cpython-lru_cache-weakref: Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex annotate

annotate Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex @ 39587:bbef2ecdee33 2.4

Patch #1540329: _hotshot.c fix backports.

author	Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
date	Sat, 19 Aug 2006 07:48:06 +0000
parents	2c1fe761f019
children

rev	line source
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	1 \section{Built-in Types \label{types}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	2
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	3 The following sections describe the standard types that are built into
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	4 the interpreter. Historically, Python's built-in types have differed
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	5 from user-defined types because it was not possible to use the built-in
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	6 types as the basis for object-oriented inheritance. With the 2.2
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	7 release this situation has started to change, although the intended
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	8 unification of user-defined and built-in types is as yet far from
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	9 complete.
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	10
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	11 The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, files
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	12 classes, instances and exceptions.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	13 \indexii{built-in}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	14
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	15 Some operations are supported by several object types; in particular,
31298 ad3faf52e19e Correct misrepresentation of print (it uses str(), not `...` for Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 31286 diff changeset	16 practically all objects can be compared, tested for truth value,
ad3faf52e19e Correct misrepresentation of print (it uses str(), not `...` for Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 31286 diff changeset	17 and converted to a string (with the \code{`\textrm{\ldots}`} notation,
ad3faf52e19e Correct misrepresentation of print (it uses str(), not `...` for Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 31286 diff changeset	18 the equivalent \function{repr()} function, or the slightly different
ad3faf52e19e Correct misrepresentation of print (it uses str(), not `...` for Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 31286 diff changeset	19 \function{str()} function). The latter
ad3faf52e19e Correct misrepresentation of print (it uses str(), not `...` for Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 31286 diff changeset	20 function is implicitly used when an object is written by the
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	21 \keyword{print}\stindex{print} statement.
28909 06abfc9c68e7 At the site of an indexed reference to print, point to the relevant Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28606 diff changeset	22 (Information on \ulink{\keyword{print} statement}{../ref/print.html}
06abfc9c68e7 At the site of an indexed reference to print, point to the relevant Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28606 diff changeset	23 and other language statements can be found in the
06abfc9c68e7 At the site of an indexed reference to print, point to the relevant Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28606 diff changeset	24 \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} and the
06abfc9c68e7 At the site of an indexed reference to print, point to the relevant Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28606 diff changeset	25 \citetitle[../tut/tut.html]{Python Tutorial}.)
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	26
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	27
28909 06abfc9c68e7 At the site of an indexed reference to print, point to the relevant Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28606 diff changeset	28 \subsection{Truth Value Testing\label{truth}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	29
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	30 Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an \keyword{if} or
fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	31 \keyword{while} condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	32 The following values are considered false:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	33 \stindex{if}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	34 \stindex{while}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	35 \indexii{truth}{value}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	36 \indexii{Boolean}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	37 \index{false}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	38
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	39 \begin{itemize}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	40
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	41 \item \code{None}
24631 110c6edaf62f Clarify that the bool instances are acceptable return values from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24599 diff changeset	42 \withsubitem{(Built-in object)}{\ttindex{None}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	43
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	44 \item \code{False}
24631 110c6edaf62f Clarify that the bool instances are acceptable return values from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24599 diff changeset	45 \withsubitem{(Built-in object)}{\ttindex{False}}
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	46
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	47 \item zero of any numeric type, for example, \code{0}, \code{0L},
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	48 \code{0.0}, \code{0j}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	49
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	50 \item any empty sequence, for example, \code{''}, \code{()}, \code{[]}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	51
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	52 \item any empty mapping, for example, \code{\{\}}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	53
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	54 \item instances of user-defined classes, if the class defines a
24631 110c6edaf62f Clarify that the bool instances are acceptable return values from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24599 diff changeset	55 \method{__nonzero__()} or \method{__len__()} method, when that
110c6edaf62f Clarify that the bool instances are acceptable return values from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24599 diff changeset	56 method returns the integer zero or \class{bool} value
110c6edaf62f Clarify that the bool instances are acceptable return values from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24599 diff changeset	57 \code{False}.\footnote{Additional
24227 8a67f28a42a5 Clarify the return value of __nonzero__(): It must be an integer. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 23860 diff changeset	58 information on these special methods may be found in the
8a67f28a42a5 Clarify the return value of __nonzero__(): It must be an integer. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 23860 diff changeset	59 \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual}.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	60
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	61 \end{itemize}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	62
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	63 All other values are considered true --- so objects of many types are
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	64 always true.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	65 \index{true}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	66
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	67 Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	68 return \code{0} or \code{False} for false and \code{1} or \code{True}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	69 for true, unless otherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	70 operations \samp{or}\opindex{or} and \samp{and}\opindex{and} always
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	71 return one of their operands.)
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	72 \index{False}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	73 \index{True}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	74
35074 f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	75 \subsection{Boolean Operations ---
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	76 \keyword{and}, \keyword{or}, \keyword{not}
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	77 \label{boolean}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	78
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	79 These are the Boolean operations, ordered by ascending priority:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	80 \indexii{Boolean}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	81
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	82 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	83 \lineiii{\var{x} or \var{y}}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	84 {if \var{x} is false, then \var{y}, else \var{x}}{(1)}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	85 \lineiii{\var{x} and \var{y}}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	86 {if \var{x} is false, then \var{x}, else \var{y}}{(1)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	87 \hline
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	88 \lineiii{not \var{x}}
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	89 {if \var{x} is false, then \code{True}, else \code{False}}{(2)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	90 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	91 \opindex{and}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	92 \opindex{or}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	93 \opindex{not}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	94
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	95 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	96 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	97
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	98 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	99
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	100 \item[(1)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	101 These only evaluate their second argument if needed for their outcome.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	102
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	103 \item[(2)]
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	104 \samp{not} has a lower priority than non-Boolean operators, so
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	105 \code{not \var{a} == \var{b}} is interpreted as \code{not (\var{a} ==
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	106 \var{b})}, and \code{\var{a} == not \var{b}} is a syntax error.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	107
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	108 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	109
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	110
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	111 \subsection{Comparisons \label{comparisons}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	112
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	113 Comparison operations are supported by all objects. They all have the
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	114 same priority (which is higher than that of the Boolean operations).
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	115 Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, \code{\var{x} <
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	116 \var{y} <= \var{z}} is equivalent to \code{\var{x} < \var{y} and
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	117 \var{y} <= \var{z}}, except that \var{y} is evaluated only once (but
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	118 in both cases \var{z} is not evaluated at all when \code{\var{x} <
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	119 \var{y}} is found to be false).
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	120 \indexii{chaining}{comparisons}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	121
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	122 This table summarizes the comparison operations:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	123
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	124 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Meaning}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	125 \lineiii{<}{strictly less than}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	126 \lineiii{<=}{less than or equal}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	127 \lineiii{>}{strictly greater than}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	128 \lineiii{>=}{greater than or equal}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	129 \lineiii{==}{equal}{}
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	130 \lineiii{!=}{not equal}{(1)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	131 \lineiii{<>}{not equal}{(1)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	132 \lineiii{is}{object identity}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	133 \lineiii{is not}{negated object identity}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	134 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	135 \indexii{operator}{comparison}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	136 \opindex{==} % XXX All others have funny characters < ! >
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	137 \opindex{is}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	138 \opindex{is not}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	139
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	140 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	141 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	142
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	143 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	144
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	145 \item[(1)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	146 \code{<>} and \code{!=} are alternate spellings for the same operator.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	147 \code{!=} is the preferred spelling; \code{<>} is obsolescent.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	148
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	149 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	150
29343 e4f70e602598 Patch #744238: Explain that different string types also may compare equal. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 29067 diff changeset	151 Objects of different types, except different numeric types and different string types, never
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	152 compare equal; such objects are ordered consistently but arbitrarily
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	153 (so that sorting a heterogeneous array yields a consistent result).
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	154 Furthermore, some types (for example, file objects) support only a
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	155 degenerate notion of comparison where any two objects of that type are
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	156 unequal. Again, such objects are ordered arbitrarily but
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	157 consistently. The \code{<}, \code{<=}, \code{>} and \code{>=}
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	158 operators will raise a \exception{TypeError} exception when any operand
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	159 is a complex number.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	160 \indexii{object}{numeric}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	161 \indexii{objects}{comparing}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	162
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	163 Instances of a class normally compare as non-equal unless the class
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	164 \withsubitem{(instance method)}{\ttindex{__cmp__()}}
14485 ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	165 defines the \method{__cmp__()} method. Refer to the
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	166 \citetitle[../ref/customization.html]{Python Reference Manual} for
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	167 information on the use of this method to effect object comparisons.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	168
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	169 \strong{Implementation note:} Objects of different types except
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	170 numbers are ordered by their type names; objects of the same types
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	171 that don't support proper comparison are ordered by their address.
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	172
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	173 Two more operations with the same syntactic priority,
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	174 \samp{in}\opindex{in} and \samp{not in}\opindex{not in}, are supported
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	175 only by sequence types (below).
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	176
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	177
35074 f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	178 \subsection{Numeric Types ---
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	179 \class{int}, \class{float}, \class{long}, \class{complex}
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	180 \label{typesnumeric}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	181
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	182 There are four distinct numeric types: \dfn{plain integers},
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	183 \dfn{long integers},
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	184 \dfn{floating point numbers}, and \dfn{complex numbers}.
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	185 In addition, Booleans are a subtype of plain integers.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	186 Plain integers (also just called \dfn{integers})
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	187 are implemented using \ctype{long} in C, which gives them at least 32
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	188 bits of precision. Long integers have unlimited precision. Floating
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	189 point numbers are implemented using \ctype{double} in C. All bets on
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	190 their precision are off unless you happen to know the machine you are
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	191 working with.
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	192 \obindex{numeric}
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	193 \obindex{Boolean}
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	194 \obindex{integer}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	195 \obindex{long integer}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	196 \obindex{floating point}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	197 \obindex{complex number}
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	198 \indexii{C}{language}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	199
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	200 Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part, which are each
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	201 implemented using \ctype{double} in C. To extract these parts from
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	202 a complex number \var{z}, use \code{\var{z}.real} and \code{\var{z}.imag}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	203
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	204 Numbers are created by numeric literals or as the result of built-in
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	205 functions and operators. Unadorned integer literals (including hex
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	206 and octal numbers) yield plain integers unless the value they denote
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	207 is too large to be represented as a plain integer, in which case
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	208 they yield a long integer. Integer literals with an
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	209 \character{L} or \character{l} suffix yield long integers
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	210 (\character{L} is preferred because \samp{1l} looks too much like
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	211 eleven!). Numeric literals containing a decimal point or an exponent
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	212 sign yield floating point numbers. Appending \character{j} or
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	213 \character{J} to a numeric literal yields a complex number with a
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	214 zero real part. A complex numeric literal is the sum of a real and
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	215 an imaginary part.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	216 \indexii{numeric}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	217 \indexii{integer}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	218 \indexiii{long}{integer}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	219 \indexii{floating point}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	220 \indexii{complex number}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	221 \indexii{hexadecimal}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	222 \indexii{octal}{literals}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	223
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	224 Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	225 operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	226 ``narrower'' type is widened to that of the other, where plain
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	227 integer is narrower than long integer is narrower than floating point is
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	228 narrower than complex.
10520 7ee1e3134147 Fixed latex2html weirdness with footnotes. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10241 diff changeset	229 Comparisons between numbers of mixed type use the same rule.\footnote{
7ee1e3134147 Fixed latex2html weirdness with footnotes. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10241 diff changeset	230 As a consequence, the list \code{[1, 2]} is considered equal
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	231 to \code{[1.0, 2.0]}, and similarly for tuples.
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	232 } The constructors \function{int()}, \function{long()}, \function{float()},
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	233 and \function{complex()} can be used
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	234 to produce numbers of a specific type.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	235 \index{arithmetic}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	236 \bifuncindex{int}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	237 \bifuncindex{long}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	238 \bifuncindex{float}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	239 \bifuncindex{complex}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	240
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	241 All numeric types (except complex) support the following operations,
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	242 sorted by ascending priority (operations in the same box have the same
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	243 priority; all numeric operations have a higher priority than
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	244 comparison operations):
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	245
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	246 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	247 \lineiii{\var{x} + \var{y}}{sum of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	248 \lineiii{\var{x} - \var{y}}{difference of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	249 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	250 \lineiii{\var{x} * \var{y}}{product of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	251 \lineiii{\var{x} / \var{y}}{quotient of \var{x} and \var{y}}{(1)}
37211 2c1fe761f019 Backport of rev 43312: Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 36581 diff changeset	252 \lineiii{\var{x} // \var{y}}{(floored) quotient of \var{x} and \var{y}}{(5)}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	253 \lineiii{\var{x} \%{} \var{y}}{remainder of \code{\var{x} / \var{y}}}{(4)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	254 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	255 \lineiii{-\var{x}}{\var{x} negated}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	256 \lineiii{+\var{x}}{\var{x} unchanged}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	257 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	258 \lineiii{abs(\var{x})}{absolute value or magnitude of \var{x}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	259 \lineiii{int(\var{x})}{\var{x} converted to integer}{(2)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	260 \lineiii{long(\var{x})}{\var{x} converted to long integer}{(2)}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	261 \lineiii{float(\var{x})}{\var{x} converted to floating point}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	262 \lineiii{complex(\var{re},\var{im})}{a complex number with real part \var{re}, imaginary part \var{im}. \var{im} defaults to zero.}{}
10147 3ac7f0066375 Document <complex #>.conjugate(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9558 diff changeset	263 \lineiii{\var{c}.conjugate()}{conjugate of the complex number \var{c}}{}
35074 f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	264 \lineiii{divmod(\var{x}, \var{y})}{the pair \code{(\var{x} // \var{y}, \var{x} \%{} \var{y})}}{(3)(4)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	265 \lineiii{pow(\var{x}, \var{y})}{\var{x} to the power \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	266 \lineiii{\var{x} ** \var{y}}{\var{x} to the power \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	267 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	268 \indexiii{operations on}{numeric}{types}
10147 3ac7f0066375 Document <complex #>.conjugate(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9558 diff changeset	269 \withsubitem{(complex number method)}{\ttindex{conjugate()}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	270
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	271 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	272 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	273 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	274
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	275 \item[(1)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	276 For (plain or long) integer division, the result is an integer.
