cpython-lru_cache-weakref: Misc/cheatsheet annotate

annotate Misc/cheatsheet @ 79675:c0a2294de787 2.7

Issue #16199: Backport 2to3 typo fix from 3.2.

author	Chris Jerdonek <chris.jerdonek@gmail.com>
date	Thu, 11 Oct 2012 16:15:46 -0700
parents	f6785bce54b5
children

rev	line source
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	1 Python 2.3 Quick Reference
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	3
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	4 25 Jan 2003 upgraded by Raymond Hettinger for Python 2.3
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	5 16 May 2001 upgraded by Richard Gruet and Simon Brunning for Python 2.0
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	6 2000/07/18 upgraded by Richard Gruet, rgruet@intraware.com for Python 1.5.2
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	7 from V1.3 ref
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	8 1995/10/30, by Chris Hoffmann, choffman@vicorp.com
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	9
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	10 Based on:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	11 Python Bestiary, Author: Ken Manheimer, ken.manheimer@nist.gov
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	12 Python manuals, Authors: Guido van Rossum and Fred Drake
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	13 What's new in Python 2.0, Authors: A.M. Kuchling and Moshe Zadka
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	14 python-mode.el, Author: Tim Peters, tim_one@email.msn.com
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	15
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	16 and the readers of comp.lang.python
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	17
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	18 Python's nest: http://www.python.org Developement: http://
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	19 python.sourceforge.net/ ActivePython : http://www.ActiveState.com/ASPN/
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	20 Python/
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	21 newsgroup: comp.lang.python Help desk: help@python.org
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	22 Resources: http://starship.python.net/
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	23 http://www.vex.net/parnassus/
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	24 http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	25 FAQ: http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/faqw.py
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	26 Full documentation: http://www.python.org/doc/
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	27 Excellent reference books:
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	28 Python Essential Reference by David Beazley (New Riders)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	29 Python Pocket Reference by Mark Lutz (O'Reilly)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	30
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	31
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	32 Invocation Options
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	33
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	34 python [-diOStuUvxX?] [-c command \| script \| - ] [args]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	35
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	36 Invocation Options
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	37 Option Effect
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	38 -c cmd program passed in as string (terminates option list)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	39 -d Outputs parser debugging information (also PYTHONDEBUG=x)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	40 -E ignore environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	41 -h print this help message and exit
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	42 -i Inspect interactively after running script (also PYTHONINSPECT=x) and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	43 force prompts, even if stdin appears not to be a terminal
41832 a0ee3b2ba361 Add -3 option to the interpreter to warn about features that are Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 41712 diff changeset	44 -m mod run library module as a script (terminates option list
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	45 -O optimize generated bytecode (a tad; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	46 -OO remove doc-strings in addition to the -O optimizations
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	47 -Q arg division options: -Qold (default), -Qwarn, -Qwarnall, -Qnew
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	48 -S Don't perform 'import site' on initialization
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	49 -t Issue warnings about inconsistent tab usage (-tt: issue errors)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	50 -u Unbuffered binary stdout and stderr (also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	51 -v Verbose (trace import statements) (also PYTHONVERBOSE=x)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	52 -W arg : warning control (arg is action:message:category:module:lineno)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	53 -x Skip first line of source, allowing use of non-unix Forms of #!cmd
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	54 -? Help!
41832 a0ee3b2ba361 Add -3 option to the interpreter to warn about features that are Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 41712 diff changeset	55 -3 warn about Python 3.x incompatibilities
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	56 -c Specify the command to execute (see next section). This terminates the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	57 command option list (following options are passed as arguments to the command).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	58 the name of a python file (.py) to execute read from stdin.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	59 script Anything afterward is passed as options to python script or command,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	60 not interpreted as an option to interpreter itself.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	61 args passed to script or command (in sys.argv[1:])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	62 If no script or command, Python enters interactive mode.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	63
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	64 * Available IDEs in std distrib: IDLE (tkinter based, portable), Pythonwin
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	65 (Windows).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	66
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	67
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	68
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	69 Environment variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	70
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	71 Environment variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	72 Variable Effect
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	73 PYTHONHOME Alternate prefix directory (or prefix;exec_prefix). The
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	74 default module search path uses prefix/lib
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	75 Augments the default search path for module files. The format
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	76 is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	77 pathnames separated by ':' or ';' without spaces around
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	78 (semi-)colons!
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	79 PYTHONPATH On Windows first search for Registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	80 Software\Python\PythonCore\x.y\PythonPath (default value). You
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	81 may also define a key named after your application with a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	82 default string value giving the root directory path of your
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	83 app.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	84 If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	85 PYTHONSTARTUP that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	86 interactive mode (no default).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	87 PYTHONDEBUG If non-empty, same as -d option
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	88 PYTHONINSPECT If non-empty, same as -i option
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	89 PYTHONSUPPRESS If non-empty, same as -s option
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	90 PYTHONUNBUFFERED If non-empty, same as -u option
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	91 PYTHONVERBOSE If non-empty, same as -v option
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	92 PYTHONCASEOK If non-empty, ignore case in file/module names (imports)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	93
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	94
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	95
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	96
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	97 Notable lexical entities
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	98
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	99 Keywords
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	100
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	101 and del for is raise
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	102 assert elif from lambda return
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	103 break else global not try
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	104 class except if or while
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	105 continue exec import pass yield
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	106 def finally in print
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	107
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	108 * (list of keywords in std module: keyword)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	109 * Illegitimate Tokens (only valid in strings): @ $ ?
