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Restructured a bit.
author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Mon, 08 Feb 1999 22:27:18 +0000
parents bbe92932a005
children 5868846201ed
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1 \section{\module{sys} ---
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2 System-specific parameters and functions.}
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3 \declaremodule{builtin}{sys}
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4
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5 \modulesynopsis{Access system-specific parameters and functions.}
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6
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7 This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the
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8 interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
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9 It is always available.
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10
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11
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12 \begin{datadesc}{argv}
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13 The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script.
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14 \code{argv[0]} is the script name (it is operating system
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15 dependent whether this is a full pathname or not).
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16 If the command was executed using the \samp{-c} command line option
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17 to the interpreter, \code{argv[0]} is set to the string
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18 \code{'-c'}.
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19 If no script name was passed to the Python interpreter,
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20 \code{argv} has zero length.
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21 \end{datadesc}
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22
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23 \begin{datadesc}{builtin_module_names}
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24 A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled
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25 into this Python interpreter. (This information is not available in
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26 any other way --- \code{modules.keys()} only lists the imported
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27 modules.)
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28 \end{datadesc}
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29
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30 \begin{datadesc}{copyright}
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31 A string containing the copyright pertaining to the Python interpreter.
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32 \end{datadesc}
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33
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34 \begin{funcdesc}{exc_info}{}
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35 This function returns a tuple of three values that give information
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36 about the exception that is currently being handled. The information
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37 returned is specific both to the current thread and to the current
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38 stack frame. If the current stack frame is not handling an exception,
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39 the information is taken from the calling stack frame, or its caller,
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40 and so on until a stack frame is found that is handling an exception.
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41 Here, ``handling an exception'' is defined as ``executing or having
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42 executed an except clause.'' For any stack frame, only
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43 information about the most recently handled exception is accessible.
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44
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45 If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple
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46 containing three \code{None} values is returned. Otherwise, the
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47 values returned are
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48 \code{(\var{type}, \var{value}, \var{traceback})}.
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49 Their meaning is: \var{type} gets the exception type of the exception
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50 being handled (a string or class object); \var{value} gets the
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51 exception parameter (its \dfn{associated value} or the second argument
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52 to \keyword{raise}, which is always a class instance if the exception
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53 type is a class object); \var{traceback} gets a traceback object (see
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54 the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call stack at the point
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55 where the exception originally occurred.
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56 \obindex{traceback}
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57
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58 \strong{Warning:} assigning the \var{traceback} return value to a
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59 local variable in a function that is handling an exception will cause
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60 a circular reference. This will prevent anything referenced by a local
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61 variable in the same function or by the traceback from being garbage
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62 collected. Since most functions don't need access to the traceback,
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63 the best solution is to use something like
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64 \code{type, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]}
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65 to extract only the exception type and value. If you do need the
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66 traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a
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67 \keyword{try} ... \keyword{finally} statement) or to call
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68 \function{exc_info()} in a function that does not itself handle an
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69 exception.
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70 \end{funcdesc}
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71
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72 \begin{datadesc}{exc_type}
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73 \dataline{exc_value}
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74 \dataline{exc_traceback}
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75 \deprecated {1.5}
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76 {Use \function{exc_info()} instead.}
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77 Since they are global variables, they are not specific to the current
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78 thread, so their use is not safe in a multi-threaded program. When no
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79 exception is being handled, \code{exc_type} is set to \code{None} and
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80 the other two are undefined.
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81 \end{datadesc}
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82
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83 \begin{datadesc}{exec_prefix}
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84 A string giving the site-specific
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85 directory prefix where the platform-dependent Python files are
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86 installed; by default, this is also \code{'/usr/local'}. This can be
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87 set at build time with the \code{-}\code{-exec-prefix} argument to the
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88 \program{configure} script. Specifically, all configuration files
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89 (e.g. the \file{config.h} header file) are installed in the directory
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90 \code{exec_prefix + '/lib/python\var{version}/config'}, and shared library
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91 modules are installed in
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92 \code{exec_prefix + '/lib/python\var{version}/lib-dynload'},
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93 where \var{version} is equal to \code{version[:3]}.
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94 \end{datadesc}
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95
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96 \begin{datadesc}{executable}
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97 A string giving the name of the executable binary for the Python
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98 interpreter, on systems where this makes sense.