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	277 The result is always rounded towards minus infinity: 1/2 is 0,
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	278 (-1)/2 is -1, 1/(-2) is -1, and (-1)/(-2) is 0. Note that the result
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	279 is a long integer if either operand is a long integer, regardless of
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	280 the numeric value.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	281 \indexii{integer}{division}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	282 \indexiii{long}{integer}{division}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	283
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	284 \item[(2)]
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	285 Conversion from floating point to (long or plain) integer may round or
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	286 truncate as in C; see functions \function{floor()} and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	287 \function{ceil()} in the \refmodule{math}\refbimodindex{math} module
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	288 for well-defined conversions.
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	289 \withsubitem{(in module math)}{\ttindex{floor()}\ttindex{ceil()}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	290 \indexii{numeric}{conversions}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	291 \indexii{C}{language}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	292
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	293 \item[(3)]
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	294 See section \ref{built-in-funcs}, ``Built-in Functions,'' for a full
e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	295 description.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	296
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	297 \item[(4)]
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	298 Complex floor division operator, modulo operator, and \function{divmod()}.
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	299
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	300 \deprecated{2.3}{Instead convert to float using \function{abs()}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	301 if appropriate.}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	302
37211 2c1fe761f019 Backport of rev 43312: Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 36581 diff changeset	303 \item[(5)]
2c1fe761f019 Backport of rev 43312: Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 36581 diff changeset	304 Also referred to as integer division. The resultant value is a whole integer,
2c1fe761f019 Backport of rev 43312: Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 36581 diff changeset	305 though the result's type is not necessarily int.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	306 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	307 % XXXJH exceptions: overflow (when? what operations?) zerodivision
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	308
10241 f138ba72bf2d Update description of what modules "look like" when printed. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10156 diff changeset	309 \subsubsection{Bit-string Operations on Integer Types \label{bitstring-ops}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	310 \nodename{Bit-string Operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	311
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	312 Plain and long integer types support additional operations that make
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	313 sense only for bit-strings. Negative numbers are treated as their 2's
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	314 complement value (for long integers, this assumes a sufficiently large
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	315 number of bits that no overflow occurs during the operation).
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	316
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	317 The priorities of the binary bit-wise operations are all lower than
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	318 the numeric operations and higher than the comparisons; the unary
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	319 operation \samp{\~} has the same priority as the other unary numeric
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	320 operations (\samp{+} and \samp{-}).
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	321
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	322 This table lists the bit-string operations sorted in ascending
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	323 priority (operations in the same box have the same priority):
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	324
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	325 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	326 \lineiii{\var{x} \| \var{y}}{bitwise \dfn{or} of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	327 \lineiii{\var{x} \^{} \var{y}}{bitwise \dfn{exclusive or} of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	328 \lineiii{\var{x} \&{} \var{y}}{bitwise \dfn{and} of \var{x} and \var{y}}{}
33970 023801332395 Fix SF bug #1061770: Manual typesets bit-shift operators as guillemet Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 33899 diff changeset	329 % The empty groups below prevent conversion to guillemets.
023801332395 Fix SF bug #1061770: Manual typesets bit-shift operators as guillemet Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 33899 diff changeset	330 \lineiii{\var{x} <{}< \var{n}}{\var{x} shifted left by \var{n} bits}{(1), (2)}
023801332395 Fix SF bug #1061770: Manual typesets bit-shift operators as guillemet Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 33899 diff changeset	331 \lineiii{\var{x} >{}> \var{n}}{\var{x} shifted right by \var{n} bits}{(1), (3)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	332 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	333 \lineiii{\~\var{x}}{the bits of \var{x} inverted}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	334 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	335 \indexiii{operations on}{integer}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	336 \indexii{bit-string}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	337 \indexii{shifting}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	338 \indexii{masking}{operations}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	339
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	340 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	341 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	342 \begin{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	343 \item[(1)] Negative shift counts are illegal and cause a
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	344 \exception{ValueError} to be raised.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	345 \item[(2)] A left shift by \var{n} bits is equivalent to
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	346 multiplication by \code{pow(2, \var{n})} without overflow check.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	347 \item[(3)] A right shift by \var{n} bits is equivalent to
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	348 division by \code{pow(2, \var{n})} without overflow check.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	349 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	350
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	351
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	352 \subsection{Iterator Types \label{typeiter}}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	353
17663 d76649bd38d0 The general iteration support is part of 2.2, not 2.1 -- fixed the version Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17658 diff changeset	354 \versionadded{2.2}
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	355 \index{iterator protocol}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	356 \index{protocol!iterator}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	357 \index{sequence!iteration}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	358 \index{container!iteration over}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	359
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	360 Python supports a concept of iteration over containers. This is
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	361 implemented using two distinct methods; these are used to allow
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	362 user-defined classes to support iteration. Sequences, described below
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	363 in more detail, always support the iteration methods.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	364
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	365 One method needs to be defined for container objects to provide
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	366 iteration support:
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	367
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	368 \begin{methoddesc}[container]{__iter__}{}
18839 ab8aa4302109 Typo fix. Greg Ward <gward@python.net> parents: 18829 diff changeset	369 Return an iterator object. The object is required to support the
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	370 iterator protocol described below. If a container supports
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	371 different types of iteration, additional methods can be provided to
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	372 specifically request iterators for those iteration types. (An
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	373 example of an object supporting multiple forms of iteration would be
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	374 a tree structure which supports both breadth-first and depth-first
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	375 traversal.) This method corresponds to the \member{tp_iter} slot of
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	376 the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	377 \end{methoddesc}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	378
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	379 The iterator objects themselves are required to support the following
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	380 two methods, which together form the \dfn{iterator protocol}:
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	381
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	382 \begin{methoddesc}[iterator]{__iter__}{}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	383 Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	384 containers and iterators to be used with the \keyword{for} and
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	385 \keyword{in} statements. This method corresponds to the
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	386 \member{tp_iter} slot of the type structure for Python objects in
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	387 the Python/C API.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	388 \end{methoddesc}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	389
17663 d76649bd38d0 The general iteration support is part of 2.2, not 2.1 -- fixed the version Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17658 diff changeset	390 \begin{methoddesc}[iterator]{next}{}
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	391 Return the next item from the container. If there are no further
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	392 items, raise the \exception{StopIteration} exception. This method
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	393 corresponds to the \member{tp_iternext} slot of the type structure
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	394 for Python objects in the Python/C API.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	395 \end{methoddesc}
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	396
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	397 Python defines several iterator objects to support iteration over
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	398 general and specific sequence types, dictionaries, and other more
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	399 specialized forms. The specific types are not important beyond their
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	400 implementation of the iterator protocol.
d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	401
24253 62f4b45b05fd Record the decision that StopIteration is a sink state (see recent Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24227 diff changeset	402 The intention of the protocol is that once an iterator's
62f4b45b05fd Record the decision that StopIteration is a sink state (see recent Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24227 diff changeset	403 \method{next()} method raises \exception{StopIteration}, it will
62f4b45b05fd Record the decision that StopIteration is a sink state (see recent Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24227 diff changeset	404 continue to do so on subsequent calls. Implementations that
62f4b45b05fd Record the decision that StopIteration is a sink state (see recent Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24227 diff changeset	405 do not obey this property are deemed broken. (This constraint
62f4b45b05fd Record the decision that StopIteration is a sink state (see recent Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24227 diff changeset	406 was added in Python 2.3; in Python 2.2, various iterators are
62f4b45b05fd Record the decision that StopIteration is a sink state (see recent Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24227 diff changeset	407 broken according to this rule.)
62f4b45b05fd Record the decision that StopIteration is a sink state (see recent Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24227 diff changeset	408
29590 8807e901c526 SF bug #696777: How to make a class iterable using a member generator. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29516 diff changeset	409 Python's generators provide a convenient way to implement the
8807e901c526 SF bug #696777: How to make a class iterable using a member generator. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29516 diff changeset	410 iterator protocol. If a container object's \method{__iter__()}
8807e901c526 SF bug #696777: How to make a class iterable using a member generator. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29516 diff changeset	411 method is implemented as a generator, it will automatically
8807e901c526 SF bug #696777: How to make a class iterable using a member generator. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29516 diff changeset	412 return an iterator object (technically, a generator object)
8807e901c526 SF bug #696777: How to make a class iterable using a member generator. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29516 diff changeset	413 supplying the \method{__iter__()} and \method{next()} methods.
8807e901c526 SF bug #696777: How to make a class iterable using a member generator. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29516 diff changeset	414
17658 d6498b1ef50d Added section describing the iterator protocol. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17616 diff changeset	415
35074 f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	416 \subsection{Sequence Types ---
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	417 \class{str}, \class{unicode}, \class{list},
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	418 \class{tuple}, \class{buffer}, \class{xrange}
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	419 \label{typesseq}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	420
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	421 There are six sequence types: strings, Unicode strings, lists,
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	422 tuples, buffers, and xrange objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	423
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	424 String literals are written in single or double quotes:
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	425 \code{'xyzzy'}, \code{"frobozz"}. See chapter 2 of the
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	426 \citetitle[../ref/strings.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more about
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	427 string literals. Unicode strings are much like strings, but are
34296 67f2190e1f6d SF Patch #1093896: miscellaneous doc typos Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34078 diff changeset	428 specified in the syntax using a preceding \character{u} character:
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	429 \code{u'abc'}, \code{u"def"}. Lists are constructed with square brackets,
11463 17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	430 separating items with commas: \code{[a, b, c]}. Tuples are
17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	431 constructed by the comma operator (not within square brackets), with
17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	432 or without enclosing parentheses, but an empty tuple must have the
30375 4aa84a8b1fe4 Fix spacing markup and other sundries. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30250 diff changeset	433 enclosing parentheses, such as \code{a, b, c} or \code{()}. A single
4aa84a8b1fe4 Fix spacing markup and other sundries. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30250 diff changeset	434 item tuple must have a trailing comma, such as \code{(d,)}.
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	435 \obindex{sequence}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	436 \obindex{string}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	437 \obindex{Unicode}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	438 \obindex{tuple}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	439 \obindex{list}
18395 1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	440
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	441 Buffer objects are not directly supported by Python syntax, but can be
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	442 created by calling the builtin function
25393 f559e97a41be Remove spurious period. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24902 diff changeset	443 \function{buffer()}.\bifuncindex{buffer} They don't support
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	444 concatenation or repetition.
18395 1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	445 \obindex{buffer}
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	446
1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	447 Xrange objects are similar to buffers in that there is no specific
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	448 syntax to create them, but they are created using the \function{xrange()}
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	449 function.\bifuncindex{xrange} They don't support slicing,
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	450 concatenation or repetition, and using \code{in}, \code{not in},
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	451 \function{min()} or \function{max()} on them is inefficient.
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	452 \obindex{xrange}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	453
18395 1d0d3e6a3201 List constraints on xrange() objects. Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 18391 diff changeset	454 Most sequence types support the following operations. The \samp{in} and
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	455 \samp{not in} operations have the same priorities as the comparison
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	456 operations. The \samp{+} and \samp{*} operations have the same
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	457 priority as the corresponding numeric operations.\footnote{They must
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	458 have since the parser can't tell the type of the operands.}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	459
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	460 This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	461 (operations in the same box have the same priority). In the table,
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	462 \var{s} and \var{t} are sequences of the same type; \var{n}, \var{i}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	463 and \var{j} are integers:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	464
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	465 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
33688 af300403edb8 SF patch #1041364: True/False instead of 1/0 in libstdtypes.tex Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33448 diff changeset	466 \lineiii{\var{x} in \var{s}}{\code{True} if an item of \var{s} is equal to \var{x}, else \code{False}}{(1)}
af300403edb8 SF patch #1041364: True/False instead of 1/0 in libstdtypes.tex Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33448 diff changeset	467 \lineiii{\var{x} not in \var{s}}{\code{False} if an item of \var{s} is
af300403edb8 SF patch #1041364: True/False instead of 1/0 in libstdtypes.tex Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33448 diff changeset	468 equal to \var{x}, else \code{True}}{(1)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	469 \hline
32974 fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	470 \lineiii{\var{s} + \var{t}}{the concatenation of \var{s} and \var{t}}{(6)}
24598 12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	471 \lineiii{\var{s} * \var{n}\textrm{,} \var{n} * \var{s}}{\var{n} shallow copies of \var{s} concatenated}{(2)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	472 \hline
24598 12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	473 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}]}{\var{i}'th item of \var{s}, origin 0}{(3)}
12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	474 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}]}{slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j}}{(3), (4)}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	475 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}:\var{k}]}{slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j} with step \var{k}}{(3), (5)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	476 \hline
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	477 \lineiii{len(\var{s})}{length of \var{s}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	478 \lineiii{min(\var{s})}{smallest item of \var{s}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	479 \lineiii{max(\var{s})}{largest item of \var{s}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	480 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	481 \indexiii{operations on}{sequence}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	482 \bifuncindex{len}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	483 \bifuncindex{min}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	484 \bifuncindex{max}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	485 \indexii{concatenation}{operation}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	486 \indexii{repetition}{operation}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	487 \indexii{subscript}{operation}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	488 \indexii{slice}{operation}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	489 \indexii{extended slice}{operation}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	490 \opindex{in}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	491 \opindex{not in}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	492
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	493 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	494 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	495
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	496 \begin{description}
24598 12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	497 \item[(1)] When \var{s} is a string or Unicode string object the
12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	498 \code{in} and \code{not in} operations act like a substring test. In
12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	499 Python versions before 2.3, \var{x} had to be a string of length 1.
12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	500 In Python 2.3 and beyond, \var{x} may be a string of any length.
12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	501
12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	502 \item[(2)] Values of \var{n} less than \code{0} are treated as
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	503 \code{0} (which yields an empty sequence of the same type as
19529 dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	504 \var{s}). Note also that the copies are shallow; nested structures
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	505 are not copied. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider:
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	506
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	507 \begin{verbatim}
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	508 >>> lists = [[]] * 3
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	509 >>> lists
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	510 [[], [], []]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	511 >>> lists[0].append(3)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	512 >>> lists
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	513 [[3], [3], [3]]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	514 \end{verbatim}
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	515
33899 eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	516 What has happened is that \code{[[]]} is a one-element list containing
eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	517 an empty list, so all three elements of \code{[[]] * 3} are (pointers to)
eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	518 this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of \code{lists}
eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	519 modifies this single list. You can create a list of different lists this
eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	520 way:
19529 dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	521
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	522 \begin{verbatim}
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	523 >>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	524 >>> lists[0].append(3)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	525 >>> lists[1].append(5)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	526 >>> lists[2].append(7)
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	527 >>> lists
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	528 [[3], [5], [7]]
dd8d6153a8c6 Added explanation that [...] * n generates shallow copies of [...], so Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19243 diff changeset	529 \end{verbatim}
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	530
24598 12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	531 \item[(3)] If \var{i} or \var{j} is negative, the index is relative to
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	532 the end of the string: \code{len(\var{s}) + \var{i}} or
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	533 \code{len(\var{s}) + \var{j}} is substituted. But note that \code{-0} is
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	534 still \code{0}.