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	110 * A statement must all be on a single line. To break a statement over
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	111 multiple lines use "\", as with the C preprocessor.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	112 Exception: can always break when inside any (), [], or {} pair, or in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	113 triple-quoted strings.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	114 * More than one statement can appear on a line if they are separated with
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	115 semicolons (";").
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	116 * Comments start with "#" and continue to end of line.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	117
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	118 Identifiers
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	119
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	120 (letter \| "_") (letter \| digit \| "_")*
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	121
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	122 * Python identifiers keywords, attributes, etc. are case-sensitive.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	123 * Special forms: _ident (not imported by 'from module import *'); __ident__
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	124 (system defined name);
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	125 __ident (class-private name mangling)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	126
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	127 Strings
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	128
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	129 "a string enclosed by double quotes"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	130 'another string delimited by single quotes and with a " inside'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	131 '''a string containing embedded newlines and quote (') marks, can be
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	132 delimited with triple quotes.'''
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	133 """ may also use 3- double quotes as delimiters """
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	134 u'a unicode string' U"Another unicode string"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	135 r'a raw string where \ are kept (literalized): handy for regular
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	136 expressions and windows paths!'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	137 R"another raw string" -- raw strings cannot end with a \
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	138 ur'a unicode raw string' UR"another raw unicode"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	139
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	140 Use \ at end of line to continue a string on next line.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	141 adjacent strings are concatened, e.g. 'Monty' ' Python' is the same as
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	142 'Monty Python'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	143 u'hello' + ' world' --> u'hello world' (coerced to unicode)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	144
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	145 String Literal Escapes
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	146
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	147 \newline Ignored (escape newline)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	148 \\ Backslash (\) \e Escape (ESC) \v Vertical Tab (VT)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	149 \' Single quote (') \f Formfeed (FF) \OOO char with octal value OOO
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	150 \" Double quote (") \n Linefeed (LF)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	151 \a Bell (BEL) \r Carriage Return (CR) \xHH char with hex value HH
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	152 \b Backspace (BS) \t Horizontal Tab (TAB)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	153 \uHHHH unicode char with hex value HHHH, can only be used in unicode string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	154 \UHHHHHHHH unicode char with hex value HHHHHHHH, can only be used in unicode string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	155 \AnyOtherChar is left as-is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	156
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	157 * NUL byte (\000) is NOT an end-of-string marker; NULs may be embedded in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	158 strings.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	159 * Strings (and tuples) are immutable: they cannot be modified.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	160
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	161 Numbers
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	162
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	163 Decimal integer: 1234, 1234567890546378940L (or l)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	164 Octal integer: 0177, 0177777777777777777 (begin with a 0)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	165 Hex integer: 0xFF, 0XFFFFffffFFFFFFFFFF (begin with 0x or 0X)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	166 Long integer (unlimited precision): 1234567890123456
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	167 Float (double precision): 3.14e-10, .001, 10., 1E3
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	168 Complex: 1J, 2+3J, 4+5j (ends with J or j, + separates (float) real and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	169 imaginary parts)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	170
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	171 Sequences
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	172
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	173 * String of length 0, 1, 2 (see above)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	174 '', '1', "12", 'hello\n'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	175 * Tuple of length 0, 1, 2, etc:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	176 () (1,) (1,2) # parentheses are optional if len > 0
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	177 * List of length 0, 1, 2, etc:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	178 [] [1] [1,2]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	179
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	180 Indexing is 0-based. Negative indices (usually) mean count backwards from end
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	181 of sequence.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	182
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	183 Sequence slicing [starting-at-index : but-less-than-index]. Start defaults to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	184 '0'; End defaults to 'sequence-length'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	185
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	186 a = (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	187 a[3] ==> 3
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	188 a[-1] ==> 7
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	189 a[2:4] ==> (2, 3)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	190 a[1:] ==> (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	191 a[:3] ==> (0, 1, 2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	192 a[:] ==> (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) # makes a copy of the sequence.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	193
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	194 Dictionaries (Mappings)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	195
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	196 {} # Zero length empty dictionary
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	197 {1 : 'first'} # Dictionary with one (key, value) pair
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	198 {1 : 'first', 'next': 'second'}
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	199 dict([('one',1),('two',2)]) # Construct a dict from an item list
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	200 dict('one'=1, 'two'=2) # Construct a dict using keyword args
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	201 dict.fromkeys(['one', 'keys']) # Construct a dict from a sequence
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	202
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	203 Operators and their evaluation order
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	204
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	205 Operators and their evaluation order
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	206 Highest Operator Comment
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	207 (...) [...] {...} `...` Tuple, list & dict. creation; string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	208 conv.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	209 s[i] s[i:j] s.attr f(...) indexing & slicing; attributes, fct
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	210 calls
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	211 +x, -x, ~x Unary operators
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	212 x**y Power
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	213 x*y x/y x%y x//y mult, division, modulo, floor division
35380 d682790d5db0 backport bug [ 1266296 ] Mistakes in decimal.Context.subtract documentation Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 33448 diff changeset	214 x+y x-y addition, subtraction
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	215 x<<y x>>y Bit shifting
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	216 x&y Bitwise and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	217 x^y Bitwise exclusive or
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	218 x\|y Bitwise or
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	219 x<y x<=y x>y x>=y x==y x!=y Comparison,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	220 x<>y identity,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	221 x is y x is not y membership
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	222 x in s x not in s
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	223 not x boolean negation
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	224 x and y boolean and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	225 x or y boolean or
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	226 Lowest lambda args: expr anonymous function
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	227
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	228 Alternate names are defined in module operator (e.g. __add__ and add for +)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	229 Most operators are overridable.
