Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Doc/lib/liboperator.tex @ 17322:bd110eadc19a legacy-trunk

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One-liner critical fix from Jim Fulton: Eric's string-method crusade got the order backwards in a line (for .find()).
author Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com>
date Thu, 05 Apr 2001 22:26:23 +0000
parents e0765c5512d7
children 40a17d9500a8
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1 \section{\module{operator} ---
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2 Standard operators as functions.}
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3 \declaremodule{builtin}{operator}
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4 \sectionauthor{Skip Montanaro}{skip@automatrix.com}
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5
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6 \modulesynopsis{All Python's standard operators as built-in functions.}
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7
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8
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9 The \module{operator} module exports a set of functions implemented in C
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10 corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example,
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11 \code{operator.add(x, y)} is equivalent to the expression \code{x+y}. The
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12 function names are those used for special class methods; variants without
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13 leading and trailing \samp{__} are also provided for convenience.
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14
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15 The \module{operator} module defines the following functions:
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16
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17 \begin{funcdesc}{add}{a, b}
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18 \funcline{__add__}{a, b}
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19 Return \var{a} \code{+} \var{b}, for \var{a} and \var{b} numbers.
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20 \end{funcdesc}
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21
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22 \begin{funcdesc}{sub}{a, b}
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23 \funcline{__sub__}{a, b}
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24 Return \var{a} \code{-} \var{b}.
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25 \end{funcdesc}
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26
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27 \begin{funcdesc}{mul}{a, b}
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28 \funcline{__mul__}{a, b}
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29 Return \var{a} \code{*} \var{b}, for \var{a} and \var{b} numbers.
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30 \end{funcdesc}
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31
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32 \begin{funcdesc}{div}{a, b}
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33 \funcline{__div__}{a, b}
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34 Return \var{a} \code{/} \var{b}.
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35 \end{funcdesc}
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36
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37 \begin{funcdesc}{mod}{a, b}
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38 \funcline{__mod__}{a, b}
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39 Return \var{a} \code{\%} \var{b}.
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40 \end{funcdesc}
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41
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42 \begin{funcdesc}{neg}{o}
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43 \funcline{__neg__}{o}
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44 Return \var{o} negated.
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45 \end{funcdesc}
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47 \begin{funcdesc}{pos}{o}
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48 \funcline{__pos__}{o}
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49 Return \var{o} positive.
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50 \end{funcdesc}
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51
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52 \begin{funcdesc}{abs}{o}
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53 \funcline{__abs__}{o}
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54 Return the absolute value of \var{o}.
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55 \end{funcdesc}
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56
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57 \begin{funcdesc}{inv}{o}
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58 \funcline{invert}{o}
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59 \funcline{__inv__}{o}
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60 \funcline{__invert__}{o}
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61 Return the bitwise inverse of the number \var{o}. The names
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62 \function{invert()} and \function{__invert__()} were added in Python
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63 2.0.
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64 \end{funcdesc}
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65
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66 \begin{funcdesc}{lshift}{a, b}
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67 \funcline{__lshift__}{a, b}
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68 Return \var{a} shifted left by \var{b}.
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69 \end{funcdesc}
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70
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71 \begin{funcdesc}{rshift}{a, b}
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72 \funcline{__rshift__}{a, b}
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73 Return \var{a} shifted right by \var{b}.
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74 \end{funcdesc}
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75
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76 \begin{funcdesc}{and_}{a, b}
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77 \funcline{__and__}{a, b}
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78 Return the bitwise and of \var{a} and \var{b}.
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79 \end{funcdesc}
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80
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81 \begin{funcdesc}{or_}{a, b}
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82 \funcline{__or__}{a, b}
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83 Return the bitwise or of \var{a} and \var{b}.
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84 \end{funcdesc}
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85
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86 \begin{funcdesc}{xor}{a, b}
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87 \funcline{__xor__}{a, b}
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88 Return the bitwise exclusive or of \var{a} and \var{b}.
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89 \end{funcdesc}
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90
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91 \begin{funcdesc}{not_}{o}
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92 \funcline{__not__}{o}
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93 Return the outcome of \keyword{not} \var{o}. (Note that there is no
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94 \method{__not__()} method for object instances; only the interpreter
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95 core defines this operation.)
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96 \end{funcdesc}
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97
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98 \begin{funcdesc}{truth}{o}
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99 Return \code{1} if \var{o} is true, and 0 otherwise.
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100 \end{funcdesc}
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101
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102 \begin{funcdesc}{concat}{a, b}
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103 \funcline{__concat__}{a, b}
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104 Return \var{a} \code{+} \var{b} for \var{a} and \var{b} sequences.
