cpython-lru_cache-weakref: Doc/tutorial/modules.rst annotate

annotate Doc/tutorial/modules.rst @ 66978:aed2bbafa550 3.1

Blocked revisions 87324 via svnmerge ........ r87324 | r.david.murray | 2010-12-16 14:08:51 -0500 (Thu, 16 Dec 2010) | 9 lines #10719: restore messages generated on invalid compileall args Before the introduction of filename arguments to compileall it gave semi useful messages about not being able to 'list' names that weren't valid directories. This fix restores that behavior. In addition to the test for this case, the patch also adds a test for the default behavior of compileall when no arguments are provided, and fixes a bug in one of the previously added tests. ........

author	R. David Murray <rdmurray@bitdance.com>
date	Thu, 16 Dec 2010 19:10:16 +0000
parents	c9bd62efe6ce
children	bf8b4c43fb94

rev	line source
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1 .. _tut-modules:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	3 *******
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	4 Modules
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	5 *******
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	6
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	7 If you quit from the Python interpreter and enter it again, the definitions you
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	8 have made (functions and variables) are lost. Therefore, if you want to write a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	9 somewhat longer program, you are better off using a text editor to prepare the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	10 input for the interpreter and running it with that file as input instead. This
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	11 is known as creating a script. As your program gets longer, you may want to
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	12 split it into several files for easier maintenance. You may also want to use a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	13 handy function that you've written in several programs without copying its
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	14 definition into each program.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	15
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	16 To support this, Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	17 script or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	18 module; definitions from a module can be imported into other modules or into
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	19 the main module (the collection of variables that you have access to in a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	20 script executed at the top level and in calculator mode).
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	21
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	22 A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. The file name
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	23 is the module name with the suffix :file:`.py` appended. Within a module, the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	24 module's name (as a string) is available as the value of the global variable
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	25 ``__name__``. For instance, use your favorite text editor to create a file
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	26 called :file:`fibo.py` in the current directory with the following contents::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	27
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	28 # Fibonacci numbers module
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	29
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	30 def fib(n): # write Fibonacci series up to n
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	31 a, b = 0, 1
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	32 while b < n:
43115 95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 42604 diff changeset	33 print(b, end=' ')
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	34 a, b = b, a+b
48655 1635891b18e8 #3503: fix print statements in 3k doc. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 47067 diff changeset	35 print()
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	36
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	37 def fib2(n): # return Fibonacci series up to n
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	38 result = []
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	39 a, b = 0, 1
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	40 while b < n:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	41 result.append(b)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	42 a, b = b, a+b
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	43 return result
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	44
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	45 Now enter the Python interpreter and import this module with the following
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	46 command::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	47
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	48 >>> import fibo
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	49
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	50 This does not enter the names of the functions defined in ``fibo`` directly in
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	51 the current symbol table; it only enters the module name ``fibo`` there. Using
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	52 the module name you can access the functions::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	53
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	54 >>> fibo.fib(1000)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	55 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	56 >>> fibo.fib2(100)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	57 [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	58 >>> fibo.__name__
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	59 'fibo'
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	60
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	61 If you intend to use a function often you can assign it to a local name::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	62
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	63 >>> fib = fibo.fib
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	64 >>> fib(500)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	65 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	66
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	67
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	68 .. _tut-moremodules:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	69
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	70 More on Modules
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	71 ===============
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	72
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	73 A module can contain executable statements as well as function definitions.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	74 These statements are intended to initialize the module. They are executed only
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	75 the first time the module is imported somewhere. [#]_
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	76
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	77 Each module has its own private symbol table, which is used as the global symbol
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	78 table by all functions defined in the module. Thus, the author of a module can
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	79 use global variables in the module without worrying about accidental clashes
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	80 with a user's global variables. On the other hand, if you know what you are
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	81 doing you can touch a module's global variables with the same notation used to
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	82 refer to its functions, ``modname.itemname``.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	83
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	84 Modules can import other modules. It is customary but not required to place all
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	85 :keyword:`import` statements at the beginning of a module (or script, for that
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	86 matter). The imported module names are placed in the importing module's global
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	87 symbol table.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	88
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	89 There is a variant of the :keyword:`import` statement that imports names from a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	90 module directly into the importing module's symbol table. For example::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	91
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	92 >>> from fibo import fib, fib2
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	93 >>> fib(500)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	94 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	95
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	96 This does not introduce the module name from which the imports are taken in the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	97 local symbol table (so in the example, ``fibo`` is not defined).