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	535
24598 12e146171f3d Committing patch #591250 which provides "str1 in str2" when str1 is a Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 24459 diff changeset	536 \item[(4)] The slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j} is defined as
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	537 the sequence of items with index \var{k} such that \code{\var{i} <=
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	538 \var{k} < \var{j}}. If \var{i} or \var{j} is greater than
36581 dc6dec156869 Bug #801349: document that start/stop/step slice arguments can be None Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36334 diff changeset	539 \code{len(\var{s})}, use \code{len(\var{s})}. If \var{i} is omitted
dc6dec156869 Bug #801349: document that start/stop/step slice arguments can be None Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36334 diff changeset	540 or \code{None}, use \code{0}. If \var{j} is omitted or \code{None},
dc6dec156869 Bug #801349: document that start/stop/step slice arguments can be None Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36334 diff changeset	541 use \code{len(\var{s})}. If \var{i} is greater than or equal to \var{j},
dc6dec156869 Bug #801349: document that start/stop/step slice arguments can be None Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36334 diff changeset	542 the slice is empty.
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	543
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	544 \item[(5)] The slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j} with step
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	545 \var{k} is defined as the sequence of items with index
33899 eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	546 \code{\var{x} = \var{i} + \var{n}*\var{k}} such that
eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	547 $0 \leq n < \frac{j-i}{k}$. In other words, the indices
eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	548 are \code{i}, \code{i+k}, \code{i+2k}, \code{i+3k} and so on, stopping when
eb979c3f14ba Mistakes in the "sequence types" page: Armin Rigo <arigo@tunes.org> parents: 33688 diff changeset	549 \var{j} is reached (but never including \var{j}). If \var{i} or \var{j}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	550 is greater than \code{len(\var{s})}, use \code{len(\var{s})}. If
36581 dc6dec156869 Bug #801349: document that start/stop/step slice arguments can be None Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36334 diff changeset	551 \var{i} or \var{j} are omitted or \code{None}, they become ``end'' values
30250 830c0cd8fdb2 SF patch #797180: Bug 792656: slicing explained Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30095 diff changeset	552 (which end depends on the sign of \var{k}). Note, \var{k} cannot
36581 dc6dec156869 Bug #801349: document that start/stop/step slice arguments can be None Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36334 diff changeset	553 be zero. If \var{k} is \code{None}, it is treated like \code{1}.
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	554
32974 fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	555 \item[(6)] If \var{s} and \var{t} are both strings, some Python
32975 9b188158181f Typo fix; use 'in-place' instead of 'inplace' Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 32974 diff changeset	556 implementations such as CPython can usually perform an in-place optimization
32974 fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	557 for assignments of the form \code{\var{s}=\var{s}+\var{t}} or
fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	558 \code{\var{s}+=\var{t}}. When applicable, this optimization makes
fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	559 quadratic run-time much less likely. This optimization is both version
fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	560 and implementation dependent. For performance sensitive code, it is
34296 67f2190e1f6d SF Patch #1093896: miscellaneous doc typos Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34078 diff changeset	561 preferable to use the \method{str.join()} method which assures consistent
32974 fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	562 linear concatenation performance across versions and implementations.
32975 9b188158181f Typo fix; use 'in-place' instead of 'inplace' Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 32974 diff changeset	563 \versionchanged[Formerly, string concatenation never occurred in-place]{2.4}
32974 fb6ffd290cfb SF patch #980695: efficient string concatenation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32951 diff changeset	564
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	565 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	566
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	567
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	568 \subsubsection{String Methods \label{string-methods}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	569
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	570 These are the string methods which both 8-bit strings and Unicode
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	571 objects support:
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	572
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	573 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{capitalize}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	574 Return a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	575
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	576 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	577 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	578
31021 21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	579 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{center}{width\optional{, fillchar}}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	580 Return centered in a string of length \var{width}. Padding is done
31021 21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	581 using the specified \var{fillchar} (default is a space).
31022 845f19b145a8 Add version changed doc for addition of fillchar to ljust/rjust/center Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 31021 diff changeset	582 \versionchanged[Support for the \var{fillchar} argument]{2.4}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	583 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	584
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	585 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{count}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	586 Return the number of occurrences of substring \var{sub} in string
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	587 S\code{[\var{start}:\var{end}]}. Optional arguments \var{start} and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	588 \var{end} are interpreted as in slice notation.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	589 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	590
21332 fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	591 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{decode}{\optional{encoding\optional{, errors}}}
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	592 Decodes the string using the codec registered for \var{encoding}.
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	593 \var{encoding} defaults to the default string encoding. \var{errors}
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	594 may be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default is
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	595 \code{'strict'}, meaning that encoding errors raise
32459 6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	596 \exception{UnicodeError}. Other possible values are \code{'ignore'},
6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	597 \code{'replace'} and any other name registered via
35952 48353cf51340 Backport checkin: Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 35687 diff changeset	598 \function{codecs.register_error}, see section~\ref{codec-base-classes}.
21332 fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	599 \versionadded{2.2}
32459 6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	600 \versionchanged[Support for other error handling schemes added]{2.3}
21332 fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	601 \end{methoddesc}
fbbd8a4ca7a6 Added documentation for str.decode(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21177 diff changeset	602
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	603 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{encode}{\optional{encoding\optional{,errors}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	604 Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the current
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	605 default string encoding. \var{errors} may be given to set a different
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	606 error handling scheme. The default for \var{errors} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	607 \code{'strict'}, meaning that encoding errors raise a
32459 6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	608 \exception{UnicodeError}. Other possible values are \code{'ignore'},
6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	609 \code{'replace'}, \code{'xmlcharrefreplace'}, \code{'backslashreplace'}
35952 48353cf51340 Backport checkin: Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 35687 diff changeset	610 and any other name registered via \function{codecs.register_error},
48353cf51340 Backport checkin: Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 35687 diff changeset	611 see section~\ref{codec-base-classes}.
32459 6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	612 For a list of possible encodings, see section~\ref{standard-encodings}.
15332 12aec3381c94 Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com> noted that the encode() string method Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15005 diff changeset	613 \versionadded{2.0}
32459 6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	614 \versionchanged[Support for \code{'xmlcharrefreplace'} and
6b1ea5c07ff7 Document that encode() and decode() raise UnicodeError Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 32458 diff changeset	615 \code{'backslashreplace'} and other error handling schemes added]{2.3}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	616 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	617
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	618 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{endswith}{suffix\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	619 Return \code{True} if the string ends with the specified \var{suffix},
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	620 otherwise return \code{False}. With optional \var{start}, test beginning at
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	621 that position. With optional \var{end}, stop comparing at that position.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	622 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	623
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	624 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{expandtabs}{\optional{tabsize}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	625 Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are expanded
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	626 using spaces. If \var{tabsize} is not given, a tab size of \code{8}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	627 characters is assumed.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	628 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	629
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	630 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{find}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	631 Return the lowest index in the string where substring \var{sub} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	632 found, such that \var{sub} is contained in the range [\var{start},
36334 98faac1df5bb Bug #1396471: Document that Windows' ftell() can return invalid Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36167 diff changeset	633 \var{end}]. Optional arguments \var{start} and \var{end} are
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	634 interpreted as in slice notation. Return \code{-1} if \var{sub} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	635 not found.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	636 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	637
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	638 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{index}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	639 Like \method{find()}, but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	640 substring is not found.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	641 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	642
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	643 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isalnum}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	644 Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and there
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	645 is at least one character, false otherwise.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	646
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	647 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	648 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	649
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	650 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isalpha}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	651 Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	652 is at least one character, false otherwise.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	653
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	654 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	655 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	656
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	657 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isdigit}{}
30707 9e21e56bf5f3 Patch #825679: Clarify semantics of .isfoo on empty strings. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30705 diff changeset	658 Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there
9e21e56bf5f3 Patch #825679: Clarify semantics of .isfoo on empty strings. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30705 diff changeset	659 is at least one character, false otherwise.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	660
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	661 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	662 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	663
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	664 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{islower}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	665 Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	666 there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	667
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	668 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	669 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	670
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	671 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isspace}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	672 Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string and
30707 9e21e56bf5f3 Patch #825679: Clarify semantics of .isfoo on empty strings. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30705 diff changeset	673 there is at least one character, false otherwise.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	674
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	675 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	676 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	677
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	678 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{istitle}{}
30707 9e21e56bf5f3 Patch #825679: Clarify semantics of .isfoo on empty strings. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30705 diff changeset	679 Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at least one
30810 2cba0de70df6 Add list.sorted() classmethod. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30750 diff changeset	680 character, for example uppercase characters may only follow uncased
30707 9e21e56bf5f3 Patch #825679: Clarify semantics of .isfoo on empty strings. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30705 diff changeset	681 characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return false
9e21e56bf5f3 Patch #825679: Clarify semantics of .isfoo on empty strings. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30705 diff changeset	682 otherwise.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	683
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	684 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	685 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	686
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	687 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{isupper}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	688 Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	689 there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	690
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	691 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	692 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	693
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	694 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{join}{seq}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	695 Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	696 sequence \var{seq}. The separator between elements is the string
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	697 providing this method.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	698 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	699
31021 21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	700 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{ljust}{width\optional{, fillchar}}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	701 Return the string left justified in a string of length \var{width}.
31021 21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	702 Padding is done using the specified \var{fillchar} (default is a
21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	703 space). The original string is returned if
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	704 \var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
31022 845f19b145a8 Add version changed doc for addition of fillchar to ljust/rjust/center Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 31021 diff changeset	705 \versionchanged[Support for the \var{fillchar} argument]{2.4}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	706 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	707
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	708 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{lower}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	709 Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	710
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	711 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	712 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	713
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	714 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{lstrip}{\optional{chars}}
34975 5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	715 Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	716 \var{chars} argument is a string specifying the set of characters
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	717 to be removed. If omitted or \code{None}, the \var{chars} argument
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	718 defaults to removing whitespace. The \var{chars} argument is not
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	719 a prefix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped:
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	720 \begin{verbatim}
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	721 >>> ' spacious '.lstrip()
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	722 'spacious '
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	723 >>> 'www.example.com'.lstrip('cmowz.')
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	724 'example.com'
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	725 \end{verbatim}
26259 60d809a25bae Document that a minor feature was added in 2.2.2. ;-( Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 26161 diff changeset	726 \versionchanged[Support for the \var{chars} argument]{2.2.2}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	727 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	728
30750 1d92ecdf2bb1 Avoid confusing name for the 3rd argument to str.replace(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 30737 diff changeset	729 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{replace}{old, new\optional{, count}}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	730 Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	731 \var{old} replaced by \var{new}. If the optional argument
30750 1d92ecdf2bb1 Avoid confusing name for the 3rd argument to str.replace(). Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 30737 diff changeset	732 \var{count} is given, only the first \var{count} occurrences are
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	733 replaced.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	734 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	735
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	736 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rfind}{sub \optional{,start \optional{,end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	737 Return the highest index in the string where substring \var{sub} is
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	738 found, such that \var{sub} is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	739 arguments \var{start} and \var{end} are interpreted as in slice
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	740 notation. Return \code{-1} on failure.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	741 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	742
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	743 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rindex}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	744 Like \method{rfind()} but raises \exception{ValueError} when the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	745 substring \var{sub} is not found.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	746 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	747
31021 21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	748 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rjust}{width\optional{, fillchar}}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	749 Return the string right justified in a string of length \var{width}.
31021 21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	750 Padding is done using the specified \var{fillchar} (default is a space).
21a10c3600b5 Add optional fillchar argument to ljust(), rjust(), and center() string methods. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31008 diff changeset	751 The original string is returned if
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	752 \var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
31022 845f19b145a8 Add version changed doc for addition of fillchar to ljust/rjust/center Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 31021 diff changeset	753 \versionchanged[Support for the \var{fillchar} argument]{2.4}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	754 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	755
31206 3771ff99d5f2 Update documentations for str.rsplit() with Alex Martelli's rewrite. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31199 diff changeset	756 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rsplit}{\optional{sep \optional{,maxsplit}}}
3771ff99d5f2 Update documentations for str.rsplit() with Alex Martelli's rewrite. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31199 diff changeset	757 Return a list of the words in the string, using \var{sep} as the
3771ff99d5f2 Update documentations for str.rsplit() with Alex Martelli's rewrite. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31199 diff changeset	758 delimiter string. If \var{maxsplit} is given, at most \var{maxsplit}
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	759 splits are done, the \emph{rightmost} ones. If \var{sep} is not specified
34491 68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	760 or \code{None}, any whitespace string is a separator. Except for splitting
68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	761 from the right, \method{rsplit()} behaves like \method{split()} which
68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	762 is described in detail below.
31199 504943c89193 Add rsplit method for str and unicode builtin types. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31022 diff changeset	763 \versionadded{2.4}
504943c89193 Add rsplit method for str and unicode builtin types. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31022 diff changeset	764 \end{methoddesc}
504943c89193 Add rsplit method for str and unicode builtin types. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31022 diff changeset	765
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	766 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{rstrip}{\optional{chars}}
34975 5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	767 Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	768 \var{chars} argument is a string specifying the set of characters
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	769 to be removed. If omitted or \code{None}, the \var{chars} argument
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	770 defaults to removing whitespace. The \var{chars} argument is not
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	771 a suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped:
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	772 \begin{verbatim}
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	773 >>> ' spacious '.rstrip()
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	774 ' spacious'
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	775 >>> 'mississippi'.rstrip('ipz')
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	776 'mississ'
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	777 \end{verbatim}
26259 60d809a25bae Document that a minor feature was added in 2.2.2. ;-( Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 26161 diff changeset	778 \versionchanged[Support for the \var{chars} argument]{2.2.2}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	779 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	780
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	781 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{split}{\optional{sep \optional{,maxsplit}}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	782 Return a list of the words in the string, using \var{sep} as the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	783 delimiter string. If \var{maxsplit} is given, at most \var{maxsplit}
33411 136b388569a0 SF bug #901654: split method documentation can be improved Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33102 diff changeset	784 splits are done. (thus, the list will have at most \code{\var{maxsplit}+1}
34508 13176ed52e65 SF bug #1108303: fix .split() maxsplit doc Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34491 diff changeset	785 elements). If \var{maxsplit} is not specified, then there
33411 136b388569a0 SF bug #901654: split method documentation can be improved Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33102 diff changeset	786 is no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).
