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Issue #16194: document imp.load_dynamic problems when read several extension modules from the same binary object file.
author Andrew Svetlov <andrew.svetlov@gmail.com>
date Thu, 29 Nov 2012 19:51:28 +0200
parents 74ff71b2f53d
children dacd8f430e0e
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2 :mod:`array` --- Efficient arrays of numeric values
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3 ===================================================
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5 .. module:: array
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6 :synopsis: Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.
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9 .. index:: single: arrays
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11 This module defines an object type which can compactly represent an array of
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12 basic values: characters, integers, floating point numbers. Arrays are sequence
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13 types and behave very much like lists, except that the type of objects stored in
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14 them is constrained. The type is specified at object creation time by using a
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15 :dfn:`type code`, which is a single character. The following type codes are
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16 defined:
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18 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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19 | Type code | C Type | Python Type | Minimum size in bytes |
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20 +===========+================+===================+=======================+
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21 | ``'c'`` | char | character | 1 |
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22 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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23 | ``'b'`` | signed char | int | 1 |
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24 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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25 | ``'B'`` | unsigned char | int | 1 |
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26 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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27 | ``'u'`` | Py_UNICODE | Unicode character | 2 (see note) |
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28 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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29 | ``'h'`` | signed short | int | 2 |
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30 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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31 | ``'H'`` | unsigned short | int | 2 |
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32 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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33 | ``'i'`` | signed int | int | 2 |
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34 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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35 | ``'I'`` | unsigned int | long | 2 |
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36 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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37 | ``'l'`` | signed long | int | 4 |
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38 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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39 | ``'L'`` | unsigned long | long | 4 |
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40 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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41 | ``'f'`` | float | float | 4 |
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42 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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43 | ``'d'`` | double | float | 8 |
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44 +-----------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------------+
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46 .. note::
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48 The ``'u'`` typecode corresponds to Python's unicode character. On narrow
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49 Unicode builds this is 2-bytes, on wide builds this is 4-bytes.
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50
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51 The actual representation of values is determined by the machine architecture
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52 (strictly speaking, by the C implementation). The actual size can be accessed
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53 through the :attr:`itemsize` attribute. The values stored for ``'L'`` and
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54 ``'I'`` items will be represented as Python long integers when retrieved,
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55 because Python's plain integer type cannot represent the full range of C's
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56 unsigned (long) integers.
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57
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58 The module defines the following type:
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61 .. class:: array(typecode[, initializer])
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63 A new array whose items are restricted by *typecode*, and initialized
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64 from the optional *initializer* value, which must be a list, string, or iterable
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65 over elements of the appropriate type.
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66
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67 .. versionchanged:: 2.4
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68 Formerly, only lists or strings were accepted.
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69
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70 If given a list or string, the initializer is passed to the new array's
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71 :meth:`fromlist`, :meth:`fromstring`, or :meth:`fromunicode` method (see below)
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72 to add initial items to the array. Otherwise, the iterable initializer is
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73 passed to the :meth:`extend` method.
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76 .. data:: ArrayType
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77
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78 Obsolete alias for :class:`array`.
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79
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80 Array objects support the ordinary sequence operations of indexing, slicing,
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81 concatenation, and multiplication. When using slice assignment, the assigned
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82 value must be an array object with the same type code; in all other cases,
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83 :exc:`TypeError` is raised. Array objects also implement the buffer interface,
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84 and may be used wherever buffer objects are supported.
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85
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86 The following data items and methods are also supported:
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87
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88 .. attribute:: array.typecode
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89
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90 The typecode character used to create the array.
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92
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93 .. attribute:: array.itemsize
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94
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95 The length in bytes of one array item in the internal representation.
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96
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97
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98 .. method:: array.append(x)
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99
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100 Append a new item with value *x* to the end of the array.
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101
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102
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103 .. method:: array.buffer_info()
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104
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105 Return a tuple ``(address, length)`` giving the current memory address and the
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106 length in elements of the buffer used to hold array's contents. The size of the
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107 memory buffer in bytes can be computed as ``array.buffer_info()[1] *
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108 array.itemsize``. This is occasionally useful when working with low-level (and
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109 inherently unsafe) I/O interfaces that require memory addresses, such as certain
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110 :c:func:`ioctl` operations. The returned numbers are valid as long as the array
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111 exists and no length-changing operations are applied to it.
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112
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113 .. note::
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114
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115 When using array objects from code written in C or C++ (the only way to
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116 effectively make use of this information), it makes more sense to use the buffer
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117 interface supported by array objects. This method is maintained for backward
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118 compatibility and should be avoided in new code. The buffer interface is
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119 documented in :ref:`bufferobjects`.
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120
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121
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122 .. method:: array.byteswap()
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123
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124 "Byteswap" all items of the array. This is only supported for values which are
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125 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes in size; for other types of values, :exc:`RuntimeError` is
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126 raised. It is useful when reading data from a file written on a machine with a
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127 different byte order.
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128
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129
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130 .. method:: array.count(x)
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131
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132 Return the number of occurrences of *x* in the array.