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	98
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	99 There is even a variant to import all names that a module defines::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	100
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	101 >>> from fibo import *
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	102 >>> fib(500)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	103 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	104
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	105 This imports all names except those beginning with an underscore (``_``).
50563 93cf3a6ead63 Merged revisions 68226 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 50540 diff changeset	106 In most cases Python programmers do not use this facility since it introduces
93cf3a6ead63 Merged revisions 68226 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 50540 diff changeset	107 an unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some things
43115 95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 42604 diff changeset	108 you have already defined.
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	109
56368 c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	110 Note that in general the practice of importing ``*`` from a module or package is
c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	111 frowned upon, since it often causes poorly readable code. However, it is okay to
c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	112 use it to save typing in interactive sessions.
c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	113
47063 081c15806e28 Merged revisions 62914-62916,62918-62919,62921-62922,62924-62942,62944-62945,62947-62949 via svnmerge from Alexandre Vassalotti <alexandre@peadrop.com> parents: 46963 diff changeset	114 .. note::
081c15806e28 Merged revisions 62914-62916,62918-62919,62921-62922,62924-62942,62944-62945,62947-62949 via svnmerge from Alexandre Vassalotti <alexandre@peadrop.com> parents: 46963 diff changeset	115
081c15806e28 Merged revisions 62914-62916,62918-62919,62921-62922,62924-62942,62944-62945,62947-62949 via svnmerge from Alexandre Vassalotti <alexandre@peadrop.com> parents: 46963 diff changeset	116 For efficiency reasons, each module is only imported once per interpreter
081c15806e28 Merged revisions 62914-62916,62918-62919,62921-62922,62924-62942,62944-62945,62947-62949 via svnmerge from Alexandre Vassalotti <alexandre@peadrop.com> parents: 46963 diff changeset	117 session. Therefore, if you change your modules, you must restart the
081c15806e28 Merged revisions 62914-62916,62918-62919,62921-62922,62924-62942,62944-62945,62947-62949 via svnmerge from Alexandre Vassalotti <alexandre@peadrop.com> parents: 46963 diff changeset	118 interpreter -- or, if it's just one module you want to test interactively,
50540 4229a4b14f1d Merged revisions 67653,67655,67682-67683,67724,67755,67780-67783,67786,67789,67841,67843,67865,67881,67884,67925,67929,67931 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 48655 diff changeset	119 use :func:`imp.reload`, e.g. ``import imp; imp.reload(modulename)``.
47063 081c15806e28 Merged revisions 62914-62916,62918-62919,62921-62922,62924-62942,62944-62945,62947-62949 via svnmerge from Alexandre Vassalotti <alexandre@peadrop.com> parents: 46963 diff changeset	120
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	121
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	122 .. _tut-modulesasscripts:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	123
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	124 Executing modules as scripts
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	125 ----------------------------
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	126
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	127 When you run a Python module with ::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	128
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	129 python fibo.py <arguments>
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	130
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	131 the code in the module will be executed, just as if you imported it, but with
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	132 the ``__name__`` set to ``"__main__"``. That means that by adding this code at
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	133 the end of your module::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	134
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	135 if __name__ == "__main__":
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	136 import sys
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	137 fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	138
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	139 you can make the file usable as a script as well as an importable module,
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	140 because the code that parses the command line only runs if the module is
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	141 executed as the "main" file::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	142
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	143 $ python fibo.py 50
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	144 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	145
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	146 If the module is imported, the code is not run::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	147
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	148 >>> import fibo
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	149 >>>
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	150
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	151 This is often used either to provide a convenient user interface to a module, or
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	152 for testing purposes (running the module as a script executes a test suite).