136b388569a0 SF bug #901654: split method documentation can be improved Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33102 diff changeset	787 Consecutive delimiters are not grouped together and are
136b388569a0 SF bug #901654: split method documentation can be improved Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33102 diff changeset	788 deemed to delimit empty strings (for example, \samp{'1,,2'.split(',')}
33412 c09318b0090d Add missing close parenthesis. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33411 diff changeset	789 returns \samp{['1', '', '2']}). The \var{sep} argument may consist of
33411 136b388569a0 SF bug #901654: split method documentation can be improved Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33102 diff changeset	790 multiple characters (for example, \samp{'1, 2, 3'.split(', ')} returns
33412 c09318b0090d Add missing close parenthesis. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33411 diff changeset	791 \samp{['1', '2', '3']}). Splitting an empty string with a specified
34917 6bdc3426d411 Correct swapped descriptions of empty string splits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34898 diff changeset	792 separator returns \samp{['']}.
33411 136b388569a0 SF bug #901654: split method documentation can be improved Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33102 diff changeset	793
136b388569a0 SF bug #901654: split method documentation can be improved Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33102 diff changeset	794 If \var{sep} is not specified or is \code{None}, a different splitting
34491 68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	795 algorithm is applied. First, whitespace characters (spaces, tabs,
68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	796 newlines, returns, and formfeeds) are stripped from both ends. Then,
68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	797 words are separated by arbitrary length strings of whitespace
68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	798 characters. Consecutive whitespace delimiters are treated as a single
68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	799 delimiter (\samp{'1 2 3'.split()} returns \samp{['1', '2', '3']}).
68020bd1b9e2 SF bug #1105286: Undocumented implicit strip() in split(None) string method Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34296 diff changeset	800 Splitting an empty string or a string consisting of just whitespace
34917 6bdc3426d411 Correct swapped descriptions of empty string splits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34898 diff changeset	801 returns an empty list.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	802 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	803
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	804 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{splitlines}{\optional{keepends}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	805 Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	806 boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	807 \var{keepends} is given and true.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	808 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	809
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	810 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{startswith}{prefix\optional{,
44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	811 start\optional{, end}}}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	812 Return \code{True} if string starts with the \var{prefix}, otherwise
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	813 return \code{False}. With optional \var{start}, test string beginning at
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	814 that position. With optional \var{end}, stop comparing string at that
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	815 position.
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	816 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	817
23017 44637bd7f59b Document the optional argument to the .strip(), .rstrip(), .strip() string Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 22994 diff changeset	818 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{strip}{\optional{chars}}
34975 5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	819 Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing characters
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	820 removed. The \var{chars} argument is a string specifying the set of
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	821 characters to be removed. If omitted or \code{None}, the \var{chars}
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	822 argument defaults to removing whitespace. The \var{chars} argument is not
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	823 a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped:
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	824 \begin{verbatim}
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	825 >>> ' spacious '.strip()
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	826 'spacious'
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	827 >>> 'www.example.com'.strip('cmowz.')
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	828 'example'
5e511ddef48b SF bug #1202395: Description of string.lstrip() needs improvement Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34969 diff changeset	829 \end{verbatim}
26259 60d809a25bae Document that a minor feature was added in 2.2.2. ;-( Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 26161 diff changeset	830 \versionchanged[Support for the \var{chars} argument]{2.2.2}
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	831 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	832
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	833 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{swapcase}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	834 Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	835 lowercase and vice versa.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	836
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	837 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	838 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	839
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	840 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{title}{}
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	841 Return a titlecased version of the string: words start with uppercase
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	842 characters, all remaining cased characters are lowercase.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	843
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	844 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	845 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	846
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	847 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{translate}{table\optional{, deletechars}}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	848 Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	849 optional argument \var{deletechars} are removed, and the remaining
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	850 characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	851 must be a string of length 256.
29893 e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	852
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	853 For Unicode objects, the \method{translate()} method does not
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	854 accept the optional \var{deletechars} argument. Instead, it
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	855 returns a copy of the \var{s} where all characters have been mapped
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	856 through the given translation table which must be a mapping of
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	857 Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or \code{None}.
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	858 Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to \code{None}
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	859 are deleted. Note, a more flexible approach is to create a custom
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	860 character mapping codec using the \refmodule{codecs} module (see
e9dddfd2a62f Discussion of signatures for unicode.translate() and str.translate() Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29590 diff changeset	861 \module{encodings.cp1251} for an example).
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	862 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	863
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	864 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{upper}{}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	865 Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.
32214 6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	866
6478eb6ae3c0 Document string methods that are locale-dependent. Fixes #935749. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 32197 diff changeset	867 For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	868 \end{methoddesc}
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	869
23045 8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	870 \begin{methoddesc}[string]{zfill}{width}
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	871 Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	872 of length \var{width}. The original string is returned if
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	873 \var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
26260 b327ffcfe9b7 Better note that str.zfill() was added in 2.2.2 as well. ;-( Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 26259 diff changeset	874 \versionadded{2.2.2}
23045 8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	875 \end{methoddesc}
8b1268bc371a Apply the second version of SF patch http://www.python.org/sf/536241 Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 23017 diff changeset	876
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	877
4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	878 \subsubsection{String Formatting Operations \label{typesseq-strings}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	879
21177 7d1eac41ce3e Slightly improved indexing for the string-% operator, thanks to comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21163 diff changeset	880 \index{formatting, string (\%{})}
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	881 \index{interpolation, string (\%{})}
14552 a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	882 \index{string!formatting}
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	883 \index{string!interpolation}
14552 a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	884 \index{printf-style formatting}
a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	885 \index{sprintf-style formatting}
21177 7d1eac41ce3e Slightly improved indexing for the string-% operator, thanks to comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21163 diff changeset	886 \index{\protect\%{} formatting}
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	887 \index{\protect\%{} interpolation}
14552 a8d1c030b19f Add some index entries to make it easier to find information on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14520 diff changeset	888
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	889 String and Unicode objects have one unique built-in operation: the
21542 5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	890 \code{\%} operator (modulo). This is also known as the string
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	891 \emph{formatting} or \emph{interpolation} operator. Given
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	892 \code{\var{format} \% \var{values}} (where \var{format} is a string or
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	893 Unicode object), \code{\%} conversion specifications in \var{format}
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	894 are replaced with zero or more elements of \var{values}. The effect
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	895 is similar to the using \cfunction{sprintf()} in the C language. If
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	896 \var{format} is a Unicode object, or if any of the objects being
5d4135609efc Added index entries similar to some recommended by Skip, and used the word Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21332 diff changeset	897 converted using the \code{\%s} conversion are Unicode objects, the
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	898 result will also be a Unicode object.
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	899
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	900 If \var{format} requires a single argument, \var{values} may be a
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	901 single non-tuple object.\footnote{To format only a tuple you
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	902 should therefore provide a singleton tuple whose only element
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	903 is the tuple to be formatted.} Otherwise, \var{values} must be a tuple with
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	904 exactly the number of items specified by the format string, or a
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	905 single mapping object (for example, a dictionary).
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	906
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	907 A conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	908 following components, which must occur in this order:
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	909
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	910 \begin{enumerate}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	911 \item The \character{\%} character, which marks the start of the
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	912 specifier.
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	913 \item Mapping key (optional), consisting of a parenthesised sequence
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	914 of characters (for example, \code{(somename)}).
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	915 \item Conversion flags (optional), which affect the result of some
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	916 conversion types.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	917 \item Minimum field width (optional). If specified as an
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	918 \character{*} (asterisk), the actual width is read from the
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	919 next element of the tuple in \var{values}, and the object to
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	920 convert comes after the minimum field width and optional
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	921 precision.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	922 \item Precision (optional), given as a \character{.} (dot) followed
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	923 by the precision. If specified as \character{*} (an
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	924 asterisk), the actual width is read from the next element of
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	925 the tuple in \var{values}, and the value to convert comes after
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	926 the precision.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	927 \item Length modifier (optional).
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	928 \item Conversion type.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	929 \end{enumerate}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	930
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	931 When the right argument is a dictionary (or other mapping type), then
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	932 the formats in the string \emph{must} include a parenthesised mapping key into
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	933 that dictionary inserted immediately after the \character{\%}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	934 character. The mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	935 mapping. For example:
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	936
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	937 \begin{verbatim}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	938 >>> print '%(language)s has %(#)03d quote types.' % \
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	939 {'language': "Python", "#": 2}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	940 Python has 002 quote types.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	941 \end{verbatim}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	942
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	943 In this case no \code{*} specifiers may occur in a format (since they
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	944 require a sequential parameter list).
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	945
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	946 The conversion flag characters are:
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	947
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	948 \begin{tableii}{c\|l}{character}{Flag}{Meaning}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	949 \lineii{\#}{The value conversion will use the ``alternate form''
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	950 (where defined below).}
27919 4b5c2e025c5e Fix SF bug #687655, String formatting conversions misleading Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 27225 diff changeset	951 \lineii{0}{The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values.}
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	952 \lineii{-}{The converted value is left adjusted (overrides
25906 50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	953 the \character{0} conversion if both are given).}
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	954 \lineii{{~}}{(a space) A blank should be left before a positive number
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	955 (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion.}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	956 \lineii{+}{A sign character (\character{+} or \character{-}) will
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	957 precede the conversion (overrides a "space" flag).}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	958 \end{tableii}
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	959
36167 834dd664aefc Bug #1394868: doc typos Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36136 diff changeset	960 A length modifier (\code{h}, \code{l}, or \code{L}) may be
834dd664aefc Bug #1394868: doc typos Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36136 diff changeset	961 present, but is ignored as it is not necessary for Python.
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	962
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	963 The conversion types are:
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	964
25906 50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	965 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{character}{Conversion}{Meaning}{Notes}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	966 \lineiii{d}{Signed integer decimal.}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	967 \lineiii{i}{Signed integer decimal.}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	968 \lineiii{o}{Unsigned octal.}{(1)}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	969 \lineiii{u}{Unsigned decimal.}{}
34296 67f2190e1f6d SF Patch #1093896: miscellaneous doc typos Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34078 diff changeset	970 \lineiii{x}{Unsigned hexadecimal (lowercase).}{(2)}
67f2190e1f6d SF Patch #1093896: miscellaneous doc typos Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34078 diff changeset	971 \lineiii{X}{Unsigned hexadecimal (uppercase).}{(2)}
25906 50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	972 \lineiii{e}{Floating point exponential format (lowercase).}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	973 \lineiii{E}{Floating point exponential format (uppercase).}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	974 \lineiii{f}{Floating point decimal format.}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	975 \lineiii{F}{Floating point decimal format.}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	976 \lineiii{g}{Same as \character{e} if exponent is greater than -4 or
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	977 less than precision, \character{f} otherwise.}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	978 \lineiii{G}{Same as \character{E} if exponent is greater than -4 or
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	979 less than precision, \character{F} otherwise.}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	980 \lineiii{c}{Single character (accepts integer or single character
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	981 string).}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	982 \lineiii{r}{String (converts any python object using
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	983 \function{repr()}).}{(3)}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	984 \lineiii{s}{String (converts any python object using
27225 5d42dba49fe5 SF patch 664183 and SF bug 664044: Note that both u'%s' % 'x' and Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27036 diff changeset	985 \function{str()}).}{(4)}
25906 50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	986 \lineiii{\%}{No argument is converted, results in a \character{\%}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	987 character in the result.}{}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	988 \end{tableiii}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	989
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	990 \noindent
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	991 Notes:
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	992 \begin{description}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	993 \item[(1)]
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	994 The alternate form causes a leading zero (\character{0}) to be
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	995 inserted between left-hand padding and the formatting of the
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	996 number if the leading character of the result is not already a
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	997 zero.
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	998 \item[(2)]
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	999 The alternate form causes a leading \code{'0x'} or \code{'0X'}
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	1000 (depending on whether the \character{x} or \character{X} format
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	1001 was used) to be inserted between left-hand padding and the
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	1002 formatting of the number if the leading character of the result is
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	1003 not already a zero.
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	1004 \item[(3)]
50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	1005 The \code{\%r} conversion was added in Python 2.0.
27225 5d42dba49fe5 SF patch 664183 and SF bug 664044: Note that both u'%s' % 'x' and Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27036 diff changeset	1006 \item[(4)]
5d42dba49fe5 SF patch 664183 and SF bug 664044: Note that both u'%s' % 'x' and Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27036 diff changeset	1007 If the object or format provided is a \class{unicode} string,
5d42dba49fe5 SF patch 664183 and SF bug 664044: Note that both u'%s' % 'x' and Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27036 diff changeset	1008 the resulting string will also be \class{unicode}.
25906 50905db35da5 - The "-" format flag overrides the "0" flag, not the "-" flag. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 25393 diff changeset	1009 \end{description}
16285 15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1010
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1011 % XXX Examples?
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1012
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1013 Since Python strings have an explicit length, \code{\%s} conversions
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1014 do not assume that \code{'\e0'} is the end of the string.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1015
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1016 For safety reasons, floating point precisions are clipped to 50;
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1017 \code{\%f} conversions for numbers whose absolute value is over 1e25
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1018 are replaced by \code{\%g} conversions.\footnote{
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1019 These numbers are fairly arbitrary. They are intended to
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1020 avoid printing endless strings of meaningless digits without hampering
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1021 correct use and without having to know the exact precision of floating
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1022 point values on a particular machine.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1023 } All other errors raise exceptions.
15e0c10092bb Massively improved documentation for string formatting operations, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15926 diff changeset	1024
21163 7b6879714b74 Make no assumption about how modules are built when referring to them; this Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21159 diff changeset	1025 Additional string operations are defined in standard modules
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1026 \refmodule{string}\refstmodindex{string}\ and
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1027 \refmodule{re}.\refstmodindex{re}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1028
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	1029
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	1030 \subsubsection{XRange Type \label{typesseq-xrange}}
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	1031
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1032 The \class{xrange}\obindex{xrange} type is an immutable sequence which
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1033 is commonly used for looping. The advantage of the \class{xrange}
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1034 type is that an \class{xrange} object will always take the same amount
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1035 of memory, no matter the size of the range it represents. There are
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1036 no consistent performance advantages.
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	1037
26592 0c646baeec58 Update comments about the performance of xrange(). Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26514 diff changeset	1038 XRange objects have very little behavior: they only support indexing,
0c646baeec58 Update comments about the performance of xrange(). Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26514 diff changeset	1039 iteration, and the \function{len()} function.