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105 \end{funcdesc}
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106
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107 \begin{funcdesc}{repeat}{a, b}
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108 \funcline{__repeat__}{a, b}
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109 Return \var{a} \code{*} \var{b} where \var{a} is a sequence and
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110 \var{b} is an integer.
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111 \end{funcdesc}
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112
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113 \begin{funcdesc}{contains}{a, b}
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114 \funcline{__contains__}{a, b}
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115 Return the outcome of the test \var{b} \code{in} \var{a}.
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116 Note the reversed operands. The name \function{__contains__()} was
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117 added in Python 2.0.
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118 \end{funcdesc}
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119
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120 \begin{funcdesc}{sequenceIncludes}{\unspecified}
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121 \deprecated{2.0}{Use \function{contains()} instead.}
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122 Alias for \function{contains()}.
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123 \end{funcdesc}
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124
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125 \begin{funcdesc}{countOf}{a, b}
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126 Return the number of occurrences of \var{b} in \var{a}.
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127 \end{funcdesc}
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128
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129 \begin{funcdesc}{indexOf}{a, b}
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130 Return the index of the first of occurrence of \var{b} in \var{a}.
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131 \end{funcdesc}
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132
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133 \begin{funcdesc}{getitem}{a, b}
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134 \funcline{__getitem__}{a, b}
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135 Return the value of \var{a} at index \var{b}.
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136 \end{funcdesc}
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137
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138 \begin{funcdesc}{setitem}{a, b, c}
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139 \funcline{__setitem__}{a, b, c}
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140 Set the value of \var{a} at index \var{b} to \var{c}.
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141 \end{funcdesc}
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142
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143 \begin{funcdesc}{delitem}{a, b}
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144 \funcline{__delitem__}{a, b}
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145 Remove the value of \var{a} at index \var{b}.
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146 \end{funcdesc}
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147
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148 \begin{funcdesc}{getslice}{a, b, c}
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149 \funcline{__getslice__}{a, b, c}
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150 Return the slice of \var{a} from index \var{b} to index \var{c}\code{-1}.
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151 \end{funcdesc}
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152
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153 \begin{funcdesc}{setslice}{a, b, c, v}
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154 \funcline{__setslice__}{a, b, c, v}
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155 Set the slice of \var{a} from index \var{b} to index \var{c}\code{-1} to the
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156 sequence \var{v}.
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157 \end{funcdesc}
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158
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159 \begin{funcdesc}{delslice}{a, b, c}
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160 \funcline{__delslice__}{a, b, c}
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161 Delete the slice of \var{a} from index \var{b} to index \var{c}\code{-1}.
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162 \end{funcdesc}
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163
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164 The \module{operator} also defines a few predicates to test the type
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165 of objects. \strong{Note:} Be careful not to misinterpret the
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166 results of these functions; only \function{isCallable()} has any
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167 measure of reliability with instance objects. For example:
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168
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169 \begin{verbatim}
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170 >>> class C:
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171 ... pass
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172 ...
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173 >>> import operator
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174 >>> o = C()
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175 >>> operator.isMappingType(o)
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176 1
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177 \end{verbatim}
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178
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179 \begin{funcdesc}{isCallable}{o}
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180 \deprecated{2.0}{Use the \function{callable()} built-in function instead.}
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181 Returns true if the object \var{o} can be called like a function,
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182 otherwise it returns false. True is returned for functions, bound and
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183 unbound methods, class objects, and instance objects which support the
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184 \method{__call__()} method.
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185 \end{funcdesc}
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186
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187 \begin{funcdesc}{isMappingType}{o}
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188 Returns true if the object \var{o} supports the mapping interface.
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189 This is true for dictionaries and all instance objects.
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190 \strong{Warning:} There is no reliable way to test if an instance
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191 supports the complete mapping protocol since the interface itself is
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192 ill-defined. This makes this test less useful than it otherwise might
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193 be.
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194 \end{funcdesc}
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195
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196 \begin{funcdesc}{isNumberType}{o}
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197 Returns true if the object \var{o} represents a number. This is true
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198 for all numeric types implemented in C, and for all instance objects.
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199 \strong{Warning:} There is no reliable way to test if an instance
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200 supports the complete numeric interface since the interface itself is
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201 ill-defined. This makes this test less useful than it otherwise might
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202 be.
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203 \end{funcdesc}
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204
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205 \begin{funcdesc}{isSequenceType}{o}
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206 Returns true if the object \var{o} supports the sequence protocol.