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133
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134
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135 .. method:: array.extend(iterable)
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136
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137 Append items from *iterable* to the end of the array. If *iterable* is another
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138 array, it must have *exactly* the same type code; if not, :exc:`TypeError` will
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139 be raised. If *iterable* is not an array, it must be iterable and its elements
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140 must be the right type to be appended to the array.
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141
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142 .. versionchanged:: 2.4
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143 Formerly, the argument could only be another array.
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144
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145
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146 .. method:: array.fromfile(f, n)
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147
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148 Read *n* items (as machine values) from the file object *f* and append them to
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149 the end of the array. If less than *n* items are available, :exc:`EOFError` is
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150 raised, but the items that were available are still inserted into the array.
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151 *f* must be a real built-in file object; something else with a :meth:`read`
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152 method won't do.
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153
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154
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155 .. method:: array.fromlist(list)
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156
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157 Append items from the list. This is equivalent to ``for x in list:
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158 a.append(x)`` except that if there is a type error, the array is unchanged.
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159
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160
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161 .. method:: array.fromstring(s)
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162
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163 Appends items from the string, interpreting the string as an array of machine
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164 values (as if it had been read from a file using the :meth:`fromfile` method).
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165
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166
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167 .. method:: array.fromunicode(s)
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168
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169 Extends this array with data from the given unicode string. The array must
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170 be a type ``'u'`` array; otherwise a :exc:`ValueError` is raised. Use
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171 ``array.fromstring(unicodestring.encode(enc))`` to append Unicode data to an
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172 array of some other type.
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173
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174
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175 .. method:: array.index(x)
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176
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177 Return the smallest *i* such that *i* is the index of the first occurrence of
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178 *x* in the array.
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179
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180
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181 .. method:: array.insert(i, x)
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182
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183 Insert a new item with value *x* in the array before position *i*. Negative
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184 values are treated as being relative to the end of the array.
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185
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186
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187 .. method:: array.pop([i])
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188
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189 Removes the item with the index *i* from the array and returns it. The optional
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190 argument defaults to ``-1``, so that by default the last item is removed and
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191 returned.
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192
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193
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194 .. method:: array.read(f, n)
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195
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196 .. deprecated:: 1.5.1
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197 Use the :meth:`fromfile` method.
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198
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199 Read *n* items (as machine values) from the file object *f* and append them to
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200 the end of the array. If less than *n* items are available, :exc:`EOFError` is
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201 raised, but the items that were available are still inserted into the array.
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202 *f* must be a real built-in file object; something else with a :meth:`read`
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203 method won't do.
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204
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205
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206 .. method:: array.remove(x)
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207
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208 Remove the first occurrence of *x* from the array.
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209
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210
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211 .. method:: array.reverse()
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212
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213 Reverse the order of the items in the array.
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214
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215
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216 .. method:: array.tofile(f)
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217
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218 Write all items (as machine values) to the file object *f*.
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219
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220
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221 .. method:: array.tolist()
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222
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223 Convert the array to an ordinary list with the same items.
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224
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225
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226 .. method:: array.tostring()
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227
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228 Convert the array to an array of machine values and return the string
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229 representation (the same sequence of bytes that would be written to a file by
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230 the :meth:`tofile` method.)
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231
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232
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233 .. method:: array.tounicode()
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234
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235 Convert the array to a unicode string. The array must be a type ``'u'`` array;
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236 otherwise a :exc:`ValueError` is raised. Use ``array.tostring().decode(enc)`` to
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237 obtain a unicode string from an array of some other type.
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238
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239
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240 .. method:: array.write(f)
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241
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242 .. deprecated:: 1.5.1
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243 Use the :meth:`tofile` method.
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244
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245 Write all items (as machine values) to the file object *f*.
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246
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247 When an array object is printed or converted to a string, it is represented as
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248 ``array(typecode, initializer)``. The *initializer* is omitted if the array is
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249 empty, otherwise it is a string if the *typecode* is ``'c'``, otherwise it is a
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250 list of numbers. The string is guaranteed to be able to be converted back to an
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251 array with the same type and value using :func:`eval`, so long as the
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252 :func:`array` function has been imported using ``from array import array``.
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253 Examples::
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254
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255 array('l')
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256 array('c', 'hello world')
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257 array('u', u'hello \u2641')
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258 array('l', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
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259 array('d', [1.0, 2.0, 3.14])
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260
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261
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262 .. seealso::
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263
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264 Module :mod:`struct`
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265 Packing and unpacking of heterogeneous binary data.
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266
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267 Module :mod:`xdrlib`
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268 Packing and unpacking of External Data Representation (XDR) data as used in some
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269 remote procedure call systems.
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270
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271 `The Numerical Python Manual <http://numpy.sourceforge.net/numdoc/HTML/numdoc.htm>`_
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272 The Numeric Python extension (NumPy) defines another array type; see
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273 http://numpy.sourceforge.net/ for further information about Numerical Python.
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274 (A PDF version of the NumPy manual is available at
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275 http://numpy.sourceforge.net/numdoc/numdoc.pdf).
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276