13967 7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	1040
7b7ee58901fb Document the range type, as suggested by Denis S. Otkidach Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13933 diff changeset	1041
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1042 \subsubsection{Mutable Sequence Types \label{typesseq-mutable}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1043
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1044 List objects support additional operations that allow in-place
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1045 modification of the object.
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1046 Other mutable sequence types (when added to the language) should
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1047 also support these operations.
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1048 Strings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1049 be modified once created.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1050 The following operations are defined on mutable sequence types (where
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1051 \var{x} is an arbitrary object):
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1052 \indexiii{mutable}{sequence}{types}
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	1053 \obindex{list}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1054
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1055 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1056 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}] = \var{x}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1057 {item \var{i} of \var{s} is replaced by \var{x}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1058 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}] = \var{t}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1059 {slice of \var{s} from \var{i} to \var{j} is replaced by \var{t}}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1060 \lineiii{del \var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}]}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1061 {same as \code{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}] = []}}{}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1062 \lineiii{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}:\var{k}] = \var{t}}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1063 {the elements of \code{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}:\var{k}]} are replaced by those of \var{t}}{(1)}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1064 \lineiii{del \var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}:\var{k}]}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1065 {removes the elements of \code{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{j}:\var{k}]} from the list}{}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1066 \lineiii{\var{s}.append(\var{x})}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1067 {same as \code{\var{s}[len(\var{s}):len(\var{s})] = [\var{x}]}}{(2)}
9318 8a26e55e18b8 Document the new list.extend() method. Interesting enough, the Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 9083 diff changeset	1068 \lineiii{\var{s}.extend(\var{x})}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1069 {same as \code{\var{s}[len(\var{s}):len(\var{s})] = \var{x}}}{(3)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1070 \lineiii{\var{s}.count(\var{x})}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1071 {return number of \var{i}'s for which \code{\var{s}[\var{i}] == \var{x}}}{}
29516 d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1072 \lineiii{\var{s}.index(\var{x}\optional{, \var{i}\optional{, \var{j}}})}
d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1073 {return smallest \var{k} such that \code{\var{s}[\var{k}] == \var{x}} and
d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1074 \code{\var{i} <= \var{k} < \var{j}}}{(4)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1075 \lineiii{\var{s}.insert(\var{i}, \var{x})}
28606 436d812f2b94 - list.insert(i, x) now interprets negative i as it would be Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 28337 diff changeset	1076 {same as \code{\var{s}[\var{i}:\var{i}] = [\var{x}]}}{(5)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1077 \lineiii{\var{s}.pop(\optional{\var{i}})}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1078 {same as \code{\var{x} = \var{s}[\var{i}]; del \var{s}[\var{i}]; return \var{x}}}{(6)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1079 \lineiii{\var{s}.remove(\var{x})}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1080 {same as \code{del \var{s}[\var{s}.index(\var{x})]}}{(4)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1081 \lineiii{\var{s}.reverse()}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1082 {reverses the items of \var{s} in place}{(7)}
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1083 \lineiii{\var{s}.sort(\optional{\var{cmp}\optional{,
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1084 \var{key}\optional{, \var{reverse}}}})}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1085 {sort the items of \var{s} in place}{(7), (8), (9), (10)}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1086 \end{tableiii}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1087 \indexiv{operations on}{mutable}{sequence}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1088 \indexiii{operations on}{sequence}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1089 \indexiii{operations on}{list}{type}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1090 \indexii{subscript}{assignment}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1091 \indexii{slice}{assignment}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1092 \indexii{extended slice}{assignment}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1093 \stindex{del}
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1094 \withsubitem{(list method)}{
11183 1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	1095 \ttindex{append()}\ttindex{extend()}\ttindex{count()}\ttindex{index()}
1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	1096 \ttindex{insert()}\ttindex{pop()}\ttindex{remove()}\ttindex{reverse()}
9523 ed6cacddc6c6 Fix indexing of func_code attribute; this is on a function, not a code Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9461 diff changeset	1097 \ttindex{sort()}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1098 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1099 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1100 \begin{description}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1101 \item[(1)] \var{t} must have the same length as the slice it is
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1102 replacing.
23778 245224d1b8c9 This is my nearly two year old patch Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 23515 diff changeset	1103
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1104 \item[(2)] The C implementation of Python has historically accepted
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1105 multiple parameters and implicitly joined them into a tuple; this
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1106 no longer works in Python 2.0. Use of this misfeature has been
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1107 deprecated since Python 1.4.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1108
34573 19327db75d1c SF bug #1119700: list extend() accepts args besides lists Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34508 diff changeset	1109 \item[(3)] \var{x} can be any iterable object.
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1110
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1111 \item[(4)] Raises \exception{ValueError} when \var{x} is not found in
29516 d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1112 \var{s}. When a negative index is passed as the second or third parameter
d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1113 to the \method{index()} method, the list length is added, as for slice
d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1114 indices. If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for
d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1115 slice indices. \versionchanged[Previously, \method{index()} didn't
d761ff55b3be Updated documentation for the new slice arguments for list.index(). Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de> parents: 29343 diff changeset	1116 have arguments for specifying start and stop positions]{2.3}
11183 1e0b1967be7f In note mentioning [].remove()'s exception, tell what exception is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11100 diff changeset	1117
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1118 \item[(5)] When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to
28606 436d812f2b94 - list.insert(i, x) now interprets negative i as it would be Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 28337 diff changeset	1119 the \method{insert()} method, the list length is added, as for slice
436d812f2b94 - list.insert(i, x) now interprets negative i as it would be Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 28337 diff changeset	1120 indices. If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for
436d812f2b94 - list.insert(i, x) now interprets negative i as it would be Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 28337 diff changeset	1121 slice indices. \versionchanged[Previously, all negative indices
436d812f2b94 - list.insert(i, x) now interprets negative i as it would be Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 28337 diff changeset	1122 were truncated to zero]{2.3}
20701 5f6850d1f9e8 Explain what [].insert() does when the target index is negative. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20580 diff changeset	1123
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1124 \item[(6)] The \method{pop()} method is only supported by the list and
13777 b3903e05017f Stop lying about [].pop() being experimental! There is no backing it out Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13772 diff changeset	1125 array types. The optional argument \var{i} defaults to \code{-1},
b3903e05017f Stop lying about [].pop() being experimental! There is no backing it out Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13772 diff changeset	1126 so that by default the last item is removed and returned.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1127
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1128 \item[(7)] The \method{sort()} and \method{reverse()} methods modify the
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1129 list in place for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large
18829 1bc1fdf1482b trivial rewording in footnote 5. Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com> parents: 18416 diff changeset	1130 list. To remind you that they operate by side effect, they don't return
1bc1fdf1482b trivial rewording in footnote 5. Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com> parents: 18416 diff changeset	1131 the sorted or reversed list.
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1132
31210 c06b570adf12 Guido grants a Christmas wish: Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31206 diff changeset	1133 \item[(8)] The \method{sort()} method takes optional arguments for
33448 5570fae1f01c Typo fix: 'comparisions' is not a word Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 33412 diff changeset	1134 controlling the comparisons.
30697 1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1135
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1136 \var{cmp} specifies a custom comparison function of two arguments
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1137 (list items) which should return a negative, zero or positive number
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1138 depending on whether the first argument is considered smaller than,
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1139 equal to, or larger than the second argument:
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1140 \samp{\var{cmp}=\keyword{lambda} \var{x},\var{y}:
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1141 \function{cmp}(x.lower(), y.lower())}
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1142
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1143 \var{key} specifies a function of one argument that is used to
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1144 extract a comparison key from each list element:
34078 4b601bd346a4 Backport minor documentation fixups. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34029 diff changeset	1145 \samp{\var{key}=\function{str.lower}}
30697 1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1146
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1147 \var{reverse} is a boolean value. If set to \code{True}, then the
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1148 list elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1149
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1150 In general, the \var{key} and \var{reverse} conversion processes are
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1151 much faster than specifying an equivalent \var{cmp} function. This is
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1152 because \var{cmp} is called multiple times for each list element while
30737 38b0b7d41936 markup fixes; this would not format Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 30707 diff changeset	1153 \var{key} and \var{reverse} touch each element only once.
30697 1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1154
28337 90f17c374f59 - added example of using a comparison function with list.sort(), and Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28211 diff changeset	1155 \versionchanged[Support for \code{None} as an equivalent to omitting
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1156 \var{cmp} was added]{2.3}
28337 90f17c374f59 - added example of using a comparison function with list.sort(), and Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28211 diff changeset	1157
30737 38b0b7d41936 markup fixes; this would not format Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 30707 diff changeset	1158 \versionchanged[Support for \var{key} and \var{reverse} was added]{2.4}
28337 90f17c374f59 - added example of using a comparison function with list.sort(), and Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 28211 diff changeset	1159
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1160 \item[(9)] Starting with Python 2.3, the \method{sort()} method is
31210 c06b570adf12 Guido grants a Christmas wish: Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31206 diff changeset	1161 guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to
30697 1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1162 change the relative order of elements that compare equal --- this is
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1163 helpful for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by
1345c23a0591 * list.sort() now supports three keyword arguments: cmp, key, and reverse. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30413 diff changeset	1164 department, then by salary grade).
26161 dd10d97d329a SF patch 637176: list.sort crasher Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 25906 diff changeset	1165
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1166 \item[(10)] While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1167 mutate, or even inspect, the list is undefined. The C
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1168 implementation of Python 2.3 and newer makes the list appear empty
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1169 for the duration, and raises \exception{ValueError} if it can detect
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1170 that the list has been mutated during a sort.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1171 \end{description}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1172
35074 f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	1173 \subsection{Set Types ---
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	1174 \class{set}, \class{frozenset}
f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	1175 \label{types-set}}
31008 4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1176 \obindex{set}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1177
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1178 A \dfn{set} object is an unordered collection of immutable values.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1179 Common uses include membership testing, removing duplicates from a sequence,
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1180 and computing mathematical operations such as intersection, union, difference,
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1181 and symmetric difference.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1182 \versionadded{2.4}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1183
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1184 Like other collections, sets support \code{\var{x} in \var{set}},
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1185 \code{len(\var{set})}, and \code{for \var{x} in \var{set}}. Being an
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1186 unordered collection, sets do not record element position or order of
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1187 insertion. Accordingly, sets do not support indexing, slicing, or
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1188 other sequence-like behavior.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1189
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1190 There are currently two builtin set types, \class{set} and \class{frozenset}.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1191 The \class{set} type is mutable --- the contents can be changed using methods
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1192 like \method{add()} and \method{remove()}. Since it is mutable, it has no
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1193 hash value and cannot be used as either a dictionary key or as an element of
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1194 another set. The \class{frozenset} type is immutable and hashable --- its
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1195 contents cannot be altered after is created; however, it can be used as
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1196 a dictionary key or as an element of another set.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1197
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1198 Instances of \class{set} and \class{frozenset} provide the following operations:
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1199
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1200 \begin{tableiii}{c\|c\|l}{code}{Operation}{Equivalent}{Result}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1201 \lineiii{len(\var{s})}{}{cardinality of set \var{s}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1202
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1203 \hline
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1204 \lineiii{\var{x} in \var{s}}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1205 {test \var{x} for membership in \var{s}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1206 \lineiii{\var{x} not in \var{s}}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1207 {test \var{x} for non-membership in \var{s}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1208 \lineiii{\var{s}.issubset(\var{t})}{\code{\var{s} <= \var{t}}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1209 {test whether every element in \var{s} is in \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1210 \lineiii{\var{s}.issuperset(\var{t})}{\code{\var{s} >= \var{t}}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1211 {test whether every element in \var{t} is in \var{s}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1212
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1213 \hline
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1214 \lineiii{\var{s}.union(\var{t})}{\var{s} \| \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1215 {new set with elements from both \var{s} and \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1216 \lineiii{\var{s}.intersection(\var{t})}{\var{s} \&\ \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1217 {new set with elements common to \var{s} and \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1218 \lineiii{\var{s}.difference(\var{t})}{\var{s} - \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1219 {new set with elements in \var{s} but not in \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1220 \lineiii{\var{s}.symmetric_difference(\var{t})}{\var{s} \^\ \var{t}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1221 {new set with elements in either \var{s} or \var{t} but not both}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1222 \lineiii{\var{s}.copy()}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1223 {new set with a shallow copy of \var{s}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1224 \end{tableiii}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1225
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1226 Note, the non-operator versions of \method{union()}, \method{intersection()},
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1227 \method{difference()}, and \method{symmetric_difference()},
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1228 \method{issubset()}, and \method{issuperset()} methods will accept any
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1229 iterable as an argument. In contrast, their operator based counterparts
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1230 require their arguments to be sets. This precludes error-prone constructions
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1231 like \code{set('abc') \&\ 'cbs'} in favor of the more readable
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1232 \code{set('abc').intersection('cbs')}.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1233
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1234 Both \class{set} and \class{frozenset} support set to set comparisons.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1235 Two sets are equal if and only if every element of each set is contained in
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1236 the other (each is a subset of the other).
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1237 A set is less than another set if and only if the first set is a proper
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1238 subset of the second set (is a subset, but is not equal).
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1239 A set is greater than another set if and only if the first set is a proper
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1240 superset of the second set (is a superset, but is not equal).
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1241
34296 67f2190e1f6d SF Patch #1093896: miscellaneous doc typos Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34078 diff changeset	1242 Instances of \class{set} are compared to instances of \class{frozenset} based
32795 46e0431c9701 SF bug #995983 and #995987: Documentation nits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32459 diff changeset	1243 on their members. For example, \samp{set('abc') == frozenset('abc')} returns
46e0431c9701 SF bug #995983 and #995987: Documentation nits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32459 diff changeset	1244 \code{True}.
46e0431c9701 SF bug #995983 and #995987: Documentation nits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32459 diff changeset	1245
31008 4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1246 The subset and equality comparisons do not generalize to a complete
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1247 ordering function. For example, any two disjoint sets are not equal and
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1248 are not subsets of each other, so \emph{all} of the following return
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1249 \code{False}: \code{\var{a}<\var{b}}, \code{\var{a}==\var{b}}, or
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1250 \code{\var{a}>\var{b}}.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1251 Accordingly, sets do not implement the \method{__cmp__} method.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1252
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1253 Since sets only define partial ordering (subset relationships), the output
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1254 of the \method{list.sort()} method is undefined for lists of sets.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1255
34898 fbcb1da480dd SF bug #1179957: Missing def'n of equality for set element Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34573 diff changeset	1256 Set elements are like dictionary keys; they need to define both
fbcb1da480dd SF bug #1179957: Missing def'n of equality for set element Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34573 diff changeset	1257 \method{__hash__} and \method{__eq__} methods.
fbcb1da480dd SF bug #1179957: Missing def'n of equality for set element Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34573 diff changeset	1258
32795 46e0431c9701 SF bug #995983 and #995987: Documentation nits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32459 diff changeset	1259 Binary operations that mix \class{set} instances with \class{frozenset}
46e0431c9701 SF bug #995983 and #995987: Documentation nits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32459 diff changeset	1260 return the type of the first operand. For example:
46e0431c9701 SF bug #995983 and #995987: Documentation nits. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 32459 diff changeset	1261 \samp{frozenset('ab') \| set('bc')} returns an instance of \class{frozenset}.
