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Issue #16194: document imp.load_dynamic problems when read several extension modules from the same binary object file.
author Andrew Svetlov <andrew.svetlov@gmail.com>
date Thu, 29 Nov 2012 19:51:28 +0200
parents 3decf67e1a28
children 1ecb712fcf22
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1 ============
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2 MacOSX Notes
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3 ============
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4
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5 This document provides a quick overview of some Mac OS X specific features in
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6 the Python distribution.
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7
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8 Mac-specific arguments to configure
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9 ===================================
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10
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11 * ``--enable-framework[=DIR]``
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12
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13 If this argument is specified the build will create a Python.framework rather
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14 than a traditional Unix install. See the section
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15 _`Building and using a framework-based Python on Mac OS X` for more
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16 information on frameworks.
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17
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18 If the optional directory argument is specified the framework it installed
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19 into that directory. This can be used to install a python framework into
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20 your home directory::
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21
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22 $ configure --enable-framework=/Users/ronald/Library/Frameworks
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23 $ make && make install
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24
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25 This will install the framework itself in ``/Users/ronald/Library/Frameworks``,
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26 the applications in a subdirectory of ``/Users/ronald/Applications`` and the
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27 command-line tools in ``/Users/ronald/bin``.
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28
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29 * ``--with-framework-name=NAME``
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30
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31 Specify the name for the python framework, defaults to ``Python``. This option
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32 is only valid when ``--enable-framework`` is specified.
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33
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34 * ``--enable-universalsdk[=PATH]``
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35
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36 Create a universal binary build of of Python. This can be used with both
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37 regular and framework builds.
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38
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39 The optional argument specifies which OSX SDK should be used to perform the
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40 build. This defaults to ``/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.10.4u.sdk``, specify
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41 ``/`` when building on a 10.5 system, especially when building 64-bit code.
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42
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43 See the section _`Building and using a universal binary of Python on Mac OS X`
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44 for more information.
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45
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46 * ``--with-univeral-archs=VALUE``
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47
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48 Specify the kind of universal binary that should be created. This option is
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49 only valid when ``--enable-universalsdk`` is specified.
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51
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52
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53 Building and using a universal binary of Python on Mac OS X
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54 ===========================================================
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55
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56 1. What is a universal binary
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57 -----------------------------
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58
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59 A universal binary build of Python contains object code for both PPC and i386
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60 and can therefore run at native speed on both classic powerpc based macs and
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61 the newer intel based macs.
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62
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63 2. How do I build a universal binary
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64 ------------------------------------
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65
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66 You can enable universal binaries by specifying the "--enable-universalsdk"
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67 flag to configure::
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68
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69 $ ./configure --enable-universalsdk
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70 $ make
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71 $ make install
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72
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73 This flag can be used with a framework build of python, but also with a classic
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74 unix build. Either way you will have to build python on Mac OS X 10.4 (or later)
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75 with Xcode 2.1 (or later). You also have to install the 10.4u SDK when
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76 installing Xcode.
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77
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78 The option ``--enable-universalsdk`` has an optional argument to specify an
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79 SDK, which defaults to the 10.4u SDK. When you build on OSX 10.5 or later
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80 you can use the system headers instead of an SDK::
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81
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82 $ ./configure --enable-universalsdk=/
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83
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84 2.1 Flavours of universal binaries
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85 ..................................
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86
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87 It is possible to build a number of flavours of the universal binary build,
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88 the default is a 32-bit only binary (i386 and ppc). The flavour can be
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89 specified using the option ``--with-universal-archs=VALUE``. The following
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90 values are available:
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91
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92 * ``32-bit``: ``ppc``, ``i386``
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93
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94 * ``64-bit``: ``ppc64``, ``x86_64``
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95
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96 * ``all``: ``ppc``, ``ppc64``, ``i386``, ``x86_64``
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97
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98 * ``3-way``: ``ppc``, ``i386`` and ``x86_64``
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99
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100 * ``intel``: ``i386``, ``x86_64``
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101
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102 To build a universal binary that includes a 64-bit architecture, you must build
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103 on a system running OSX 10.5 or later. The ``all`` flavour can only be built on
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104 OSX 10.5.
