509f0f2 Another merge. Only doc stuff was affected (but this aligns the UTF-32
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42604
diff changeset
171 (Note that the second example needs a mailserver running on localhost.)
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
172
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
173
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
174 .. _tut-dates-and-times:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
175
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
176 Dates and Times
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
177 ===============
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
178
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
179 The :mod:`datetime` module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times in
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
180 both simple and complex ways. While date and time arithmetic is supported, the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
181 focus of the implementation is on efficient member extraction for output
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
182 formatting and manipulation. The module also supports objects that are timezone
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
183 aware. ::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
184
57201
4f1c7b7bfcbd fix highlight in the datetime example
Ezio Melotti <ezio.melotti@gmail.com>
parents: 51776
diff changeset
185 >>> # dates are easily constructed and formatted
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
186 >>> from datetime import date
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
187 >>> now = date.today()
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
188 >>> now
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
189 datetime.date(2003, 12, 2)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
190 >>> now.strftime("%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.")
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
191 '12-02-03. 02 Dec 2003 is a Tuesday on the 02 day of December.'
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
192
57201
4f1c7b7bfcbd fix highlight in the datetime example
Ezio Melotti <ezio.melotti@gmail.com>
parents: 51776
diff changeset
193 >>> # dates support calendar arithmetic
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
194 >>> birthday = date(1964, 7, 31)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
195 >>> age = now - birthday
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
196 >>> age.days
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
197 14368
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
198
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
199
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
200 .. _tut-data-compression:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
201
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
202 Data Compression
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
203 ================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
204
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
205 Common data archiving and compression formats are directly supported by modules
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
206 including: :mod:`zlib`, :mod:`gzip`, :mod:`bz2`, :mod:`zipfile` and
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
207 :mod:`tarfile`. ::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
208
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
209 >>> import zlib
67460
90cba6a672f0 Merged revisions 86882 via svnmerge from
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 66499
diff changeset
210 >>> s = b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
211 >>> len(s)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
212 41
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
213 >>> t = zlib.compress(s)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
214 >>> len(t)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
215 37
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
216 >>> zlib.decompress(t)
67460
90cba6a672f0 Merged revisions 86882 via svnmerge from
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 66499
diff changeset
217 b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
218 >>> zlib.crc32(s)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
219 226805979
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
220
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
221
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
222 .. _tut-performance-measurement:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
223
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
224 Performance Measurement
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
225 =======================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
226
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
227 Some Python users develop a deep interest in knowing the relative performance of
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
228 different approaches to the same problem. Python provides a measurement tool
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
229 that answers those questions immediately.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
230
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
231 For example, it may be tempting to use the tuple packing and unpacking feature
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
232 instead of the traditional approach to swapping arguments. The :mod:`timeit`
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
233 module quickly demonstrates a modest performance advantage::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
234
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
235 >>> from timeit import Timer
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
236 >>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
237 0.57535828626024577
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
238 >>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
239 0.54962537085770791
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
240
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
241 In contrast to :mod:`timeit`'s fine level of granularity, the :mod:`profile` and
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
242 :mod:`pstats` modules provide tools for identifying time critical sections in
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
243 larger blocks of code.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
244
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
245
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
246 .. _tut-quality-control:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
247
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
248 Quality Control
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
249 ===============
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
250
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
251 One approach for developing high quality software is to write tests for each
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
252 function as it is developed and to run those tests frequently during the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
253 development process.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
254
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
255 The :mod:`doctest` module provides a tool for scanning a module and validating
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
256 tests embedded in a program's docstrings. Test construction is as simple as
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
257 cutting-and-pasting a typical call along with its results into the docstring.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
258 This improves the documentation by providing the user with an example and it
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
259 allows the doctest module to make sure the code remains true to the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
260 documentation::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
261
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
262 def average(values):
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
263 """Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
264
43115
95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois.
Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
parents: 42654
diff changeset
265 >>> print(average([20, 30, 70]))
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
266 40.0
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
267 """
45084
38604fa2a48f Update docs w.r.t. PEP 3100 changes -- patch for GHOP by Dan Finnie.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 43115
diff changeset
268 return sum(values) / len(values)
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
269
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
270 import doctest
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
271 doctest.testmod() # automatically validate the embedded tests
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
272
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
273 The :mod:`unittest` module is not as effortless as the :mod:`doctest` module,
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
274 but it allows a more comprehensive set of tests to be maintained in a separate
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
275 file::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
276
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
277 import unittest
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
278
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
279 class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
280
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
281 def test_average(self):
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
282 self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
283 self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
284 self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, average, [])
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
285 self.assertRaises(TypeError, average, 20, 30, 70)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
286
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
287 unittest.main() # Calling from the command line invokes all tests
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
288
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
289
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
290 .. _tut-batteries-included:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
291
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
292 Batteries Included
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
293 ==================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
294
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
295 Python has a "batteries included" philosophy. This is best seen through the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
296 sophisticated and robust capabilities of its larger packages. For example:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
297
47288
346a99df5889 Create xmlrpc package. Issue #2886.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents: 45084
diff changeset
298 * The :mod:`xmlrpc.client` and :mod:`xmlrpc.server` modules make implementing
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
299 remote procedure calls into an almost trivial task. Despite the modules
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
300 names, no direct knowledge or handling of XML is needed.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
301
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
302 * The :mod:`email` package is a library for managing email messages, including
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
303 MIME and other RFC 2822-based message documents. Unlike :mod:`smtplib` and
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
304 :mod:`poplib` which actually send and receive messages, the email package has
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
305 a complete toolset for building or decoding complex message structures
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
306 (including attachments) and for implementing internet encoding and header
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
307 protocols.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
308
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
309 * The :mod:`xml.dom` and :mod:`xml.sax` packages provide robust support for
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
310 parsing this popular data interchange format. Likewise, the :mod:`csv` module
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
311 supports direct reads and writes in a common database format. Together, these
57798
e23f5ec93315 Merged revisions 76906 via svnmerge from
Ezio Melotti <ezio.melotti@gmail.com>
parents: 57201
diff changeset
312 modules and packages greatly simplify data interchange between Python
42604
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
313 applications and other tools.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
314
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
315 * Internationalization is supported by a number of modules including
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
316 :mod:`gettext`, :mod:`locale`, and the :mod:`codecs` package.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
317
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place.
Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
parents:
diff changeset
318