31008 4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1262
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1263 The following table lists operations available for \class{set}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1264 that do not apply to immutable instances of \class{frozenset}:
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1265
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1266 \begin{tableiii}{c\|c\|l}{code}{Operation}{Equivalent}{Result}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1267 \lineiii{\var{s}.update(\var{t})}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1268 {\var{s} \|= \var{t}}
36136 c886cb16a156 Bug #1389673: document correct return value of set methods (backport) Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36038 diff changeset	1269 {update set \var{s}, adding elements from \var{t}}
31008 4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1270 \lineiii{\var{s}.intersection_update(\var{t})}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1271 {\var{s} \&= \var{t}}
36136 c886cb16a156 Bug #1389673: document correct return value of set methods (backport) Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36038 diff changeset	1272 {update set \var{s}, keeping only elements found in both \var{s} and \var{t}}
31008 4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1273 \lineiii{\var{s}.difference_update(\var{t})}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1274 {\var{s} -= \var{t}}
36136 c886cb16a156 Bug #1389673: document correct return value of set methods (backport) Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36038 diff changeset	1275 {update set \var{s}, removing elements found in \var{t}}
31008 4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1276 \lineiii{\var{s}.symmetric_difference_update(\var{t})}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1277 {\var{s} \textasciicircum= \var{t}}
36136 c886cb16a156 Bug #1389673: document correct return value of set methods (backport) Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36038 diff changeset	1278 {update set \var{s}, keeping only elements found in either \var{s} or \var{t}
c886cb16a156 Bug #1389673: document correct return value of set methods (backport) Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36038 diff changeset	1279 but not in both}
31008 4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1280
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1281 \hline
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1282 \lineiii{\var{s}.add(\var{x})}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1283 {add element \var{x} to set \var{s}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1284 \lineiii{\var{s}.remove(\var{x})}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1285 {remove \var{x} from set \var{s}; raises KeyError if not present}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1286 \lineiii{\var{s}.discard(\var{x})}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1287 {removes \var{x} from set \var{s} if present}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1288 \lineiii{\var{s}.pop()}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1289 {remove and return an arbitrary element from \var{s}; raises
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1290 \exception{KeyError} if empty}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1291 \lineiii{\var{s}.clear()}{}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1292 {remove all elements from set \var{s}}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1293 \end{tableiii}
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1294
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1295 Note, the non-operator versions of the \method{update()},
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1296 \method{intersection_update()}, \method{difference_update()}, and
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1297 \method{symmetric_difference_update()} methods will accept any iterable
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1298 as an argument.
4224d807911c * Checkin remaining documentation Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30813 diff changeset	1299
35187 5d977d7cc335 Cross reference the set built-ins with the sets module. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 35074 diff changeset	1300 The design of the set types was based on lessons learned from the
5d977d7cc335 Cross reference the set built-ins with the sets module. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 35074 diff changeset	1301 \module{sets} module.
5d977d7cc335 Cross reference the set built-ins with the sets module. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 35074 diff changeset	1302
5d977d7cc335 Cross reference the set built-ins with the sets module. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 35074 diff changeset	1303 \begin{seealso}
35687 2985e42eb2d2 fix link to subsection (SF bug #1311674) Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 35202 diff changeset	1304 \seelink{comparison-to-builtin-set.html}
2985e42eb2d2 fix link to subsection (SF bug #1311674) Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 35202 diff changeset	1305 {Comparison to the built-in set types}
2985e42eb2d2 fix link to subsection (SF bug #1311674) Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 35202 diff changeset	1306 {Differences between the \module{sets} module and the
2985e42eb2d2 fix link to subsection (SF bug #1311674) Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 35202 diff changeset	1307 built-in set types.}
35187 5d977d7cc335 Cross reference the set built-ins with the sets module. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 35074 diff changeset	1308 \end{seealso}
5d977d7cc335 Cross reference the set built-ins with the sets module. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 35074 diff changeset	1309
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1310
35074 f89cbe69db63 SF bug #1215887: String and list methods documentation deeply hidden Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34975 diff changeset	1311 \subsection{Mapping Types --- class{dict} \label{typesmapping}}
15005 0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	1312 \obindex{mapping}
0cf5111bf09c Use \obindex{...} instead of \indexii{...}{type} in many places; this is Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14710 diff changeset	1313 \obindex{dictionary}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1314
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1315 A \dfn{mapping} object maps immutable values to
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1316 arbitrary objects. Mappings are mutable objects. There is currently
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1317 only one standard mapping type, the \dfn{dictionary}. A dictionary's keys are
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1318 almost arbitrary values. Only values containing lists, dictionaries
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1319 or other mutable types (that are compared by value rather than by
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1320 object identity) may not be used as keys.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1321 Numeric types used for keys obey the normal rules for numeric
30413 53f1c32ee69d SF bug #804280: fromkeys is not listed in index Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30375 diff changeset	1322 comparison: if two numbers compare equal (such as \code{1} and
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1323 \code{1.0}) then they can be used interchangeably to index the same
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1324 dictionary entry.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1325
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1326 Dictionaries are created by placing a comma-separated list of
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1327 \code{\var{key}: \var{value}} pairs within braces, for example:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1328 \code{\{'jack': 4098, 'sjoerd': 4127\}} or
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1329 \code{\{4098: 'jack', 4127: 'sjoerd'\}}.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1330
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1331 The following operations are defined on mappings (where \var{a} and
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1332 \var{b} are mappings, \var{k} is a key, and \var{v} and \var{x} are
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1333 arbitrary objects):
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1334 \indexiii{operations on}{mapping}{types}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1335 \indexiii{operations on}{dictionary}{type}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1336 \stindex{del}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1337 \bifuncindex{len}
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1338 \withsubitem{(dictionary method)}{
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1339 \ttindex{clear()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1340 \ttindex{copy()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1341 \ttindex{has_key()}
30413 53f1c32ee69d SF bug #804280: fromkeys is not listed in index Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30375 diff changeset	1342 \ttindex{fromkeys()}
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1343 \ttindex{items()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1344 \ttindex{keys()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1345 \ttindex{update()}
0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1346 \ttindex{values()}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1347 \ttindex{get()}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1348 \ttindex{setdefault()}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1349 \ttindex{pop()}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1350 \ttindex{popitem()}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1351 \ttindex{iteritems()}
29067 04065c4a1c6b Missing parenthesis found by texcheck.py Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29065 diff changeset	1352 \ttindex{iterkeys()}
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1353 \ttindex{itervalues()}}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1354
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1355 \begin{tableiii}{c\|l\|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1356 \lineiii{len(\var{a})}{the number of items in \var{a}}{}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1357 \lineiii{\var{a}[\var{k}]}{the item of \var{a} with key \var{k}}{(1)}
13764 fdbc8730d356 Two minor nits from Gerry Weiner (no working email address) about Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13222 diff changeset	1358 \lineiii{\var{a}[\var{k}] = \var{v}}
fdbc8730d356 Two minor nits from Gerry Weiner (no working email address) about Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13222 diff changeset	1359 {set \code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} to \var{v}}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1360 {}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1361 \lineiii{del \var{a}[\var{k}]}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1362 {remove \code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} from \var{a}}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1363 {(1)}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1364 \lineiii{\var{a}.clear()}{remove all items from \code{a}}{}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1365 \lineiii{\var{a}.copy()}{a (shallow) copy of \code{a}}{}
17616 7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	1366 \lineiii{\var{a}.has_key(\var{k})}
30095 e3c9b48de60a SF bug #775836: change 0,1 to False,True in dict.has_key doc Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29893 diff changeset	1367 {\code{True} if \var{a} has a key \var{k}, else \code{False}}
17594 bf94af396b1e Implement, test and document "key in dict" and "key not in dict". Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 16778 diff changeset	1368 {}
17616 7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	1369 \lineiii{\var{k} \code{in} \var{a}}
7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	1370 {Equivalent to \var{a}.has_key(\var{k})}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1371 {(2)}
17594 bf94af396b1e Implement, test and document "key in dict" and "key not in dict". Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 16778 diff changeset	1372 \lineiii{\var{k} not in \var{a}}
17616 7acba78e1e09 At the suggestion of Peter Funk, document 'key in dict' and 'key not Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 17612 diff changeset	1373 {Equivalent to \code{not} \var{a}.has_key(\var{k})}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1374 {(2)}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1375 \lineiii{\var{a}.items()}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1376 {a copy of \var{a}'s list of (\var{key}, \var{value}) pairs}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1377 {(3)}
18085 7e459fb3c332 Fixed reference to table notes for {}.keys() and {}.items() -- these Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17966 diff changeset	1378 \lineiii{\var{a}.keys()}{a copy of \var{a}'s list of keys}{(3)}
31616 5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1379 \lineiii{\var{a}.update(\optional{\var{b}})}
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1380 {updates (and overwrites) key/value pairs from \var{b}}
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1381 {(9)}
26437 57d03375aead SF Patch 643443. Added dict.fromkeys(iterable, value=None), a class Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26260 diff changeset	1382 \lineiii{\var{a}.fromkeys(\var{seq}\optional{, \var{value}})}
57d03375aead SF Patch 643443. Added dict.fromkeys(iterable, value=None), a class Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26260 diff changeset	1383 {Creates a new dictionary with keys from \var{seq} and values set to \var{value}}
57d03375aead SF Patch 643443. Added dict.fromkeys(iterable, value=None), a class Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26260 diff changeset	1384 {(7)}
18085 7e459fb3c332 Fixed reference to table notes for {}.keys() and {}.items() -- these Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17966 diff changeset	1385 \lineiii{\var{a}.values()}{a copy of \var{a}'s list of values}{(3)}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1386 \lineiii{\var{a}.get(\var{k}\optional{, \var{x}})}
17603 d638e419c304 Fix a number of minor markup errors. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17594 diff changeset	1387 {\code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} if \code{\var{k} in \var{a}},
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1388 else \var{x}}
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1389 {(4)}
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1390 \lineiii{\var{a}.setdefault(\var{k}\optional{, \var{x}})}
17603 d638e419c304 Fix a number of minor markup errors. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17594 diff changeset	1391 {\code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} if \code{\var{k} in \var{a}},
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1392 else \var{x} (also setting it)}
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1393 {(5)}
28211 92e3b611dc9f SF patch #693753: fix for bug 639806: default for dict.pop Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 28171 diff changeset	1394 \lineiii{\var{a}.pop(\var{k}\optional{, \var{x}})}
92e3b611dc9f SF patch #693753: fix for bug 639806: default for dict.pop Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 28171 diff changeset	1395 {\code{\var{a}[\var{k}]} if \code{\var{k} in \var{a}},
92e3b611dc9f SF patch #693753: fix for bug 639806: default for dict.pop Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 28171 diff changeset	1396 else \var{x} (and remove k)}
92e3b611dc9f SF patch #693753: fix for bug 639806: default for dict.pop Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 28171 diff changeset	1397 {(8)}
15522 aaa54752e4ba "Documentation" for {}.popitem(). Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15463 diff changeset	1398 \lineiii{\var{a}.popitem()}
aaa54752e4ba "Documentation" for {}.popitem(). Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15463 diff changeset	1399 {remove and return an arbitrary (\var{key}, \var{value}) pair}
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1400 {(6)}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1401 \lineiii{\var{a}.iteritems()}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1402 {return an iterator over (\var{key}, \var{value}) pairs}
24902 f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1403 {(2), (3)}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1404 \lineiii{\var{a}.iterkeys()}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1405 {return an iterator over the mapping's keys}
24902 f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1406 {(2), (3)}
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1407 \lineiii{\var{a}.itervalues()}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1408 {return an iterator over the mapping's values}
24902 f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1409 {(2), (3)}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1410 \end{tableiii}
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1411
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1412 \noindent
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1413 Notes:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1414 \begin{description}
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1415 \item[(1)] Raises a \exception{KeyError} exception if \var{k} is not
5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1416 in the map.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1417
17966 178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1418 \item[(2)] \versionadded{2.2}
178bedf9536d Add descriptions of {}.iteritems(), {}.iterkeys(), and {}.itervalues() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17663 diff changeset	1419
34029 81a1f754d32c Clarify the ordering of dictionary keys. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33970 diff changeset	1420 \item[(3)] Keys and values are listed in an arbitrary order which is
81a1f754d32c Clarify the ordering of dictionary keys. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33970 diff changeset	1421 non-random, varies across Python implementations, and depends on the
81a1f754d32c Clarify the ordering of dictionary keys. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33970 diff changeset	1422 dictionary's history of insertions and deletions.
81a1f754d32c Clarify the ordering of dictionary keys. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 33970 diff changeset	1423 If \method{items()}, \method{keys()}, \method{values()},
24902 f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1424 \method{iteritems()}, \method{iterkeys()}, and \method{itervalues()}
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1425 are called with no intervening modifications to the dictionary, the
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1426 lists will directly correspond. This allows the creation of
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1427 \code{(\var{value}, \var{key})} pairs using \function{zip()}:
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1428 \samp{pairs = zip(\var{a}.values(), \var{a}.keys())}. The same
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1429 relationship holds for the \method{iterkeys()} and
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1430 \method{itervalues()} methods: \samp{pairs = zip(\var{a}.itervalues(),
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1431 \var{a}.iterkeys())} provides the same value for \code{pairs}.
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1432 Another way to create the same list is \samp{pairs = [(v, k) for (k,
f57d6db423f2 Extend some comments on the order of values in the returns from Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 24631 diff changeset	1433 v) in \var{a}.iteritems()]}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1434
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1435 \item[(4)] Never raises an exception if \var{k} is not in the map,
12223 e82e82b3b9ad Merged changes from the 1.5.2p2 release. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11463 diff changeset	1436 instead it returns \var{x}. \var{x} is optional; when \var{x} is not
10968 5ba2e4ce58cb Some clarifications on operations for mapping types, based on comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10785 diff changeset	1437 provided and \var{k} is not in the map, \code{None} is returned.
