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Issue #16194: document imp.load_dynamic problems when read several extension modules from the same binary object file.
author Andrew Svetlov <andrew.svetlov@gmail.com>
date Thu, 29 Nov 2012 19:51:28 +0200
parents 676a480efc08
children 7ca742d808b2
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2 .. _using-on-mac:
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3
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4 ***************************
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5 Using Python on a Macintosh
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6 ***************************
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7
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8 :Author: Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>
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11 Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python on
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12 any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as
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13 the IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.
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14
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15 The Mac-specific modules are documented in :ref:`mac-specific-services`.
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16
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17 Python on Mac OS 9 or earlier can be quite different from Python on Unix or
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18 Windows, but is beyond the scope of this manual, as that platform is no longer
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19 supported, starting with Python 2.4. See http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython for
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20 installers for the latest 2.3 release for Mac OS 9 and related documentation.
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22
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23 .. _getting-osx:
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25 Getting and Installing MacPython
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26 ================================
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27
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28 Mac OS X 10.5 comes with Python 2.5.1 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, you
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29 are invited to install the most recent version of Python from the Python website
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30 (http://www.python.org). A current "universal binary" build of Python, which
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31 runs natively on the Mac's new Intel and legacy PPC CPU's, is available there.
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33 What you get after installing is a number of things:
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34
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35 * A :file:`MacPython 2.5` folder in your :file:`Applications` folder. In here
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36 you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official
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37 Python distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Python
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38 scripts from the Finder; and the "Build Applet" tool, which allows you to
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39 package Python scripts as standalone applications on your system.
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40
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41 * A framework :file:`/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework`, which includes the
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42 Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell
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43 path. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. A
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44 symlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.
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45
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46 The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
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47 :file:`/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework` and :file:`/usr/bin/python`,
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48 respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are
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49 Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember that
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50 if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have
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51 two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will
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52 be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.
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54 IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you
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55 are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction
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56 in that document.
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57
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58 If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read the
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59 section on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.
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61
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62 How to run a Python script
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63 --------------------------
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64
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65 Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLE
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66 integrated development environment, see section :ref:`ide` and use the Help menu
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67 when the IDE is running.
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68
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69 If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from
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70 the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with a
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71 number of standard Unix command line editors, :program:`vim` and
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72 :program:`emacs` among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,
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73 :program:`BBEdit` or :program:`TextWrangler` from Bare Bones Software (see
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74 http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.shtml) are good choices, as is
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75 :program:`TextMate` (see http://macromates.com/). Other editors include
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76 :program:`Gvim` (http://macvim.org) and :program:`Aquamacs`
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77 (http://aquamacs.org/).
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79 To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
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80 :file:`/usr/local/bin` is in your shell search path.
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81
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82 To run your script from the Finder you have two options:
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83
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84 * Drag it to :program:`PythonLauncher`
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85
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86 * Select :program:`PythonLauncher` as the default application to open your
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87 script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.
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88 :program:`PythonLauncher` has various preferences to control how your script is
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89 launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use
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90 its Preferences menu to change things globally.
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93 .. _osx-gui-scripts:
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94
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95 Running scripts with a GUI
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96 --------------------------
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97
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98 With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to be
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99 aware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,
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100 anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use :program:`pythonw`
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101 instead of :program:`python` to start such scripts.
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102
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103 With Python 2.5, you can use either :program:`python` or :program:`pythonw`.
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105
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106 Configuration
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107 -------------
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108
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109 Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
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110 :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, but setting these variables for programs started from the
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111 Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your :file:`.profile` or
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112 :file:`.cshrc` at startup. You need to create a file :file:`~
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113 /.MacOSX/environment.plist`. See Apple's Technical Document QA1067 for details.
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114
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115 For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see section
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116 :ref:`mac-package-manager`.
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119 .. _ide:
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120
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121 The IDE
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122 =======
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123
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124 MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
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125 introduction to using IDLE can be found at
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126 http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html.
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128
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129 .. _mac-package-manager:
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130
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131 Installing Additional Python Packages
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132 =====================================
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133
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134 There are several methods to install additional Python packages:
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135
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136 * http://pythonmac.org/packages/ contains selected compiled packages for Python
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137 2.5, 2.4, and 2.3.
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138
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139 * Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (``python
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140 setup.py install``).
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141
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142 * Many packages can also be installed via the :program:`setuptools` extension.
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145 GUI Programming on the Mac
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146 ==========================
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147
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148 There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.
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149
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150 *PyObjC* is a Python binding to Apple's Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which is
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151 the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is
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152 available from http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net.
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153
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154 The standard Python GUI toolkit is :mod:`Tkinter`, based on the cross-platform
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155 Tk toolkit (http://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
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156 X by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
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157 http://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
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158
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159 *wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
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160 Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from http://www.wxpython.org.
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161
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162 *PyQt* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on Mac
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163 OS X. More information can be found at
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164 http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro.
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165
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166
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167 Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
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168 ===========================================
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169
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170 The "Build Applet" tool that is placed in the MacPython 2.5 folder is fine for
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171 packaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as a standard Mac
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172 application. This tool, however, is not robust enough to distribute Python
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173 applications to other users.
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174
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175 The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac is
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176 :program:`py2app`. More information on installing and using py2app can be found
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177 at http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.
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178
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179
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180 Application Scripting
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181 =====================
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182
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183 Python can also be used to script other Mac applications via Apple's Open
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184 Scripting Architecture (OSA); see http://appscript.sourceforge.net. Appscript is
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185 a high-level, user-friendly Apple event bridge that allows you to control
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186 scriptable Mac OS X applications using ordinary Python scripts. Appscript makes
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187 Python a serious alternative to Apple's own *AppleScript* language for
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188 automating your Mac. A related package, *PyOSA*, is an OSA language component
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189 for the Python scripting language, allowing Python code to be executed by any
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190 OSA-enabled application (Script Editor, Mail, iTunes, etc.). PyOSA makes Python
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191 a full peer to AppleScript.
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192
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193
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194 Other Resources
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195 ===============
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196
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197 The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users and
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198 developers on the Mac:
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199
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200 http://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/
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201
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202 Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:
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203
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204 http://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython
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205