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	153
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	154
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	155 .. _tut-searchpath:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	156
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	157 The Module Search Path
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	158 ----------------------
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	159
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	160 .. index:: triple: module; search; path
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	161
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	162 When a module named :mod:`spam` is imported, the interpreter searches for a file
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	163 named :file:`spam.py` in the current directory, and then in the list of
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	164 directories specified by the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`. This
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	165 has the same syntax as the shell variable :envvar:`PATH`, that is, a list of
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	166 directory names. When :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is not set, or when the file is not
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	167 found there, the search continues in an installation-dependent default path; on
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	168 Unix, this is usually :file:`.:/usr/local/lib/python`.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	169
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	170 Actually, modules are searched in the list of directories given by the variable
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	171 ``sys.path`` which is initialized from the directory containing the input script
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	172 (or the current directory), :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` and the installation- dependent
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	173 default. This allows Python programs that know what they're doing to modify or
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	174 replace the module search path. Note that because the directory containing the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	175 script being run is on the search path, it is important that the script not have
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	176 the same name as a standard module, or Python will attempt to load the script as
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	177 a module when that module is imported. This will generally be an error. See
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	178 section :ref:`tut-standardmodules` for more information.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	179
43115 95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 42604 diff changeset	180 .. %
95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 42604 diff changeset	181 Do we need stuff on zip files etc. ? DUBOIS
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	182
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	183 "Compiled" Python files
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	184 -----------------------
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	185
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	186 As an important speed-up of the start-up time for short programs that use a lot
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	187 of standard modules, if a file called :file:`spam.pyc` exists in the directory
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	188 where :file:`spam.py` is found, this is assumed to contain an
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	189 already-"byte-compiled" version of the module :mod:`spam`. The modification time
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	190 of the version of :file:`spam.py` used to create :file:`spam.pyc` is recorded in
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	191 :file:`spam.pyc`, and the :file:`.pyc` file is ignored if these don't match.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	192
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	193 Normally, you don't need to do anything to create the :file:`spam.pyc` file.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	194 Whenever :file:`spam.py` is successfully compiled, an attempt is made to write
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	195 the compiled version to :file:`spam.pyc`. It is not an error if this attempt
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	196 fails; if for any reason the file is not written completely, the resulting
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	197 :file:`spam.pyc` file will be recognized as invalid and thus ignored later. The
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	198 contents of the :file:`spam.pyc` file are platform independent, so a Python
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	199 module directory can be shared by machines of different architectures.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	200
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	201 Some tips for experts:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	202
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	203 * When the Python interpreter is invoked with the :option:`-O` flag, optimized
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	204 code is generated and stored in :file:`.pyo` files. The optimizer currently
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	205 doesn't help much; it only removes :keyword:`assert` statements. When
43737 3d866579117d #1370: Finish the merge r58749, log below, by resolving all conflicts in Doc/. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 43201 diff changeset	206 :option:`-O` is used, all :term:`bytecode` is optimized; ``.pyc`` files are
3d866579117d #1370: Finish the merge r58749, log below, by resolving all conflicts in Doc/. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 43201 diff changeset	207 ignored and ``.py`` files are compiled to optimized bytecode.
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	208
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	209 * Passing two :option:`-O` flags to the Python interpreter (:option:`-OO`) will
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	210 cause the bytecode compiler to perform optimizations that could in some rare
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	211 cases result in malfunctioning programs. Currently only ``__doc__`` strings are
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	212 removed from the bytecode, resulting in more compact :file:`.pyo` files. Since
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	213 some programs may rely on having these available, you should only use this
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	214 option if you know what you're doing.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	215
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	216 * A program doesn't run any faster when it is read from a :file:`.pyc` or
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	217 :file:`.pyo` file than when it is read from a :file:`.py` file; the only thing
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	218 that's faster about :file:`.pyc` or :file:`.pyo` files is the speed with which
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	219 they are loaded.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	220
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	221 * When a script is run by giving its name on the command line, the bytecode for
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	222 the script is never written to a :file:`.pyc` or :file:`.pyo` file. Thus, the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	223 startup time of a script may be reduced by moving most of its code to a module
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	224 and having a small bootstrap script that imports that module. It is also
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	225 possible to name a :file:`.pyc` or :file:`.pyo` file directly on the command
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	226 line.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	227
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	228 * It is possible to have a file called :file:`spam.pyc` (or :file:`spam.pyo`
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	229 when :option:`-O` is used) without a file :file:`spam.py` for the same module.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	230 This can be used to distribute a library of Python code in a form that is
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	231 moderately hard to reverse engineer.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	232
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	233 .. index:: module: compileall
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	234
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	235 * The module :mod:`compileall` can create :file:`.pyc` files (or :file:`.pyo`
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	236 files when :option:`-O` is used) for all modules in a directory.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	237
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	238
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	239 .. _tut-standardmodules:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	240
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	241 Standard Modules
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	242 ================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	243
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	244 .. index:: module: sys
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	245
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	246 Python comes with a library of standard modules, described in a separate
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	247 document, the Python Library Reference ("Library Reference" hereafter). Some
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	248 modules are built into the interpreter; these provide access to operations that
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	249 are not part of the core of the language but are nevertheless built in, either
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	250 for efficiency or to provide access to operating system primitives such as
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	251 system calls. The set of such modules is a configuration option which also
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	252 depends on the underlying platform For example, the :mod:`winreg` module is only
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	253 provided on Windows systems. One particular module deserves some attention:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	254 :mod:`sys`, which is built into every Python interpreter. The variables
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	255 ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` define the strings used as primary and secondary
44396 6556f3f22c19 Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from Christian Heimes <christian@cheimes.de> parents: 44098 diff changeset	256 prompts::
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	257
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	258 >>> import sys
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	259 >>> sys.ps1
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	260 '>>> '
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	261 >>> sys.ps2
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	262 '... '
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	263 >>> sys.ps1 = 'C> '
43115 95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 42604 diff changeset	264 C> print('Yuck!')