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1438
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1439 \item[(5)] \function{setdefault()} is like \function{get()}, except
13894 77b9e041b595 Barry's patch to document the new setdefault() method. Slightly Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 13780 diff changeset	1440 that if \var{k} is missing, \var{x} is both returned and inserted into
33003 b5dcfe7a4159 Point out that the setdefault defaults the value to None. Inspired by Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 32975 diff changeset	1441 the dictionary as the value of \var{k}. \var{x} defaults to \var{None}.
15522 aaa54752e4ba "Documentation" for {}.popitem(). Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15463 diff changeset	1442
18286 bc05a95242a3 Remove the restriction on a mapping's .update() method. Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org> parents: 18085 diff changeset	1443 \item[(6)] \function{popitem()} is useful to destructively iterate
34969 672e5f65172c SF bug #1209671: dict.popitem documentation should mention empty dict case Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34917 diff changeset	1444 over a dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary
672e5f65172c SF bug #1209671: dict.popitem documentation should mention empty dict case Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 34917 diff changeset	1445 is empty, calling \function{popitem()} raises a \exception{KeyError}.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1446
26437 57d03375aead SF Patch 643443. Added dict.fromkeys(iterable, value=None), a class Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26260 diff changeset	1447 \item[(7)] \function{fromkeys()} is a class method that returns a
57d03375aead SF Patch 643443. Added dict.fromkeys(iterable, value=None), a class Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26260 diff changeset	1448 new dictionary. \var{value} defaults to \code{None}. \versionadded{2.3}
28211 92e3b611dc9f SF patch #693753: fix for bug 639806: default for dict.pop Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 28171 diff changeset	1449
92e3b611dc9f SF patch #693753: fix for bug 639806: default for dict.pop Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 28171 diff changeset	1450 \item[(8)] \function{pop()} raises a \exception{KeyError} when no default
92e3b611dc9f SF patch #693753: fix for bug 639806: default for dict.pop Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 28171 diff changeset	1451 value is given and the key is not found. \versionadded{2.3}
26437 57d03375aead SF Patch 643443. Added dict.fromkeys(iterable, value=None), a class Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 26260 diff changeset	1452
31616 5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1453 \item[(9)] \function{update()} accepts either another mapping object
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1454 or an iterable of key/value pairs (as a tuple or other iterable of
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1455 length two). If keyword arguments are specified, the mapping is
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1456 then is updated with those key/value pairs:
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1457 \samp{d.update(red=1, blue=2)}.
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1458 \versionchanged[Allowed the argument to be an iterable of key/value
5b3898d9ba59 SF #904720: dict.update should take a 2-tuple sequence like dict.__init_ Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 31357 diff changeset	1459 pairs and allowed keyword arguments]{2.4}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1460
31631 228d264c5fbb SF Patch #912462: Relocate \end tag to the right place. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31616 diff changeset	1461 \end{description}
228d264c5fbb SF Patch #912462: Relocate \end tag to the right place. Hye-Shik Chang <hyeshik@gmail.com> parents: 31616 diff changeset	1462
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1463 \subsection{File Objects
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1464 \label{bltin-file-objects}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1465
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1466 File objects\obindex{file} are implemented using C's \code{stdio}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1467 package and can be created with the built-in constructor
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1468 \function{file()}\bifuncindex{file} described in section
20764 37b8d92e12f5 Mention the new file() builtin in the section on file objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20701 diff changeset	1469 \ref{built-in-funcs}, ``Built-in Functions.''\footnote{\function{file()}
37b8d92e12f5 Mention the new file() builtin in the section on file objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20701 diff changeset	1470 is new in Python 2.2. The older built-in \function{open()} is an
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1471 alias for \function{file()}.} File objects are also returned
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1472 by some other built-in functions and methods, such as
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	1473 \function{os.popen()} and \function{os.fdopen()} and the
9461 9ffd604807c2 Don't describe something as "below"; that won't make sense for the Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9318 diff changeset	1474 \method{makefile()} method of socket objects.
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	1475 \refstmodindex{os}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1476 \refbimodindex{socket}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1477
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1478 When a file operation fails for an I/O-related reason, the exception
9558 fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	1479 \exception{IOError} is raised. This includes situations where the
fa867d8ee7eb Remove some remaining {\rm ...} constructs. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9523 diff changeset	1480 operation is not defined for some reason, like \method{seek()} on a tty
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1481 device or writing a file opened for reading.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1482
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1483 Files have the following methods:
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1484
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1485
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1486 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{close}{}
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1487 Close the file. A closed file cannot be read or written any more.
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1488 Any operation which requires that the file be open will raise a
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1489 \exception{ValueError} after the file has been closed. Calling
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1490 \method{close()} more than once is allowed.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1491 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1492
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1493 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{flush}{}
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1494 Flush the internal buffer, like \code{stdio}'s
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1495 \cfunction{fflush()}. This may be a no-op on some file-like
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1496 objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1497 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1498
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1499 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{fileno}{}
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1500 \index{file descriptor}
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1501 \index{descriptor, file}
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1502 Return the integer ``file descriptor'' that is used by the
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1503 underlying implementation to request I/O operations from the
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1504 operating system. This can be useful for other, lower level
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1505 interfaces that use file descriptors, such as the
33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1506 \refmodule{fcntl}\refbimodindex{fcntl} module or
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1507 \function{os.read()} and friends. \note{File-like objects
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1508 which do not have a real file descriptor should \emph{not} provide
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1509 this method!}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1510 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1511
24599 d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1512 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{isatty}{}
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1513 Return \code{True} if the file is connected to a tty(-like) device, else
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1514 \code{False}. \note{If a file-like object is not associated
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1515 with a real file, this method should \emph{not} be implemented.}
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1516 \end{methoddesc}
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1517
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1518 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{next}{}
30413 53f1c32ee69d SF bug #804280: fromkeys is not listed in index Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30375 diff changeset	1519 A file object is its own iterator, for example \code{iter(\var{f})} returns
24599 d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1520 \var{f} (unless \var{f} is closed). When a file is used as an
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1521 iterator, typically in a \keyword{for} loop (for example,
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1522 \code{for line in f: print line}), the \method{next()} method is
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1523 called repeatedly. This method returns the next input line, or raises
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1524 \exception{StopIteration} when \EOF{} is hit. In order to make a
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1525 \keyword{for} loop the most efficient way of looping over the lines of
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1526 a file (a very common operation), the \method{next()} method uses a
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1527 hidden read-ahead buffer. As a consequence of using a read-ahead
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1528 buffer, combining \method{next()} with other file methods (like
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1529 \method{readline()}) does not work right. However, using
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1530 \method{seek()} to reposition the file to an absolute position will
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1531 flush the read-ahead buffer.
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1532 \versionadded{2.3}
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1533 \end{methoddesc}
d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1534
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1535 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{read}{\optional{size}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1536 Read at most \var{size} bytes from the file (less if the read hits
10606 fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1537 \EOF{} before obtaining \var{size} bytes). If the \var{size}
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1538 argument is negative or omitted, read all data until \EOF{} is
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1539 reached. The bytes are returned as a string object. An empty
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1540 string is returned when \EOF{} is encountered immediately. (For
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1541 certain files, like ttys, it makes sense to continue reading after
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1542 an \EOF{} is hit.) Note that this method may call the underlying
fe5fcb7e73f7 Correct documentation for <file>.read(); Python makes a serious Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10520 diff changeset	1543 C function \cfunction{fread()} more than once in an effort to
26672 8dd25a6f5913 Fixed bug Gustavo Niemeyer <gustavo@niemeyer.net> parents: 26592 diff changeset	1544 acquire as close to \var{size} bytes as possible. Also note that
8dd25a6f5913 Fixed bug Gustavo Niemeyer <gustavo@niemeyer.net> parents: 26592 diff changeset	1545 when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested may
8dd25a6f5913 Fixed bug Gustavo Niemeyer <gustavo@niemeyer.net> parents: 26592 diff changeset	1546 be returned, even if no \var{size} parameter was given.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1547 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1548
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1549 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{readline}{\optional{size}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1550 Read one entire line from the file. A trailing newline character is
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1551 kept in the string (but may be absent when a file ends with an
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1552 incomplete line).\footnote{
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1553 The advantage of leaving the newline on is that
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1554 returning an empty string is then an unambiguous \EOF{}
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1555 indication. It is also possible (in cases where it might
63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1556 matter, for example, if you
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1557 want to make an exact copy of a file while scanning its lines)
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1558 to tell whether the last line of a file ended in a newline
13933 4d14eef8ea07 Added Marc-Andre Lemburg's documentation for string methods, with some Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13894 diff changeset	1559 or not (yes this happens!).
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1560 } If the \var{size} argument is present and
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1561 non-negative, it is a maximum byte count (including the trailing
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1562 newline) and an incomplete line may be returned.
23860 63ee31bb25f3 Make a start at describing the results of class/type unification Steve Holden <steve@holdenweb.com> parents: 23847 diff changeset	1563 An empty string is returned \emph{only} when \EOF{} is encountered
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1564 immediately. \note{Unlike \code{stdio}'s \cfunction{fgets()}, the
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1565 returned string contains null characters (\code{'\e 0'}) if they
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1566 occurred in the input.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1567 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1568
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1569 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{readlines}{\optional{sizehint}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1570 Read until \EOF{} using \method{readline()} and return a list containing
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1571 the lines thus read. If the optional \var{sizehint} argument is
21062 bc02c3b09626 Clean up some markup cruft. A number of the macros that take no Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20767 diff changeset	1572 present, instead of reading up to \EOF, whole lines totalling
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1573 approximately \var{sizehint} bytes (possibly after rounding up to an
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1574 internal buffer size) are read. Objects implementing a file-like
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1575 interface may choose to ignore \var{sizehint} if it cannot be
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1576 implemented, or cannot be implemented efficiently.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1577 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1578
15926 ac13cef423c8 Document xreadlines() method. (Forgot to check this in before!) Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15896 diff changeset	1579 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{xreadlines}{}
24599 d7ca0a2ce074 Document file.next(). Mark xreadlines obsolete (both method and Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 24598 diff changeset	1580 This method returns the same thing as \code{iter(f)}.
17612 c19d6db6e99b Only document <file>.xreadlines() once; added version annotation. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 17603 diff changeset	1581 \versionadded{2.1}
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1582 \deprecated{2.3}{Use \samp{for \var{line} in \var{file}} instead.}
15926 ac13cef423c8 Document xreadlines() method. (Forgot to check this in before!) Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15896 diff changeset	1583 \end{methoddesc}
ac13cef423c8 Document xreadlines() method. (Forgot to check this in before!) Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 15896 diff changeset	1584
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1585 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{seek}{offset\optional{, whence}}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1586 Set the file's current position, like \code{stdio}'s \cfunction{fseek()}.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1587 The \var{whence} argument is optional and defaults to \code{0}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1588 (absolute file positioning); other values are \code{1} (seek
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1589 relative to the current position) and \code{2} (seek relative to the
15731 a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1590 file's end). There is no return value. Note that if the file is
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1591 opened for appending (mode \code{'a'} or \code{'a+'}), any
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1592 \method{seek()} operations will be undone at the next write. If the
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1593 file is only opened for writing in append mode (mode \code{'a'}),
a06415994cb5 Added information about the interaction of opening a file in append mode Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15522 diff changeset	1594 this method is essentially a no-op, but it remains useful for files
30705 3ff03446f362 Patch #809535: Mention behaviour of seek on text files. Backported to 2.3. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30697 diff changeset	1595 opened in append mode with reading enabled (mode \code{'a+'}). If the
36038 64c6ab5671e7 Remove reference to open() mode "t" as it is platform dependent. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 35952 diff changeset	1596 file is opened in text mode (without \code{'b'}), only offsets returned
30705 3ff03446f362 Patch #809535: Mention behaviour of seek on text files. Backported to 2.3. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30697 diff changeset	1597 by \method{tell()} are legal. Use of other offsets causes undefined
3ff03446f362 Patch #809535: Mention behaviour of seek on text files. Backported to 2.3. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30697 diff changeset	1598 behavior.
3ff03446f362 Patch #809535: Mention behaviour of seek on text files. Backported to 2.3. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30697 diff changeset	1599
3ff03446f362 Patch #809535: Mention behaviour of seek on text files. Backported to 2.3. Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 30697 diff changeset	1600 Note that not all file objects are seekable.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1601 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1602
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1603 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{tell}{}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1604 Return the file's current position, like \code{stdio}'s
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1605 \cfunction{ftell()}.
36334 98faac1df5bb Bug #1396471: Document that Windows' ftell() can return invalid Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36167 diff changeset	1606
98faac1df5bb Bug #1396471: Document that Windows' ftell() can return invalid Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36167 diff changeset	1607 \note{On Windows, \method{tell()} can return illegal values (after an
98faac1df5bb Bug #1396471: Document that Windows' ftell() can return invalid Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36167 diff changeset	1608 \cfunction{fgets()}) when reading files with \UNIX{}-style line-endings.
98faac1df5bb Bug #1396471: Document that Windows' ftell() can return invalid Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36167 diff changeset	1609 Use binary mode (\code{'rb'}) to circumvent this problem.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1610 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1611
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1612 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{truncate}{\optional{size}}
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1613 Truncate the file's size. If the optional \var{size} argument is
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1614 present, the file is truncated to (at most) that size. The size
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1615 defaults to the current position. The current file position is
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1616 not changed. Note that if a specified size exceeds the file's
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1617 current size, the result is platform-dependent: possibilities
36167 834dd664aefc Bug #1394868: doc typos Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 36136 diff changeset	1618 include that the file may remain unchanged, increase to the specified
22241 7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1619 size as if zero-filled, or increase to the specified size with
7584b6f1afde Change Windows file.truncate() to (a) restore the original file position, Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 22214 diff changeset	1620 undefined new content.
30375 4aa84a8b1fe4 Fix spacing markup and other sundries. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 30250 diff changeset	1621 Availability: Windows, many \UNIX{} variants.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1622 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1623
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1624 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{write}{str}
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1625 Write a string to the file. There is no return value. Due to
15789 9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1626 buffering, the string may not actually show up in the file until
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1627 the \method{flush()} or \method{close()} method is called.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1628 \end{methoddesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1629
20045 7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1630 \begin{methoddesc}[file]{writelines}{sequence}
7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1631 Write a sequence of strings to the file. The sequence can be any
7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1632 iterable object producing strings, typically a list of strings.
7b8c11739714 Generalize file.writelines() to allow iterable objects. Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com> parents: 20031 diff changeset	1633 There is no return value.