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99 \end{datadesc}
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100
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101 \begin{funcdesc}{exit}{\optional{arg}}
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102 Exit from Python. This is implemented by raising the
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103 \exception{SystemExit} exception, so cleanup actions specified by
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104 finally clauses of \keyword{try} statements are honored, and it is
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105 possible to intercept the exit attempt at an outer level. The
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106 optional argument \var{arg} can be an integer giving the exit status
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107 (defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer,
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108 zero is considered ``successful termination'' and any nonzero value is
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109 considered ``abnormal termination'' by shells and the like. Most
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110 systems require it to be in the range 0-127, and produce undefined
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111 results otherwise. Some systems have a convention for assigning
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112 specific meanings to specific exit codes, but these are generally
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113 underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command line syntax
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114 errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of object
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115 is passed, \code{None} is equivalent to passing zero, and any other
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116 object is printed to \code{sys.stderr} and results in an exit code of
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117 1. In particular, \code{sys.exit("some error message")} is a quick
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118 way to exit a program when an error occurs.
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119 \end{funcdesc}
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120
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121 \begin{datadesc}{exitfunc}
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122 This value is not actually defined by the module, but can be set by
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123 the user (or by a program) to specify a clean-up action at program
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124 exit. When set, it should be a parameterless function. This function
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125 will be called when the interpreter exits in any way (except when a
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126 fatal error occurs: in that case the interpreter's internal state
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127 cannot be trusted).
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128 \end{datadesc}
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129
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130 \begin{funcdesc}{getrefcount}{object}
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131 Return the reference count of the \var{object}. The count returned is
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132 generally one higher than you might expect, because it includes the
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133 (temporary) reference as an argument to \function{getrefcount()}.
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134 \end{funcdesc}
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135
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136 \begin{datadesc}{last_type}
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137 \dataline{last_value}
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138 \dataline{last_traceback}
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140 exception is not handled and the interpreter prints an error message
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141 and a stack traceback. Their intended use is to allow an interactive
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142 user to import a debugger module and engage in post-mortem debugging
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143 without having to re-execute the command that caused the error.
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144 (Typical use is \samp{import pdb; pdb.pm()} to enter the post-mortem
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145 debugger; see the chapter ``The Python Debugger'' for more
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146 information.)
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147 \refstmodindex{pdb}
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148
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149 The meaning of the variables is the same
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150 as that of the return values from \function{exc_info()} above.
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151 (Since there is only one interactive thread, thread-safety is not a
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152 concern for these variables, unlike for \code{exc_type} etc.)
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153 \end{datadesc}
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154
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155 \begin{datadesc}{maxint}
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156 The largest positive integer supported by Python's regular integer
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157 type. This is at least 2**31-1. The largest negative integer is
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158 \code{-maxint-1} -- the asymmetry results from the use of 2's
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159 complement binary arithmetic.
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160 \end{datadesc}
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161
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162 \begin{datadesc}{modules}
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163 This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have
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164 already been loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of
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165 modules and other tricks. Note that removing a module from this
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166 dictionary is \emph{not} the same as calling
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167 \function{reload()}\bifuncindex{reload} on the corresponding module
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168 object.
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169 \end{datadesc}
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170
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171 \begin{datadesc}{path}
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172 \indexiii{module}{search}{path}
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173 A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules.
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174 Initialized from the environment variable \envvar{PYTHONPATH}, or an
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175 installation-dependent default.
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176
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177 The first item of this list, \code{path[0]}, is the
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178 directory containing the script that was used to invoke the Python
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179 interpreter. If the script directory is not available (e.g. if the
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180 interpreter is invoked interactively or if the script is read from
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181 standard input), \code{path[0]} is the empty string, which directs
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182 Python to search modules in the current directory first. Notice that
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183 the script directory is inserted \emph{before} the entries inserted as
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184 a result of \envvar{PYTHONPATH}.
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185 \end{datadesc}
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186
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187 \begin{datadesc}{platform}
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188 This string contains a platform identifier, e.g. \code{'sunos5'} or
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189 \code{'linux1'}. This can be used to append platform-specific
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190 components to \code{path}, for instance.