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105
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106 The makefile for a framework build will install ``python32`` and ``pythonw32``
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107 binaries when the universal architecures includes at least one 32-bit architecture
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108 (that is, for all flavours but ``64-bit``).
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109
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110 Running a specific archicture
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111 .............................
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112
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113 You can run code using a specific architecture using the ``arch`` command::
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114
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115 $ arch -i386 python
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116
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117 Or to explicitly run in 32-bit mode, regardless of the machine hardware::
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118
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119 $ arch -i386 -ppc python
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120
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121 NOTE: When you're using a framework install of Python this requires at least
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122 Python 2.7 or 3.2, in earlier versions the python (and pythonw) commands are
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123 wrapper tools that execute the real interpreter without ensuring that the
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124 real interpreter runs with the same architecture.
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125
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126 Building and using a framework-based Python on Mac OS X.
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127 ========================================================
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128
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129
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130 1. Why would I want a framework Python instead of a normal static Python?
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131 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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132
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133 The main reason is because you want to create GUI programs in Python. With the
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134 exception of X11/XDarwin-based GUI toolkits all GUI programs need to be run
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135 from a fullblown MacOSX application (a ".app" bundle).
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136
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137 While it is technically possible to create a .app without using frameworks you
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138 will have to do the work yourself if you really want this.
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139
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140 A second reason for using frameworks is that they put Python-related items in
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141 only two places: "/Library/Framework/Python.framework" and
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142 "/Applications/MacPython 2.6". This simplifies matters for users installing
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143 Python from a binary distribution if they want to get rid of it again. Moreover,
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144 due to the way frameworks work a user without admin privileges can install a
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145 binary distribution in his or her home directory without recompilation.
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146
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147 2. How does a framework Python differ from a normal static Python?
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148 ------------------------------------------------------------------
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149
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150 In everyday use there is no difference, except that things are stored in
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151 a different place. If you look in /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework
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152 you will see lots of relative symlinks, see the Apple documentation for
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153 details. If you are used to a normal unix Python file layout go down to
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154 Versions/Current and you will see the familiar bin and lib directories.
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155
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156 3. Do I need extra packages?
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157 ----------------------------
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158
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159 Yes, probably. If you want Tkinter support you need to get the OSX AquaTk
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160 distribution, this is installed by default on Mac OS X 10.4 or later. If
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161 you want wxPython you need to get that. If you want Cocoa you need to get
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162 PyObjC.
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163
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164 4. How do I build a framework Python?
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165 -------------------------------------
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166
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167 This directory contains a Makefile that will create a couple of python-related
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168 applications (fullblown OSX .app applications, that is) in
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169 "/Applications/MacPython 2.6", and a hidden helper application Python.app
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170 inside the Python.framework, and unix tools "python" and "pythonw" into
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171 /usr/local/bin. In addition it has a target "installmacsubtree" that installs
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172 the relevant portions of the Mac subtree into the Python.framework.
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173
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174 It is normally invoked indirectly through the main Makefile, as the last step
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175 in the sequence::
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176
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177 $ ./configure --enable-framework
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178 $ make
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179 $ make install
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180
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181 This sequence will put the framework in /Library/Framework/Python.framework,
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182 the applications in "/Applications/MacPython 2.6" and the unix tools in
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183 /usr/local/bin.
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184
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185 It is possible to select a different name for the framework using the configure
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186 option ``--with-framework-name=NAME``. This makes it possible to have several
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187 parallel installs of a Python framework.
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188
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189 Installing in another place, for instance $HOME/Library/Frameworks if you have
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190 no admin privileges on your machine, has only been tested very lightly. This
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191 can be done by configuring with --enable-framework=$HOME/Library/Frameworks.
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192 The other two directories, "/Applications/MacPython-2.6" and /usr/local/bin,
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193 will then also be deposited in $HOME. This is sub-optimal for the unix tools,
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194 which you would want in $HOME/bin, but there is no easy way to fix this right
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195 now.
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196
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197 What do all these programs do?
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198 ===============================
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199
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200 "IDLE.app" is an integrated development environment for Python: editor,
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201 debugger, etc.
