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Issue #16199: Backport 2to3 typo fix from 3.2.
author Chris Jerdonek <chris.jerdonek@gmail.com>
date Thu, 11 Oct 2012 16:15:46 -0700
parents b5674229d0f9
children
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1 :mod:`contextlib` --- Utilities for :keyword:`with`\ -statement contexts
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2 ========================================================================
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3
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4 .. module:: contextlib
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5 :synopsis: Utilities for with-statement contexts.
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6
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7
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8 .. versionadded:: 2.5
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9
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10 **Source code:** :source:`Lib/contextlib.py`
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11
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12 --------------
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13
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14 This module provides utilities for common tasks involving the :keyword:`with`
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15 statement. For more information see also :ref:`typecontextmanager` and
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16 :ref:`context-managers`.
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17
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18 Functions provided:
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19
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20
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21 .. function:: contextmanager(func)
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22
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23 This function is a :term:`decorator` that can be used to define a factory
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24 function for :keyword:`with` statement context managers, without needing to
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25 create a class or separate :meth:`__enter__` and :meth:`__exit__` methods.
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26
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27 A simple example (this is not recommended as a real way of generating HTML!)::
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28
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29 from contextlib import contextmanager
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30
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31 @contextmanager
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32 def tag(name):
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33 print "<%s>" % name
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34 yield
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35 print "</%s>" % name
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36
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37 >>> with tag("h1"):
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38 ... print "foo"
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39 ...
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40 <h1>
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41 foo
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42 </h1>
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43
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44 The function being decorated must return a :term:`generator`-iterator when
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45 called. This iterator must yield exactly one value, which will be bound to
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46 the targets in the :keyword:`with` statement's :keyword:`as` clause, if any.
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47
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48 At the point where the generator yields, the block nested in the :keyword:`with`
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49 statement is executed. The generator is then resumed after the block is exited.
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50 If an unhandled exception occurs in the block, it is reraised inside the
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51 generator at the point where the yield occurred. Thus, you can use a
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52 :keyword:`try`...\ :keyword:`except`...\ :keyword:`finally` statement to trap
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53 the error (if any), or ensure that some cleanup takes place. If an exception is
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54 trapped merely in order to log it or to perform some action (rather than to
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55 suppress it entirely), the generator must reraise that exception. Otherwise the
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56 generator context manager will indicate to the :keyword:`with` statement that
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57 the exception has been handled, and execution will resume with the statement
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58 immediately following the :keyword:`with` statement.
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59
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60
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61 .. function:: nested(mgr1[, mgr2[, ...]])
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62
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63 Combine multiple context managers into a single nested context manager.
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64
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65 This function has been deprecated in favour of the multiple manager form
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66 of the :keyword:`with` statement.
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67
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68 The one advantage of this function over the multiple manager form of the
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69 :keyword:`with` statement is that argument unpacking allows it to be
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70 used with a variable number of context managers as follows::
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71
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72 from contextlib import nested
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73
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74 with nested(*managers):
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75 do_something()
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76
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77 Note that if the :meth:`__exit__` method of one of the nested context managers
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78 indicates an exception should be suppressed, no exception information will be
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79 passed to any remaining outer context managers. Similarly, if the
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80 :meth:`__exit__` method of one of the nested managers raises an exception, any
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81 previous exception state will be lost; the new exception will be passed to the
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82 :meth:`__exit__` methods of any remaining outer context managers. In general,
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83 :meth:`__exit__` methods should avoid raising exceptions, and in particular they
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84 should not re-raise a passed-in exception.
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85
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86 This function has two major quirks that have led to it being deprecated. Firstly,
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87 as the context managers are all constructed before the function is invoked, the
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88 :meth:`__new__` and :meth:`__init__` methods of the inner context managers are
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89 not actually covered by the scope of the outer context managers. That means, for
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90 example, that using :func:`nested` to open two files is a programming error as the
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91 first file will not be closed promptly if an exception is thrown when opening
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92 the second file.
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93
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94 Secondly, if the :meth:`__enter__` method of one of the inner context managers
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95 raises an exception that is caught and suppressed by the :meth:`__exit__` method
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96 of one of the outer context managers, this construct will raise
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97 :exc:`RuntimeError` rather than skipping the body of the :keyword:`with`
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98 statement.
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99
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100 Developers that need to support nesting of a variable number of context managers
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101 can either use the :mod:`warnings` module to suppress the DeprecationWarning
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102 raised by this function or else use this function as a model for an application
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103 specific implementation.
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104
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105 .. deprecated:: 2.7
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106 The with-statement now supports this functionality directly (without the
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107 confusing error prone quirks).
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108
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109 .. function:: closing(thing)
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110
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111 Return a context manager that closes *thing* upon completion of the block. This
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112 is basically equivalent to::
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113
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114 from contextlib import contextmanager
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115
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116 @contextmanager
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117 def closing(thing):
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118 try:
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119 yield thing
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120 finally:
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121 thing.close()
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122
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123 And lets you write code like this::
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124
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125 from contextlib import closing
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126 import urllib
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127
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128 with closing(urllib.urlopen('http://www.python.org')) as page:
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129 for line in page:
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130 print line
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131
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132 without needing to explicitly close ``page``. Even if an error occurs,
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133 ``page.close()`` will be called when the :keyword:`with` block is exited.
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134
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135
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136 .. seealso::
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137
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138 :pep:`0343` - The "with" statement
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Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
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139 The specification, background, and examples for the Python :keyword:`with`
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Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
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140 statement.
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Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
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141