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Issue #16199: Backport 2to3 typo fix from 3.2.
author Chris Jerdonek <chris.jerdonek@gmail.com>
date Thu, 11 Oct 2012 16:15:46 -0700
parents cc412dfd79f7
children
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1 <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part one</TITLE></HEAD>
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2 <BODY>
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3
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4 <H1>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part one</H1>
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5 <HR>
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6
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7 This document will show you how to create a simple mac-style
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8 application using Python. We will glance at how to use dialogs and
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9 resources. <p>
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10
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11 The example application we look at will be a simple program with a
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12 dialog that allows you to perform domain name lookups on IP addresses
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13 and hostnames.
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14 The <A HREF="example1/dnslookup-1.py">source code</A> and
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15 <A HREF="example1/dnslookup-1.rsrc">resource file</A>
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16 for this application are available in the <A
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17 HREF="example1">example1</A> folder (which you will have to download
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18 if you are reading this document over the net and if you want to look
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19 at the resources). <p>
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20
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21 We will use the builtin module "socket" that allows a
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22 Python program to perform all sorts of networking functions, and we
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23 will create the user interface around that. You should be able to run
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24 the sample code with the standard Python distribution.<p>
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25
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26 <CITE>
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27 If you are interested in building your own extensions to python you
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28 should check out the companion document <A
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29 HREF="plugins.html">Creating Macintosh Python C extensions</A>,
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30 which tells you how to build your own C extension.
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31 <p>
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32 </CITE>
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33
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34 <H2><A NAME="dialog-resources">Creating dialog resources</A></H2>
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35
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36 Let us start with the creative bit: building the dialogs and creating
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37 an icon for our program. For this you need ResEdit, and a reasonable
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38 working knowledge of how to use it. "Inside Mac" or various books on
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39 macintosh programming will help here. <p>
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40
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41 There is one fine point that deserves to be mentioned here: <A
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42 NAME="resource-numbering">resource numbering</A>. Because often your
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43 resources will be combined with those that the Python interpreter and
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44 various standard modules need you should give your DLOG and DITL
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45 resources numbers above 512. 128 and below are reserved for Apple,
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46 128-228 are for extensions like Tk,
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47 228-255 for the Python interpreter and 256-511 for standard
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48 modules. If you are writing a module that you will be distributing for
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49 inclusion in other people's programs you may want to register a number
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50 in the 256-511 range, contact Guido or myself or whoever you think is
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51 "in charge" of Python for the Macintosh at the moment. Even though the
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52 application we are writing at the moment will keep its resources in a
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53 separate resource file it is still a good idea to make sure that no
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54 conflicts arise: once you have opened your resource file any attempt
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55 by the interpreter to open a dialog will also search your resource
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56 file. <p>
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57
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58 Okay, let's have a look at dnslookup-1.rsrc, our resource file.
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59 The DLOG and accompanying DITL resource both have number 512. Since
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60 ResEdit creates both with default ID=128 you should take care to
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61 change the number on both. The dialog itself is pretty basic: two
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62 buttons (Lookup and Quit), two labels and
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63 two text entry areas, one of which is used for output only. Here's what
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64 the dialog will look like at run time<p>
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65 <div align=center>
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66 <img width=324 height=189 src="example1/dnslookup-1.gif" alt="dialog image">
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67 </div>
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68 <p>
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69
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70 <H2><A NAME="modal-dialog">An application with a modal dialog</A></H2>
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71
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72 Next, we will have to write the actual application. For this example,
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73 we will use a modal dialog. This means that we will put up the dialog
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74 and go into a loop asking the dialog manager for events (buttons
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75 pushed). We handle the actions requested by the user until the Quit
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76 button is pressed, upon which we exit our loop (and the program). This
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77 way of structuring your program is actually rather antisocial, since
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78 you force the user to do whatever you, the application writer, happen
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79 to want. A modal dialog leaves no way of escape whatsoever (except
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80 command-option-escape), and is usually not a good way to structure
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81 anything but the most simple questions. Even then: how often have you
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82 been confronted with a dialog asking a question that you could not
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83 answer because the data you needed was obscured by the dialog itself?
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84 In the next example we will look at an application that does pretty
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85 much the same as this one but in a more user-friendly way. <p>
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86
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87 The code itself is contained in the file <A
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88 HREF="example1/dnslookup-1.py"> dnslookup-1.py</A>. Have
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89 a copy handy before you read on. The file starts off with a
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90 textstring giving a short description. Not many tools do anything with
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91 this as yet, but at some point in the future we <EM>will</EM> have all
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92 sorts of nifty class browser that will display this string, so just
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93 include it. Just put a short description at the start of each module,
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94 class, method and function. After the initial description and some
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95 comments, we import the modules we need. <p>
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96
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97 <A NAME="easydialogs"><CODE>EasyDialogs</CODE></A> is a handy standard
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98 module that provides you with routines that put up common text-only
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99 modal dialogs:
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100 <UL>
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101 <LI> <CODE>Message(str)</CODE>
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102 displays the message "str" and an OK button,
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103 <LI> <CODE>AskString(prompt, default)</CODE>
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104 asks for a string, displays OK and Cancel buttons,
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105 <LI> <CODE>AskYesNoCancel(question, default)</CODE>
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106 displays a question and Yes, No and Cancel buttons.