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202
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203 "PythonLauncher.app" is a helper application that will handle things when you
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204 double-click a .py, .pyc or .pyw file. For the first two it creates a Terminal
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205 window and runs the scripts with the normal command-line Python. For the
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206 latter it runs the script in the Python.app interpreter so the script can do
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207 GUI-things. Keep the "alt" key depressed while dragging or double-clicking a
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208 script to set runtime options. These options can be set once and for all
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209 through PythonLauncher's preferences dialog.
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210
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211 "BuildApplet.app" creates an applet from a Python script. Drop the script on it
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212 and out comes a full-featured MacOS application. There is much more to this,
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213 to be supplied later. Some useful (but outdated) info can be found in
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214 Mac/Demo.
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215
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216 The commandline scripts /usr/local/bin/python and pythonw can be used to run
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217 non-GUI and GUI python scripts from the command line, respectively.
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218
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219 How do I create a binary distribution?
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220 ======================================
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221
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222 Go to the directory "Mac/OSX/BuildScript". There you'll find a script
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223 "build-installer.py" that does all the work. This will download and build
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224 a number of 3rd-party libaries, configures and builds a framework Python,
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225 installs it, creates the installer package files and then packs this in a
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226 DMG image.
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227
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228 The script will build a universal binary, you'll therefore have to run this
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229 script on Mac OS X 10.4 or later and with Xcode 2.1 or later installed.
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230
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231 All of this is normally done completely isolated in /tmp/_py, so it does not
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232 use your normal build directory nor does it install into /.
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233
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234 Because of the way the script locates the files it needs you have to run it
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235 from within the BuildScript directory. The script accepts a number of
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236 command-line arguments, run it with --help for more information.
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237
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238 Configure warnings
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239 ==================
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240
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241 The configure script sometimes emits warnings like the one below::
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242
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243 configure: WARNING: libintl.h: present but cannot be compiled
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244 configure: WARNING: libintl.h: check for missing prerequisite headers?
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245 configure: WARNING: libintl.h: see the Autoconf documentation
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246 configure: WARNING: libintl.h: section "Present But Cannot Be Compiled"
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247 configure: WARNING: libintl.h: proceeding with the preprocessor's result
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248 configure: WARNING: libintl.h: in the future, the compiler will take precedence
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249 configure: WARNING: ## -------------------------------------- ##
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250 configure: WARNING: ## Report this to http://bugs.python.org/ ##
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251 configure: WARNING: ## -------------------------------------- ##
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252
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253 This almost always means you are trying to build a universal binary for
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254 Python and have libaries in ``/usr/local`` that don't contain the required
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255 architectures. Temporarily move ``/usr/local`` aside to finish the build.
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256
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257
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258 Uninstalling a framework install, including the binary installer
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259 ================================================================
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260
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261 Uninstalling a framework can be done by manually removing all bits that got installed.
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262 That's true for both installations from source and installations using the binary installer.
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263 Sadly enough OSX does not have a central uninstaller.
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264
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265 The main bit of a framework install is the framework itself, installed in
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266 ``/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework``. This can contain multiple versions
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267 of Python, if you want to remove just one version you have to remove the
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268 version-specific subdirectory: ``/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/X.Y``.
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269 If you do that, ensure that ``/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current``
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270 is a symlink that points to an installed version of Python.
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271
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272 A framework install also installs some applications in ``/Applications/Python X.Y``,
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273
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274 And lastly a framework installation installs files in ``/usr/local/bin``, all of
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275 them symbolic links to files in ``/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/X.Y/bin``.
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276
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277 Odds and ends
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278 =============
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279
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280 Something to take note of is that the ".rsrc" files in the distribution are
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281 not actually resource files, they're AppleSingle encoded resource files. The
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282 macresource module and the Mac/OSX/Makefile cater for this, and create
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283 ".rsrc.df.rsrc" files on the fly that are normal datafork-based resource
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284 files.
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285
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286 Jack Jansen, Jack.Jansen@cwi.nl, 15-Jul-2004.
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287 Ronald Oussoren, RonaldOussoren@mac.com, 30-April-2010