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	265 Yuck!
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	266 C>
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	267
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	268
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	269 These two variables are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	270
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	271 The variable ``sys.path`` is a list of strings that determines the interpreter's
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	272 search path for modules. It is initialized to a default path taken from the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	273 environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, or from a built-in default if
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	274 :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is not set. You can modify it using standard list
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	275 operations::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	276
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	277 >>> import sys
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	278 >>> sys.path.append('/ufs/guido/lib/python')
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	279
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	280
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	281 .. _tut-dir:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	282
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	283 The :func:`dir` Function
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	284 ========================
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	285
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	286 The built-in function :func:`dir` is used to find out which names a module
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	287 defines. It returns a sorted list of strings::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	288
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	289 >>> import fibo, sys
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	290 >>> dir(fibo)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	291 ['__name__', 'fib', 'fib2']
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	292 >>> dir(sys)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	293 ['__displayhook__', '__doc__', '__excepthook__', '__name__', '__stderr__',
50563 93cf3a6ead63 Merged revisions 68226 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 50540 diff changeset	294 '__stdin__', '__stdout__', '_getframe', 'api_version', 'argv',
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	295 'builtin_module_names', 'byteorder', 'callstats', 'copyright',
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	296 'displayhook', 'exc_info', 'excepthook',
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	297 'exec_prefix', 'executable', 'exit', 'getdefaultencoding', 'getdlopenflags',
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	298 'getrecursionlimit', 'getrefcount', 'hexversion', 'maxint', 'maxunicode',
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	299 'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache',
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	300 'platform', 'prefix', 'ps1', 'ps2', 'setcheckinterval', 'setdlopenflags',
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	301 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout',
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	302 'version', 'version_info', 'warnoptions']
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	303
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	304 Without arguments, :func:`dir` lists the names you have defined currently::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	305
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	306 >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	307 >>> import fibo
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	308 >>> fib = fibo.fib
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	309 >>> dir()
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	310 ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'a', 'fib', 'fibo', 'sys']
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	311
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	312 Note that it lists all types of names: variables, modules, functions, etc.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	313
44098 0889daf6d0d9 #1535: rename __builtin__ module to builtins. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 43737 diff changeset	314 .. index:: module: builtins
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	315
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	316 :func:`dir` does not list the names of built-in functions and variables. If you
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	317 want a list of those, they are defined in the standard module
44098 0889daf6d0d9 #1535: rename __builtin__ module to builtins. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 43737 diff changeset	318 :mod:`builtins`::
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	319
44098 0889daf6d0d9 #1535: rename __builtin__ module to builtins. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 43737 diff changeset	320 >>> import builtins
0889daf6d0d9 #1535: rename __builtin__ module to builtins. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 43737 diff changeset	321 >>> dir(builtins)
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	322
43115 95d6fe2e8e0e Tutorial update for 3.0 by Paul Dubois. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 42604 diff changeset	323 ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'Buffer
51250 2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	324 Error', 'BytesWarning', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'Environme
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	325 ntError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'Generato
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	326 rExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexErr
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	327 or', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'NameError',
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	328 'None', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'P
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	329 endingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', '
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	330 StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'Ta
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	331 bError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'Unicod
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	332 eEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserW
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	333 arning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__build_class__', '__deb
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	334 ug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__name__', '__package__', 'abs', 'all', 'any',
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	335 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', '
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	336 complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	337 ', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr',
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	338 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance',
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	339 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memory
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	340 view', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property'
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	341 , 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sort
2358299564ea Merged revisions 69190 via svnmerge from Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com> parents: 50563 diff changeset	342 ed', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	343
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	344 .. _tut-packages:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	345
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	346 Packages
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	347 ========
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	348
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	349 Packages are a way of structuring Python's module namespace by using "dotted
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	350 module names". For example, the module name :mod:`A.B` designates a submodule
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	351 named ``B`` in a package named ``A``. Just like the use of modules saves the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	352 authors of different modules from having to worry about each other's global
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	353 variable names, the use of dotted module names saves the authors of multi-module
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	354 packages like NumPy or the Python Imaging Library from having to worry about
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	355 each other's module names.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	356
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	357 Suppose you want to design a collection of modules (a "package") for the uniform
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	358 handling of sound files and sound data. There are many different sound file
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	359 formats (usually recognized by their extension, for example: :file:`.wav`,
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	360 :file:`.aiff`, :file:`.au`), so you may need to create and maintain a growing
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	361 collection of modules for the conversion between the various file formats.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	362 There are also many different operations you might want to perform on sound data
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	363 (such as mixing, adding echo, applying an equalizer function, creating an
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	364 artificial stereo effect), so in addition you will be writing a never-ending
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	365 stream of modules to perform these operations. Here's a possible structure for
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	366 your package (expressed in terms of a hierarchical filesystem)::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	367
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	368 sound/ Top-level package
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	369 __init__.py Initialize the sound package
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	370 formats/ Subpackage for file format conversions
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	371 __init__.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	372 wavread.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	373 wavwrite.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	374 aiffread.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	375 aiffwrite.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	376 auread.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	377 auwrite.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	378 ...
