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annotate Doc/lib/libsocket.tex @ 13163:a09e8635534d legacy-trunk

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Don't try to guess the name of a .def file -- if one is supplied, use it, otherwise just generate an '/export:' option.
author Greg Ward <gward@python.net>
date Thu, 29 Jun 2000 23:09:20 +0000
parents 8bcd14313c11
children d37374552a15
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1 \section{\module{socket} ---
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2 Low-level networking interface}
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3
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4 \declaremodule{builtin}{socket}
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5 \modulesynopsis{Low-level networking interface.}
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6
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7
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8 This module provides access to the BSD \emph{socket} interface.
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9 It is available on all modern \UNIX{} systems, Windows, MacOS, BeOS,
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10 OS/2, and probably additional platforms.
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11
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12 For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following
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13 papers: \citetitle{An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication
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14 Tutorial}, by Stuart Sechrest and \citetitle{An Advanced 4.3BSD
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15 Interprocess Communication Tutorial}, by Samuel J. Leffler et al,
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16 both in the \citetitle{\UNIX{} Programmer's Manual, Supplementary Documents 1}
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17 (sections PS1:7 and PS1:8). The platform-specific reference material
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18 for the various socket-related system calls are also a valuable source
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19 of information on the details of socket semantics. For \UNIX, refer
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20 to the manual pages; for Windows, see the WinSock (or Winsock 2)
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21 specification.
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22
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23 The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the
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24 \UNIX{} system call and library interface for sockets to Python's
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25 object-oriented style: the \function{socket()} function returns a
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26 \dfn{socket object}\obindex{socket} whose methods implement the
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27 various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat
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28 higher-level than in the C interface: as with \method{read()} and
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29 \method{write()} operations on Python files, buffer allocation on
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30 receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on send
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31 operations.
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32
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33 Socket addresses are represented as a single string for the
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34 \constant{AF_UNIX} address family and as a pair
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35 \code{(\var{host}, \var{port})} for the \constant{AF_INET} address
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36 family, where \var{host} is a string representing
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37 either a hostname in Internet domain notation like
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38 \code{'daring.cwi.nl'} or an IP address like \code{'100.50.200.5'},
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39 and \var{port} is an integral port number. Other address families are
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40 currently not supported. The address format required by a particular
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41 socket object is automatically selected based on the address family
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42 specified when the socket object was created.
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43
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44 For IP addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host
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45 address: the empty string represents \constant{INADDR_ANY}, and the string
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46 \code{'<broadcast>'} represents \constant{INADDR_BROADCAST}.
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47
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48 All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid
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49 argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; errors
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50 related to socket or address semantics raise the error
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51 \exception{socket.error}.
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52
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53 Non-blocking mode is supported through the
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54 \method{setblocking()} method.
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55
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56 The module \module{socket} exports the following constants and functions:
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57
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58
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59 \begin{excdesc}{error}
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60 This exception is raised for socket- or address-related errors.
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61 The accompanying value is either a string telling what went wrong or a
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62 pair \code{(\var{errno}, \var{string})}
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63 representing an error returned by a system
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64 call, similar to the value accompanying \exception{os.error}.
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65 See the module \refmodule{errno}\refbimodindex{errno}, which contains
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66 names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system.
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67 \end{excdesc}
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68
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69 \begin{datadesc}{AF_UNIX}
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70 \dataline{AF_INET}
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71 These constants represent the address (and protocol) families,
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72 used for the first argument to \function{socket()}. If the
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73 \constant{AF_UNIX} constant is not defined then this protocol is
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74 unsupported.
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75 \end{datadesc}
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77 \begin{datadesc}{SOCK_STREAM}
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78 \dataline{SOCK_DGRAM}
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79 \dataline{SOCK_RAW}
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80 \dataline{SOCK_RDM}
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81 \dataline{SOCK_SEQPACKET}
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82 These constants represent the socket types,
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83 used for the second argument to \function{socket()}.
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84 (Only \constant{SOCK_STREAM} and
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85 \constant{SOCK_DGRAM} appear to be generally useful.)
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86 \end{datadesc}
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87
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88 \begin{datadesc}{SO_*}
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89 \dataline{SOMAXCONN}
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90 \dataline{MSG_*}
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91 \dataline{SOL_*}
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92 \dataline{IPPROTO_*}
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93 \dataline{IPPORT_*}
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94 \dataline{INADDR_*}
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95 \dataline{IP_*}
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96 Many constants of these forms, documented in the \UNIX{} documentation on
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97 sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module.