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107 </UL>
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108
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109 <A NAME="res"><CODE>Res</CODE></A> is a pretty complete interface to
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110 the MacOS Resource Manager, described fully in Inside Mac. There is
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111 currently no documentation of it, but the Apple documentation (or
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112 Think Ref) will help you on your way if you remember two points:
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113 <UL>
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114 <LI> Resources are implemented as Python objects, and each routine
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115 with a resource first argument is implemented as a python method.
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116 <LI> When in doubt about the arguments examine the routines docstring,
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117 as in <CODE>print Res.OpenResFile.__doc__</CODE>
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118 </UL>
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119
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120 Similarly, <A NAME="dlg"><CODE>Dlg</CODE></A> is an interface to the
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121 Dialog manager (with Dialogs being implemented as python objects and
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122 routines with Dialog arguments being methods). The sys module you
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123 know, I hope. The string module is an often used module that enables
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124 you to perform many string related operations. In this case however, we
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125 are only using the "digits" constant from the string module. We could
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126 have simply defined "digits" as "0123456789". The socket module enables
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127 us to perform the domain name lookups. We
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128 use two calls from it:
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129 <UL>
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130 <LI> <CODE>gethostbyaddr()</CODE>
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131 returns the hostname associated with an IP address
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132 <LI> <CODE>gethostbyname()</CODE>
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133 returns the IP address associated with a hostname
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134 </UL>
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135
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136 Next in the source file we get definitions for our dialog resource
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137 number and for the item numbers in our dialog. These should match the
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138 situation in our resource file dnslookup-1.rsrc,
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139 obviously.<p>
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140
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141 On to the main program. We start off with opening our resource file,
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142 which should live in the same folder as the python source. If we
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143 cannot open it we use <CODE>EasyDialogs</CODE> to print a message and
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144 exit. You can try it: just move the resource file somewhere else for a
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145 moment. Then we call do_dialog() to do the real work. <p>
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146
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147 <CODE>Do_dialog()</CODE> uses <CODE>Dlg.GetNewDialog()</CODE> to open
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148 a dialog window initialized from 'DLOG' resource ID_MAIN and putting
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149 it on screen in the frontmost position. Next, we go into a loop,
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150 calling <CODE>Dlg.ModalDialog()</CODE> to wait for the next user
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151 action. <CODE>ModalDialog()</CODE> will return us the item number that
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152 the user has clicked on (or otherwise activated). It will handle a few
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153 slightly more complicated things also, like the user typing into
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154 simple textfields, but it will <EM>not</EM> do things like updating
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155 the physical appearance of radio buttons, etc. See Inside Mac or
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156 another programming guide for how to handle this
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157 yourself. Fortunately, our simple application doesn't have to bother with this,
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158 since buttons and textfields are the only active elements we have. So, we do a
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159 simple switch on item number and call the appropriate routine to implement the
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160 action requested. Upon the user pressing "Quit" we simply leave the loop and,
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161 hence, <CODE>do_dialog()</CODE>. This will cause the python dialog object
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162 <CODE>my_dlg</CODE> to be deleted and the on-screen dialog to disappear. <p>
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163
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164 <A NAME="dialog-warning">Time for a warning</A>: be very careful what
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165 you do as long as a dialog is on-screen. Printing something, for
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166 instance, may suddenly cause the standard output window to appear over
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167 the dialog, and since we took no measures to redraw the dialog it will
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168 become very difficult to get out of the dialog. Also, command-period
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169 may or may not work in this situation. I have also seen crashes in
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170 such a situation, probably due to the multiple event loops involved or
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171 some oversight in the interpreter. You have been warned. <p>
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172
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173 The implementation of the "Lookup" command can use a bit more
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174 explaining: we get the necessary information with <CODE>dnslookup()</CODE>
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175 but now we have to update the on-screen dialog to present this
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176 information to the user. The <CODE>GetDialogItem()</CODE> method of
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177 the dialog returns three bits of information about the given item: its
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178 type, its data handle and its rect (the on-screen <CODE>x,y,w,h</CODE>
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179 coordinates). We are only interested in the data handle here, on which
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180 we call <CODE>SetDialogItemText()</CODE> to set our new text. Note
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181 here that python programmers need not bother with the C-string versus
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182 pascal-string controversy: the python glue module knows what is needed
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183 and converts the python string to the correct type. <p>
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184
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185 And that concludes our first example of the use of resources and
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186 dialogs. Next, you could have a look at the source of EasyDialogs for
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187 some examples of using input fields and filterprocs. Or, go on with
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188 reading the <A HREF="example2.html">second part</A> of this document
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189 to see how to implement a better version of this application.<p>
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190
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191 </BODY>
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192 </HTML>
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193