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	379 effects/ Subpackage for sound effects
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	380 __init__.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	381 echo.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	382 surround.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	383 reverse.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	384 ...
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	385 filters/ Subpackage for filters
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	386 __init__.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	387 equalizer.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	388 vocoder.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	389 karaoke.py
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	390 ...
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	391
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	392 When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	393 ``sys.path`` looking for the package subdirectory.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	394
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	395 The :file:`__init__.py` files are required to make Python treat the directories
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	396 as containing packages; this is done to prevent directories with a common name,
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	397 such as ``string``, from unintentionally hiding valid modules that occur later
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	398 on the module search path. In the simplest case, :file:`__init__.py` can just be
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	399 an empty file, but it can also execute initialization code for the package or
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	400 set the ``__all__`` variable, described later.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	401
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	402 Users of the package can import individual modules from the package, for
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	403 example::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	404
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	405 import sound.effects.echo
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	406
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	407 This loads the submodule :mod:`sound.effects.echo`. It must be referenced with
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	408 its full name. ::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	409
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	410 sound.effects.echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	411
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	412 An alternative way of importing the submodule is::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	413
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	414 from sound.effects import echo
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	415
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	416 This also loads the submodule :mod:`echo`, and makes it available without its
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	417 package prefix, so it can be used as follows::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	418
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	419 echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	420
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	421 Yet another variation is to import the desired function or variable directly::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	422
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	423 from sound.effects.echo import echofilter
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	424
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	425 Again, this loads the submodule :mod:`echo`, but this makes its function
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	426 :func:`echofilter` directly available::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	427
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	428 echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	429
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	430 Note that when using ``from package import item``, the item can be either a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	431 submodule (or subpackage) of the package, or some other name defined in the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	432 package, like a function, class or variable. The ``import`` statement first
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	433 tests whether the item is defined in the package; if not, it assumes it is a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	434 module and attempts to load it. If it fails to find it, an :exc:`ImportError`
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	435 exception is raised.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	436
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	437 Contrarily, when using syntax like ``import item.subitem.subsubitem``, each item
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	438 except for the last must be a package; the last item can be a module or a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	439 package but can't be a class or function or variable defined in the previous
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	440 item.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	441
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	442
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	443 .. _tut-pkg-import-star:
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	444
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	445 Importing \* From a Package
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	446 ---------------------------
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	447
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	448 .. index:: single: __all__
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	449
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	450 Now what happens when the user writes ``from sound.effects import *``? Ideally,
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	451 one would hope that this somehow goes out to the filesystem, finds which
56368 c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	452 submodules are present in the package, and imports them all. This could take a
c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	453 long time and importing sub-modules might have unwanted side-effects that should
c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	454 only happen when the sub-module is explicitly imported.