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98 They are generally used in arguments to the \method{setsockopt()} and
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99 \method{getsockopt()} methods of socket objects. In most cases, only
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100 those symbols that are defined in the \UNIX{} header files are defined;
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101 for a few symbols, default values are provided.
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102 \end{datadesc}
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103
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104 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyname}{hostname}
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105 Translate a host name to IP address format. The IP address is
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106 returned as a string, e.g., \code{'100.50.200.5'}. If the host name
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107 is an IP address itself it is returned unchanged. See
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108 \function{gethostbyname_ex()} for a more complete interface.
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109 \end{funcdesc}
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110
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111 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyname_ex}{hostname}
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112 Translate a host name to IP address format, extended interface.
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113 Return a triple \code{(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)} where
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114 \code{hostname} is the primary host name responding to the given
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115 \var{ip_address}, \code{aliaslist} is a (possibly empty) list of
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116 alternative host names for the same address, and \code{ipaddrlist} is
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117 a list of IP addresses for the same interface on the same
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118 host (often but not always a single address).
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119 \end{funcdesc}
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120
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121 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostname}{}
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122 Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where
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123 the Python interpreter is currently executing. If you want to know the
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124 current machine's IP address, use \code{gethostbyname(gethostname())}.
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125 Note: \function{gethostname()} doesn't always return the fully qualified
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126 domain name; use \code{gethostbyaddr(gethostname())}
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127 (see below).
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128 \end{funcdesc}
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129
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130 \begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyaddr}{ip_address}
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131 Return a triple \code{(\var{hostname}, \var{aliaslist},
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132 \var{ipaddrlist})} where \var{hostname} is the primary host name
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133 responding to the given \var{ip_address}, \var{aliaslist} is a
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134 (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address,
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135 and \var{ipaddrlist} is a list of IP addresses for the same interface
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136 on the same host (most likely containing only a single address).
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137 To find the fully qualified domain name, check \var{hostname} and the
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138 items of \var{aliaslist} for an entry containing at least one period.
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139 \end{funcdesc}
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140
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141 \begin{funcdesc}{getprotobyname}{protocolname}
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142 Translate an Internet protocol name (e.g.\ \code{'icmp'}) to a constant
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143 suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the
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144 \function{socket()} function. This is usually only needed for sockets
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145 opened in ``raw'' mode (\constant{SOCK_RAW}); for the normal socket
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146 modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is
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147 omitted or zero.
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148 \end{funcdesc}
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149
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150 \begin{funcdesc}{getservbyname}{servicename, protocolname}
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151 Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number
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152 for that service. The protocol name should be \code{'tcp'} or
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153 \code{'udp'}.
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154 \end{funcdesc}
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155
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156 \begin{funcdesc}{socket}{family, type\optional{, proto}}
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157 Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and
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158 protocol number. The address family should be \constant{AF_INET} or
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159 \constant{AF_UNIX}. The socket type should be \constant{SOCK_STREAM},
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160 \constant{SOCK_DGRAM} or perhaps one of the other \samp{SOCK_} constants.
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161 The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted in that case.
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162 \end{funcdesc}
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163
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164 \begin{funcdesc}{fromfd}{fd, family, type\optional{, proto}}
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165 Build a socket object from an existing file descriptor (an integer as
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166 returned by a file object's \method{fileno()} method). Address family,
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167 socket type and protocol number are as for the \function{socket()} function
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168 above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not
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169 checked --- subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file
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170 descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be
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171 used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as
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172 standard input or output (e.g.\ a server started by the \UNIX{} inet
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173 daemon).
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174 \end{funcdesc}
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175
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176 \begin{funcdesc}{ntohl}{x}
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177 Convert 32-bit integers from network to host byte order. On machines
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178 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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179 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
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180 \end{funcdesc}
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181
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182 \begin{funcdesc}{ntohs}{x}
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183 Convert 16-bit integers from network to host byte order. On machines
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184 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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185 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
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186 \end{funcdesc}
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187
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188 \begin{funcdesc}{htonl}{x}
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189 Convert 32-bit integers from host to network byte order. On machines
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190 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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191 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
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192 \end{funcdesc}
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193
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194 \begin{funcdesc}{htons}{x}
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195 Convert 16-bit integers from host to network byte order. On machines
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196 where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
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197 no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
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198 \end{funcdesc}
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199
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200 \begin{funcdesc}{inet_aton}{ip_string}
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201 Convert an IP address from dotted-quad string format
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202 (e.g.\ '123.45.67.89') to 32-bit packed binary format, as a string four
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203 characters in length.