15789 9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1634 (The name is intended to match \method{readlines()};
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1635 \method{writelines()} does not add line separators.)
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1636 \end{methoddesc}
9e9556924b0a Added documentation for the xreadlines module & related changes. The Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15731 diff changeset	1637
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1638
20031 e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1639 Files support the iterator protocol. Each iteration returns the same
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1640 result as \code{\var{file}.readline()}, and iteration ends when the
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1641 \method{readline()} method returns an empty string.
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1642
e5a3f9d7766b Note that files are iterable; describe what the iterator returns. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 19529 diff changeset	1643
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1644 File objects also offer a number of other interesting attributes.
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1645 These are not required for file-like objects, but should be
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1646 implemented if they make sense for the particular object.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1647
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1648 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{closed}
22920 2392af05f052 Update docs for bool changes by Guido around April 6 Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 22785 diff changeset	1649 bool indicating the current state of the file object. This is a
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1650 read-only attribute; the \method{close()} method changes the value.
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1651 It may not be available on all file-like objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1652 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1653
29065 bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1654 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{encoding}
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1655 The encoding that this file uses. When Unicode strings are written
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1656 to a file, they will be converted to byte strings using this encoding.
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1657 In addition, when the file is connected to a terminal, the attribute
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1658 gives the encoding that the terminal is likely to use (that
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1659 information might be incorrect if the user has misconfigured the
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1660 terminal). The attribute is read-only and may not be present on
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1661 all file-like objects. It may also be \code{None}, in which case
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1662 the file uses the system default encoding for converting Unicode
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1663 strings.
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1664
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1665 \versionadded{2.3}
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1666 \end{memberdesc}
bf1634b023d5 Patch #612627: Add encoding attribute to file objects, and determine Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de> parents: 28909 diff changeset	1667
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1668 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{mode}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1669 The I/O mode for the file. If the file was created using the
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1670 \function{open()} built-in function, this will be the value of the
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1671 \var{mode} parameter. This is a read-only attribute and may not be
faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1672 present on all file-like objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1673 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1674
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1675 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{name}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1676 If the file object was created using \function{open()}, the name of
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1677 the file. Otherwise, some string that indicates the source of the
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1678 file object, of the form \samp{<\mbox{\ldots}>}. This is a read-only
14685 faf3e734254d Clarify a number of issues about the file-like object API based on Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14557 diff changeset	1679 attribute and may not be present on all file-like objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1680 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1681
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1682 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{newlines}
31282 8b62f4194a7e markup fix Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31210 diff changeset	1683 If Python was built with the \longprogramopt{with-universal-newlines}
8b62f4194a7e markup fix Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31210 diff changeset	1684 option to \program{configure} (the default) this read-only attribute
8b62f4194a7e markup fix Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31210 diff changeset	1685 exists, and for files opened in
28171 24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1686 universal newline read mode it keeps track of the types of newlines
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1687 encountered while reading the file. The values it can take are
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1688 \code{'\e r'}, \code{'\e n'}, \code{'\e r\e n'}, \code{None} (unknown,
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1689 no newlines read yet) or a tuple containing all the newline
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1690 types seen, to indicate that multiple
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1691 newline conventions were encountered. For files not opened in universal
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1692 newline read mode the value of this attribute will be \code{None}.
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1693 \end{memberdesc}
24fe023901b0 Back in June in revision 1.98 Steve (accidentally, presumably) wiped Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 27919 diff changeset	1694
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1695 \begin{memberdesc}[file]{softspace}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1696 Boolean that indicates whether a space character needs to be printed
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1697 before another value when using the \keyword{print} statement.
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1698 Classes that are trying to simulate a file object should also have a
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1699 writable \member{softspace} attribute, which should be initialized to
14485 ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1700 zero. This will be automatic for most classes implemented in Python
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1701 (care may be needed for objects that override attribute access); types
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1702 implemented in C will have to provide a writable
ac0246586d52 Improve a couple of references to the language reference, making them Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14044 diff changeset	1703 \member{softspace} attribute.
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1704 \note{This attribute is not used to control the
14705 4712f5b8f279 Clarify that the softspace attribute is used by print for state management, Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 14685 diff changeset	1705 \keyword{print} statement, but to allow the implementation of
20580 376ee174ecd0 Use the \note and \warning macros where appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20173 diff changeset	1706 \keyword{print} to keep track of its internal state.}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1707 \end{memberdesc}
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1708
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1709
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1710 \subsection{Other Built-in Types \label{typesother}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1711
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1712 The interpreter supports several other kinds of objects.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1713 Most of these support only one or two operations.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1714
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1715
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1716 \subsubsection{Modules \label{typesmodules}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1717
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1718 The only special operation on a module is attribute access:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1719 \code{\var{m}.\var{name}}, where \var{m} is a module and \var{name}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1720 accesses a name defined in \var{m}'s symbol table. Module attributes
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1721 can be assigned to. (Note that the \keyword{import} statement is not,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1722 strictly speaking, an operation on a module object; \code{import
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1723 \var{foo}} does not require a module object named \var{foo} to exist,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1724 rather it requires an (external) \emph{definition} for a module named
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1725 \var{foo} somewhere.)
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1726
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1727 A special member of every module is \member{__dict__}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1728 This is the dictionary containing the module's symbol table.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1729 Modifying this dictionary will actually change the module's symbol
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1730 table, but direct assignment to the \member{__dict__} attribute is not
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1731 possible (you can write \code{\var{m}.__dict__['a'] = 1}, which
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1732 defines \code{\var{m}.a} to be \code{1}, but you can't write
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1733 \code{\var{m}.__dict__ = \{\}}). Modifying \member{__dict__} directly
3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1734 is not recommended.
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1735
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1736 Modules built into the interpreter are written like this:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1737 \code{<module 'sys' (built-in)>}. If loaded from a file, they are
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1738 written as \code{<module 'os' from
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1739 '/usr/local/lib/python\shortversion/os.pyc'>}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1740
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1741
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1742 \subsubsection{Classes and Class Instances \label{typesobjects}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1743 \nodename{Classes and Instances}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1744
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1745 See chapters 3 and 7 of the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1746 Reference Manual} for these.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1747
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1748
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1749 \subsubsection{Functions \label{typesfunctions}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1750
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1751 Function objects are created by function definitions. The only
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1752 operation on a function object is to call it:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1753 \code{\var{func}(\var{argument-list})}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1754
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1755 There are really two flavors of function objects: built-in functions
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1756 and user-defined functions. Both support the same operation (to call
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1757 the function), but the implementation is different, hence the
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1758 different object types.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1759
33102 f27935b46985 This is my patch Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 33003 diff changeset	1760 See the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more
f27935b46985 This is my patch Michael W. Hudson <mwh@python.net> parents: 33003 diff changeset	1761 information.
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1762
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1763 \subsubsection{Methods \label{typesmethods}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1764 \obindex{method}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1765
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1766 Methods are functions that are called using the attribute notation.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1767 There are two flavors: built-in methods (such as \method{append()} on
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1768 lists) and class instance methods. Built-in methods are described
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1769 with the types that support them.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1770
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1771 The implementation adds two special read-only attributes to class
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1772 instance methods: \code{\var{m}.im_self} is the object on which the
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1773 method operates, and \code{\var{m}.im_func} is the function
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1774 implementing the method. Calling \code{\var{m}(\var{arg-1},
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1775 \var{arg-2}, \textrm{\ldots}, \var{arg-n})} is completely equivalent to
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1776 calling \code{\var{m}.im_func(\var{m}.im_self, \var{arg-1},
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1777 \var{arg-2}, \textrm{\ldots}, \var{arg-n})}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1778
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1779 Class instance methods are either \emph{bound} or \emph{unbound},
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1780 referring to whether the method was accessed through an instance or a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1781 class, respectively. When a method is unbound, its \code{im_self}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1782 attribute will be \code{None} and if called, an explicit \code{self}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1783 object must be passed as the first argument. In this case,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1784 \code{self} must be an instance of the unbound method's class (or a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1785 subclass of that class), otherwise a \code{TypeError} is raised.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1786
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1787 Like function objects, methods objects support getting
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1788 arbitrary attributes. However, since method attributes are actually
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1789 stored on the underlying function object (\code{meth.im_func}),
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1790 setting method attributes on either bound or unbound methods is
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1791 disallowed. Attempting to set a method attribute results in a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1792 \code{TypeError} being raised. In order to set a method attribute,
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1793 you need to explicitly set it on the underlying function object:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1794
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1795 \begin{verbatim}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1796 class C:
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1797 def method(self):
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1798 pass
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1799
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1800 c = C()
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1801 c.method.im_func.whoami = 'my name is c'
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1802 \end{verbatim}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1803
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1804 See the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1805 information.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1806
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1807
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1808 \subsubsection{Code Objects \label{bltin-code-objects}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1809 \obindex{code}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1810
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1811 Code objects are used by the implementation to represent
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1812 ``pseudo-compiled'' executable Python code such as a function body.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1813 They differ from function objects because they don't contain a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1814 reference to their global execution environment. Code objects are
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1815 returned by the built-in \function{compile()} function and can be
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1816 extracted from function objects through their \member{func_code}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1817 attribute.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1818 \bifuncindex{compile}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1819 \withsubitem{(function object attribute)}{\ttindex{func_code}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1820
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1821 A code object can be executed or evaluated by passing it (instead of a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1822 source string) to the \keyword{exec} statement or the built-in
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1823 \function{eval()} function.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1824 \stindex{exec}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1825 \bifuncindex{eval}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1826
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1827 See the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1828 information.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1829
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1830
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1831 \subsubsection{Type Objects \label{bltin-type-objects}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1832
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1833 Type objects represent the various object types. An object's type is
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1834 accessed by the built-in function \function{type()}. There are no special
31286 3894654b4848 fix a variety of markup bugs Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31282 diff changeset	1835 operations on types. The standard module \refmodule{types} defines names
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1836 for all standard built-in types.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1837 \bifuncindex{type}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1838 \refstmodindex{types}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1839
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1840 Types are written like this: \code{<type 'int'>}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1841
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1842
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1843 \subsubsection{The Null Object \label{bltin-null-object}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1844
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1845 This object is returned by functions that don't explicitly return a
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1846 value. It supports no special operations. There is exactly one null
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1847 object, named \code{None} (a built-in name).
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1848
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1849 It is written as \code{None}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1850
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1851
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1852 \subsubsection{The Ellipsis Object \label{bltin-ellipsis-object}}
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1853
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1854 This object is used by extended slice notation (see the
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1855 \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual}). It supports no
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1856 special operations. There is exactly one ellipsis object, named
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1857 \constant{Ellipsis} (a built-in name).
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1858
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1859 It is written as \code{Ellipsis}.
b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1860
22785 aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1861 \subsubsection{Boolean Values}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1862
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1863 Boolean values are the two constant objects \code{False} and
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1864 \code{True}. They are used to represent truth values (although other
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1865 values can also be considered false or true). In numeric contexts
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1866 (for example when used as the argument to an arithmetic operator),
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1867 they behave like the integers 0 and 1, respectively. The built-in
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1868 function \function{bool()} can be used to cast any value to a Boolean,
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1869 if the value can be interpreted as a truth value (see section Truth
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1870 Value Testing above).
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1871
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1872 They are written as \code{False} and \code{True}, respectively.
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1873 \index{False}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1874 \index{True}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1875 \indexii{Boolean}{values}
aa8d59823add Add the 'bool' type and its values 'False' and 'True', as described in Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: 22241 diff changeset	1876
20767 b3f48c5d6e16 Promote file objects out of the "Other Objects" category, so they become Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 20764 diff changeset	1877
10156 0f7d694bc334 Make sure all HTML pages generated from this section have reasonable Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 10147 diff changeset	1878 \subsubsection{Internal Objects \label{typesinternal}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1879
11463 17e12305973e Use \citetitle and \programopt as appropriate. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 11183 diff changeset	1880 See the \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for this
14044 a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	1881 information. It describes stack frame objects, traceback objects, and
a905c5aa0691 As pointed out by Denis S. Otkidach <den@analyt.chem.msu.ru>, xrange() Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 13967 diff changeset	1882 slice objects.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1883
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1884
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	1885 \subsection{Special Attributes \label{specialattrs}}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1886
8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1887 The implementation adds a few special read-only attributes to several
32070 b319db3869d8 add note about the __name__ read-only attribute Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31631 diff changeset	1888 object types, where they are relevant. Some of these are not reported
b319db3869d8 add note about the __name__ read-only attribute Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31631 diff changeset	1889 by the \function{dir()} built-in function.
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1890
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1891 \begin{memberdesc}[object]{__dict__}
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1892 A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an
9083 bc41e86c938c Markup nits. Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 9034 diff changeset	1893 object's (writable) attributes.
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1894 \end{memberdesc}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1895
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1896 \begin{memberdesc}[object]{__methods__}
21159 6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1897 \deprecated{2.2}{Use the built-in function \function{dir()} to get a
6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1898 list of an object's attributes. This attribute is no longer available.}
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1899 \end{memberdesc}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1900
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1901 \begin{memberdesc}[object]{__members__}
21159 6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1902 \deprecated{2.2}{Use the built-in function \function{dir()} to get a
6fa96b329e15 Remove most references to __members__ and __methods__, leaving only one pair Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 21062 diff changeset	1903 list of an object's attributes. This attribute is no longer available.}
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1904 \end{memberdesc}
8730 8a306dfd9f33 Move files around to get the names to match the module names except for Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: diff changeset	1905
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1906 \begin{memberdesc}[instance]{__class__}
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1907 The class to which a class instance belongs.
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1908 \end{memberdesc}
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1909
eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1910 \begin{memberdesc}[class]{__bases__}
18416 33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1911 The tuple of base classes of a class object. If there are no base
33b4357aebb8 Fix up a few style nits -- avoid "e.g." and "i.e." -- these make Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 18395 diff changeset	1912 classes, this will be an empty tuple.
15383 eeb7c8a5b79f Document the proper exception to be raised by I/O operations on closed Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 15332 diff changeset	1913 \end{memberdesc}
32070 b319db3869d8 add note about the __name__ read-only attribute Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31631 diff changeset	1914
b319db3869d8 add note about the __name__ read-only attribute Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31631 diff changeset	1915 \begin{memberdesc}[class]{__name__}
b319db3869d8 add note about the __name__ read-only attribute Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31631 diff changeset	1916 The name of the class or type.
b319db3869d8 add note about the __name__ read-only attribute Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 31631 diff changeset	1917 \end{memberdesc}

Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex @ 39587:bbef2ecdee33 2.4