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	455
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	456 The only solution is for the package author to provide an explicit index of the
55580 7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	457 package. The :keyword:`import` statement uses the following convention: if a package's
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	458 :file:`__init__.py` code defines a list named ``__all__``, it is taken to be the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	459 list of module names that should be imported when ``from package import *`` is
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	460 encountered. It is up to the package author to keep this list up-to-date when a
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	461 new version of the package is released. Package authors may also decide not to
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	462 support it, if they don't see a use for importing \* from their package. For
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	463 example, the file :file:`sounds/effects/__init__.py` could contain the following
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	464 code::
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	465
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	466 __all__ = ["echo", "surround", "reverse"]
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	467
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	468 This would mean that ``from sound.effects import *`` would import the three
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	469 named submodules of the :mod:`sound` package.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	470
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	471 If ``__all__`` is not defined, the statement ``from sound.effects import *``
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	472 does not import all submodules from the package :mod:`sound.effects` into the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	473 current namespace; it only ensures that the package :mod:`sound.effects` has
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	474 been imported (possibly running any initialization code in :file:`__init__.py`)
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	475 and then imports whatever names are defined in the package. This includes any
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	476 names defined (and submodules explicitly loaded) by :file:`__init__.py`. It
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	477 also includes any submodules of the package that were explicitly loaded by
55580 7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	478 previous :keyword:`import` statements. Consider this code::
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	479
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	480 import sound.effects.echo
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	481 import sound.effects.surround
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	482 from sound.effects import *
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	483
55580 7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	484 In this example, the :mod:`echo` and :mod:`surround` modules are imported in the
7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	485 current namespace because they are defined in the :mod:`sound.effects` package
7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	486 when the ``from...import`` statement is executed. (This also works when
7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	487 ``__all__`` is defined.)
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	488
56368 c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	489 Although certain modules are designed to export only names that follow certain
c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	490 patterns when you use ``import *``, it is still considered bad practise in
c9bd62efe6ce Merged revisions 75231 via svnmerge from Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 55580 diff changeset	491 production code.
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	492
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	493 Remember, there is nothing wrong with using ``from Package import
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	494 specific_submodule``! In fact, this is the recommended notation unless the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	495 importing module needs to use submodules with the same name from different
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	496 packages.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	497
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	498
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	499 Intra-package References
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	500 ------------------------
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	501
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	502 When packages are structured into subpackages (as with the :mod:`sound` package
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	503 in the example), you can use absolute imports to refer to submodules of siblings
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	504 packages. For example, if the module :mod:`sound.filters.vocoder` needs to use
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	505 the :mod:`echo` module in the :mod:`sound.effects` package, it can use ``from
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	506 sound.effects import echo``.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	507
46963 03b1233bf5fe Remove many "versionchanged" items that didn't use the official markup, Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44396 diff changeset	508 You can also write relative imports, with the ``from module import name`` form
03b1233bf5fe Remove many "versionchanged" items that didn't use the official markup, Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44396 diff changeset	509 of import statement. These imports use leading dots to indicate the current and
03b1233bf5fe Remove many "versionchanged" items that didn't use the official markup, Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44396 diff changeset	510 parent packages involved in the relative import. From the :mod:`surround`
03b1233bf5fe Remove many "versionchanged" items that didn't use the official markup, Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44396 diff changeset	511 module for example, you might use::
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	512
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	513 from . import echo
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	514 from .. import formats
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	515 from ..filters import equalizer
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	516
46963 03b1233bf5fe Remove many "versionchanged" items that didn't use the official markup, Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44396 diff changeset	517 Note that relative imports are based on the name of the current module. Since
03b1233bf5fe Remove many "versionchanged" items that didn't use the official markup, Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44396 diff changeset	518 the name of the main module is always ``"__main__"``, modules intended for use
03b1233bf5fe Remove many "versionchanged" items that didn't use the official markup, Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44396 diff changeset	519 as the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports.
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	520
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	521
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	522 Packages in Multiple Directories
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	523 --------------------------------
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	524
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	525 Packages support one more special attribute, :attr:`__path__`. This is
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	526 initialized to be a list containing the name of the directory holding the
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	527 package's :file:`__init__.py` before the code in that file is executed. This
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	528 variable can be modified; doing so affects future searches for modules and
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	529 subpackages contained in the package.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	530
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	531 While this feature is not often needed, it can be used to extend the set of
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	532 modules found in a package.
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	533
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	534
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	535 .. rubric:: Footnotes
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	536
9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	537 .. [#] In fact function definitions are also 'statements' that are 'executed'; the
55580 7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	538 execution of a module-level function enters the function name in the module's
7b495c8f2a24 Merged revisions 73941-73943,74076,74094,74186,74211-74214,74247,74254,74262,74311,74334,74368 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 51250 diff changeset	539 global symbol table.
42604 9e1529bf0442 Move the 3k reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	540

Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Doc/tutorial/modules.rst @ 66978:aed2bbafa550 3.1