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204
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205 Useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library
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206 and needs objects of type \ctype{struct in_addr}, which is the C type
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207 for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns.
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208
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209 If the IP address string passed to this function is invalid,
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210 \exception{socket.error} will be raised. Note that exactly what is
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211 valid depends on the underlying C implementation of
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212 \cfunction{inet_aton()}.
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213 \end{funcdesc}
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214
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215 \begin{funcdesc}{inet_ntoa}{packed_ip}
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216 Convert a 32-bit packed IP address (a string four characters in
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217 length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation
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218 (e.g. '123.45.67.89').
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219
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220 Useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library
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221 and needs objects of type \ctype{struct in_addr}, which is the C type
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222 for the 32-bit packed binary this function takes as an argument.
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223
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224 If the string passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in
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225 length, \exception{socket.error} will be raised.
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226 \end{funcdesc}
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227
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228 \begin{datadesc}{SocketType}
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229 This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type.
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230 It is the same as \code{type(socket(...))}.
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231 \end{datadesc}
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232
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233 \subsection{Socket Objects \label{socket-objects}}
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234
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235 Socket objects have the following methods. Except for
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236 \method{makefile()} these correspond to \UNIX{} system calls
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237 applicable to sockets.
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238
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239 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{accept}{}
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240 Accept a connection.
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241 The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections.
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242 The return value is a pair \code{(\var{conn}, \var{address})}
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243 where \var{conn} is a \emph{new} socket object usable to send and
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244 receive data on the connection, and \var{address} is the address bound
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245 to the socket on the other end of the connection.
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246 \end{methoddesc}
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247
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248 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{bind}{address}
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249 Bind the socket to \var{address}. The socket must not already be bound.
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250 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see
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251 above.) \strong{Note:} This method has historically accepted a pair
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252 of parameters for \constant{AF_INET} addresses instead of only a
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253 tuple. This was never intentional and will no longer be available in
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254 Python 1.7.
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255 \end{methoddesc}
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256
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257 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{close}{}
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258 Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail.
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259 The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed).
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260 Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected.
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261 \end{methoddesc}
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262
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263 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect}{address}
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264 Connect to a remote socket at \var{address}.
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265 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see
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266 above.) \strong{Note:} This method has historically accepted a pair
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267 of parameters for \constant{AF_INET} addresses instead of only a
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268 tuple. This was never intentional and will no longer be available in
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269 Python 1.7.
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270 \end{methoddesc}
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271
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272 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect_ex}{address}
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273 Like \code{connect(\var{address})}, but return an error indicator
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274 instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level
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275 \cfunction{connect()} call (other problems, such as ``host not found,''
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276 can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is \code{0} if the
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277 operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the \cdata{errno}
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278 variable. This is useful, e.g., for asynchronous connects.
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279 \strong{Note:} This method has historically accepted a pair of
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280 parameters for \constant{AF_INET} addresses instead of only a tuple.
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281 This was never intentional and will no longer be available in Python
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282 1.7.
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283 \end{methoddesc}
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284
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285 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{fileno}{}
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286 Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer). This is useful
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287 with \function{select.select()}.
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288 \end{methoddesc}
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289
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290 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getpeername}{}
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291 Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is
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292 useful to find out the port number of a remote IP socket, for instance.
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293 (The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
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294 see above.) On some systems this function is not supported.
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295 \end{methoddesc}
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296
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297 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockname}{}
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298 Return the socket's own address. This is useful to find out the port
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299 number of an IP socket, for instance.
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300 (The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
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301 see above.)
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302 \end{methoddesc}
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303
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304 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockopt}{level, optname\optional{, buflen}}
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305 Return the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} man page
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306 \manpage{getsockopt}{2}). The needed symbolic constants
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307 (\constant{SO_*} etc.) are defined in this module. If \var{buflen}
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308 is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value
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309 is returned by the function. If \var{buflen} is present, it specifies
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310 the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and
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311 this buffer is returned as a string. It is up to the caller to decode
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312 the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module
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313 \refmodule{struct} for a way to decode C structures encoded as strings).
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314 \end{methoddesc}
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315
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316 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{listen}{backlog}
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317 Listen for connections made to the socket. The \var{backlog} argument
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318 specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at
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319 least 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5).