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191 \end{datadesc}
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192
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193 \begin{datadesc}{prefix}
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194 A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform
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195 independent Python files are installed; by default, this is the string
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196 \code{'/usr/local'}. This can be set at build time with the
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197 \code{-}\code{-prefix} argument to the \program{configure} script. The main
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198 collection of Python library modules is installed in the directory
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199 \code{prefix + '/lib/python\var{version}'} while the platform
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200 independent header files (all except \file{config.h}) are stored in
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201 \code{prefix + '/include/python\var{version}'},
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202 where \var{version} is equal to \code{version[:3]}.
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203
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204 \end{datadesc}
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205
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206 \begin{datadesc}{ps1}
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207 \dataline{ps2}
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208 \index{interpreter prompts}
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209 \index{prompts, interpreter}
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210 Strings specifying the primary and secondary prompt of the
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211 interpreter. These are only defined if the interpreter is in
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212 interactive mode. Their initial values in this case are
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213 \code{'>>> '} and \code{'... '}. If a non-string object is assigned
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214 to either variable, its \function{str()} is re-evaluated each time
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215 the interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can
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216 be used to implement a dynamic prompt.
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217 \end{datadesc}
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218
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219 \begin{funcdesc}{setcheckinterval}{interval}
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220 Set the interpreter's ``check interval''. This integer value
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221 determines how often the interpreter checks for periodic things such
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222 as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is \code{10}, meaning
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223 the check is performed every 10 Python virtual instructions. Setting
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224 it to a larger value may increase performance for programs using
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225 threads. Setting it to a value \code{<=} 0 checks every virtual instruction,
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226 maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.
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227 \end{funcdesc}
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228
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229 \begin{funcdesc}{setprofile}{profilefunc}
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230 Set the system's profile function, which allows you to implement a
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231 Python source code profiler in Python. See the chapter on the
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232 Python Profiler. The system's profile function
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233 is called similarly to the system's trace function (see
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234 \function{settrace()}), but it isn't called for each executed line of
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235 code (only on call and return and when an exception occurs). Also,
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236 its return value is not used, so it can just return \code{None}.
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237 \end{funcdesc}
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238 \index{profile function}
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239 \index{profiler}
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240
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241 \begin{funcdesc}{settrace}{tracefunc}
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242 Set the system's trace function, which allows you to implement a
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243 Python source code debugger in Python. See section ``How It Works''
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244 in the chapter on the Python Debugger.
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245 \end{funcdesc}
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246 \index{trace function}
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247 \index{debugger}
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248
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249 \begin{datadesc}{stdin}
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250 \dataline{stdout}
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251 \dataline{stderr}
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252 File objects corresponding to the interpreter's standard input,
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253 output and error streams. \code{stdin} is used for all
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254 interpreter input except for scripts but including calls to
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255 \function{input()}\bifuncindex{input} and
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256 \function{raw_input()}\bifuncindex{raw_input}. \code{stdout} is used
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257 for the output of \keyword{print} and expression statements and for the
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258 prompts of \function{input()} and \function{raw_input()}. The interpreter's
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259 own prompts and (almost all of) its error messages go to
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260 \code{stderr}. \code{stdout} and \code{stderr} needn't
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261 be built-in file objects: any object is acceptable as long as it has
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262 a \method{write()} method that takes a string argument. (Changing these
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263 objects doesn't affect the standard I/O streams of processes
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264 executed by \function{os.popen()}, \function{os.system()} or the
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265 \function{exec*()} family of functions in the \module{os} module.)
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266 \refstmodindex{os}
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267 \end{datadesc}
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268
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269 \begin{datadesc}{__stdin__}
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270 \dataline{__stdout__}
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271 \dataline{__stderr__}
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272 These objects contain the original values of \code{stdin},
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273 \code{stderr} and \code{stdout} at the start of the program. They are
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274 used during finalization, and could be useful to restore the actual
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275 files to known working file objects in case they have been overwritten
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276 with a broken object.
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277 \end{datadesc}
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278
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279 \begin{datadesc}{tracebacklimit}
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280 When this variable is set to an integer value, it determines the
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281 maximum number of levels of traceback information printed when an
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282 unhandled exception occurs. The default is \code{1000}. When set to
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283 0 or less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the
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284 exception type and value are printed.
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285 \end{datadesc}
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286
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287 \begin{datadesc}{version}
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288 A string containing the version number of the Python interpreter.
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289 \end{datadesc}