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207 This returns true for all objects which define sequence methods in C,
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208 and for all instance objects. \strong{Warning:} There is no reliable
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209 way to test if an instance supports the complete sequence interface
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210 since the interface itself is ill-defined. This makes this test less
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211 useful than it otherwise might be.
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212 \end{funcdesc}
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213
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214
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215 Example: Build a dictionary that maps the ordinals from \code{0} to
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216 \code{256} to their character equivalents.
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217
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218 \begin{verbatim}
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219 >>> import operator
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220 >>> d = {}
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221 >>> keys = range(256)
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222 >>> vals = map(chr, keys)
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223 >>> map(operator.setitem, [d]*len(keys), keys, vals)
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224 \end{verbatim}
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225
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226
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227 \subsection{Mapping Operators to Functions \label{operator-map}}
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228
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229 This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator
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230 symbols in the Python syntax and the functions in the
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231 \refmodule{operator} module.
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232
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233
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234 \begin{tableiii}{l|c|l}{textrm}{Operation}{Syntax}{Function}
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235 \lineiii{Addition}{\code{\var{a} + \var{b}}}
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236 {\code{add(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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237 \lineiii{Concatenation}{\code{\var{seq1} + \var{seq2}}}
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238 {\code{concat(\var{seq1}, \var{seq2})}}
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239 \lineiii{Containment Test}{\code{\var{o} in \var{seq}}}
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240 {\code{contains(\var{seq}, \var{o})}}
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241 \lineiii{Division}{\code{\var{a} / \var{b}}}
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242 {\code{div(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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243 \lineiii{Bitwise And}{\code{\var{a} \&\ \var{b}}}
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244 {\code{and_(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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245 \lineiii{Bitwise Exclusive Or}{\code{\var{a} \^\ \var{b}}}
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246 {\code{xor(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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247 \lineiii{Bitwise Inversion}{\code{\~{} \var{a}}}
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248 {\code{invert(\var{a})}}
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249 \lineiii{Bitwise Or}{\code{\var{a} | \var{b}}}
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250 {\code{or_(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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251 \lineiii{Indexed Assignment}{\code{\var{o}[\var{k}] = \var{v}}}
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252 {\code{setitem(\var{o}, \var{k}, \var{v})}}
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253 \lineiii{Indexed Deletion}{\code{del \var{o}[\var{k}]}}
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254 {\code{delitem(\var{o}, \var{k})}}
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255 \lineiii{Indexing}{\code{\var{o}[\var{k}]}}
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256 {\code{getitem(\var{o}, \var{k})}}
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257 \lineiii{Left Shift}{\code{\var{a} <\code{<} \var{b}}}
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258 {\code{lshift(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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259 \lineiii{Modulo}{\code{\var{a} \%\ \var{b}}}
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260 {\code{mod(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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261 \lineiii{Multiplication}{\code{\var{a} * \var{b}}}
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262 {\code{mul(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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263 \lineiii{Negation (Arithmetic)}{\code{- \var{a}}}
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264 {\code{neg(\var{a})}}
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265 \lineiii{Negation (Logical)}{\code{not \var{a}}}
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266 {\code{not_(\var{a})}}
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267 \lineiii{Right Shift}{\code{\var{a} >\code{>} \var{b}}}
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268 {\code{rshift(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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269 \lineiii{Sequence Repitition}{\code{\var{seq} * \var{i}}}
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270 {\code{repeat(\var{seq}, \var{i})}}
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271 \lineiii{Slice Assignment}{\code{\var{seq}[\var{i}:\var{j}]} = \var{values}}
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272 {\code{setslice(\var{seq}, \var{i}, \var{j}, \var{values})}}
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273 \lineiii{Slice Deletion}{\code{del \var{seq}[\var{i}:\var{j}]}}
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274 {\code{delslice(\var{seq}, \var{i}, \var{j})}}
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275 \lineiii{Slicing}{\code{\var{seq}[\var{i}:\var{j}]}}
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276 {\code{getslice(\var{seq}, \var{i}, \var{j})}}
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277 \lineiii{String Formatting}{\code{\var{s} \%\ \var{o}}}
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278 {\code{mod(\var{s}, \var{o})}}
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279 \lineiii{Subtraction}{\code{\var{a} - \var{b}}}
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280 {\code{sub(\var{a}, \var{b})}}
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281 \lineiii{Truth Test}{\code{\var{o}}}
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282 {\code{truth(\var{o})}}
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283 \end{tableiii}