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320 \end{methoddesc}
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321
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322 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{makefile}{\optional{mode\optional{, bufsize}}}
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323 Return a \dfn{file object} associated with the socket. (File objects
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324 are described in \ref{bltin-file-objects}, ``File Objects.'')
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325 The file object references a \cfunction{dup()}ped version of the
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326 socket file descriptor, so the file object and socket object may be
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327 closed or garbage-collected independently.
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328 \index{I/O control!buffering}The optional \var{mode}
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329 and \var{bufsize} arguments are interpreted the same way as by the
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330 built-in \function{open()} function.
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331 \end{methoddesc}
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332
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333 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recv}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
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334 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a string representing
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335 the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received
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336 at once is specified by \var{bufsize}. See the \UNIX{} manual page
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337 \manpage{recv}{2} for the meaning of the optional argument
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338 \var{flags}; it defaults to zero.
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339 \end{methoddesc}
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340
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341 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recvfrom}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
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342 Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair
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343 \code{(\var{string}, \var{address})} where \var{string} is a string
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344 representing the data received and \var{address} is the address of the
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345 socket sending the data. The optional \var{flags} argument has the
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346 same meaning as for \method{recv()} above.
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347 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
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348 \end{methoddesc}
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349
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350 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{send}{string\optional{, flags}}
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351 Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote
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352 socket. The optional \var{flags} argument has the same meaning as for
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353 \method{recv()} above. Returns the number of bytes sent.
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354 \end{methoddesc}
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355
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356 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{sendto}{string\optional{, flags}, address}
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357 Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a
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358 remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by
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359 \var{address}. The optional \var{flags} argument has the same
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360 meaning as for \method{recv()} above. Return the number of bytes sent.
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361 (The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
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362 \end{methoddesc}
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363
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364 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setblocking}{flag}
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365 Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if \var{flag} is 0,
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366 the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode. Initially
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367 all sockets are in blocking mode. In non-blocking mode, if a
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368 \method{recv()} call doesn't find any data, or if a
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369 \method{send()} call can't immediately dispose of the data, a
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370 \exception{error} exception is raised; in blocking mode, the calls
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371 block until they can proceed.
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372 \end{methoddesc}
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373
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374 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setsockopt}{level, optname, value}
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375 Set the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} man page
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376 \manpage{setsockopt}{2}). The needed symbolic constants are defined in
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377 the \module{socket} module (\code{SO_*} etc.). The value can be an
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378 integer or a string representing a buffer. In the latter case it is
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379 up to the caller to ensure that the string contains the proper bits
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380 (see the optional built-in module
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381 \refmodule{struct}\refbimodindex{struct} for a way to encode C
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382 structures as strings).
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383 \end{methoddesc}
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384
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385 \begin{methoddesc}[socket]{shutdown}{how}
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386 Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If \var{how} is
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387 \code{0}, further receives are disallowed. If \var{how} is \code{1},
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388 further sends are disallowed. If \var{how} is \code{2}, further sends
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389 and receives are disallowed.
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390 \end{methoddesc}
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391
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392 Note that there are no methods \method{read()} or \method{write()};
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393 use \method{recv()} and \method{send()} without \var{flags} argument
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394 instead.
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395
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396 \subsection{Example}
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397 \nodename{Socket Example}
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398
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399 Here are two minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol:\ a
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400 server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one
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401 client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the
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402 sequence \function{socket()}, \method{bind()}, \method{listen()},
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403 \method{accept()} (possibly repeating the \method{accept()} to service
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404 more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence
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405 \function{socket()}, \method{connect()}. Also note that the server
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406 does not \method{send()}/\method{recv()} on the
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407 socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by
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408 \method{accept()}.
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409
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410 \begin{verbatim}
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411 # Echo server program
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412 from socket import *
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413 HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning the local host
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414 PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged server
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415 s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
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416 s.bind((HOST, PORT))
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417 s.listen(1)
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418 conn, addr = s.accept()
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419 print 'Connected by', addr
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420 while 1:
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421 data = conn.recv(1024)
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422 if not data: break
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423 conn.send(data)
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424 conn.close()
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425 \end{verbatim}
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426
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427 \begin{verbatim}
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428 # Echo client program
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429 from socket import *
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430 HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
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431 PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
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432 s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
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433 s.connect((HOST, PORT))
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434 s.send('Hello, world')
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435 data = s.recv(1024)
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436 s.close()
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437 print 'Received', `data`
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438 \end{verbatim}
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439
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440 \begin{seealso}
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441 \seemodule{SocketServer}{classes that simplify writing network servers}
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442 \end{seealso}