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	230
27383 5174b4a71e6e Part II of Python2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27377 diff changeset	231 Many binary operators also support augmented assignment:
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	232 x += 1 # Same as x = x + 1
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	233
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	234
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	235 Basic Types and Their Operations
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	236
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	237 Comparisons (defined between any types)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	238
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	239 Comparisons
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	240 Comparison Meaning Notes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	241 < strictly less than (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	242 <= less than or equal to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	243 > strictly greater than
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	244 >= greater than or equal to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	245 == equal to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	246 != or <> not equal to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	247 is object identity (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	248 is not negated object identity (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	249
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	250 Notes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	251 Comparison behavior can be overridden for a given class by defining special
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	252 method __cmp__.
33448 5570fae1f01c Typo fix: 'comparisions' is not a word Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 33373 diff changeset	253 The above comparisons return True or False which are of type bool
27383 5174b4a71e6e Part II of Python2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27377 diff changeset	254 (a subclass of int) and behave exactly as 1 or 0 except for their type and
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	255 that they print as True or False instead of 1 or 0.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	256 (1) X < Y < Z < W has expected meaning, unlike C
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	257 (2) Compare object identities (i.e. id(object)), not object values.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	258
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	259 Boolean values and operators
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	260
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	261 Boolean values and operators
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	262 Value or Operator Returns Notes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	263 None, numeric zeros, empty sequences and False
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	264 mappings
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	265 all other values True
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	266 not x True if x is False, else
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	267 True
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	268 x or y if x is False then y, else (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	269 x
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	270 x and y if x is False then x, else (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	271 y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	272
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	273 Notes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	274 Truth testing behavior can be overridden for a given class by defining
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	275 special method __nonzero__.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	276 (1) Evaluate second arg only if necessary to determine outcome.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	277
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	278 None
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	279
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	280 None is used as default return value on functions. Built-in single object
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	281 with type NoneType.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	282 Input that evaluates to None does not print when running Python
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	283 interactively.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	284
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	285 Numeric types
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	286
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	287 Floats, integers and long integers.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	288
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	289 Floats are implemented with C doubles.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	290 Integers are implemented with C longs.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	291 Long integers have unlimited size (only limit is system resources)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	292
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	293 Operators on all numeric types
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	294
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	295 Operators on all numeric types
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	296 Operation Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	297 abs(x) the absolute value of x
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	298 int(x) x converted to integer
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	299 long(x) x converted to long integer
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	300 float(x) x converted to floating point
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	301 -x x negated
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	302 +x x unchanged
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	303 x + y the sum of x and y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	304 x - y difference of x and y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	305 x * y product of x and y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	306 x / y quotient of x and y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	307 x % y remainder of x / y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	308 divmod(x, y) the tuple (x/y, x%y)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	309 x ** y x to the power y (the same as pow(x, y))
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	310
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	311 Bit operators on integers and long integers
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	312
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	313 Bit operators
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	314 Operation >Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	315 ~x the bits of x inverted
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	316 x ^ y bitwise exclusive or of x and y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	317 x & y bitwise and of x and y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	318 x \| y bitwise or of x and y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	319 x << n x shifted left by n bits
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	320 x >> n x shifted right by n bits
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	321
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	322 Complex Numbers
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	323
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	324 * represented as a pair of machine-level double precision floating point
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	325 numbers.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	326 * The real and imaginary value of a complex number z can be retrieved through
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	327 the attributes z.real and z.imag.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	328
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	329 Numeric exceptions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	330
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	331 TypeError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	332 raised on application of arithmetic operation to non-number
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	333 OverflowError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	334 numeric bounds exceeded
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	335 ZeroDivisionError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	336 raised when zero second argument of div or modulo op
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	337 FloatingPointError
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	338 raised when a floating point operation fails
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	339
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	340 Operations on all sequence types (lists, tuples, strings)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	341
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	342 Operations on all sequence types
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	343 Operation Result Notes
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	344 x in s True if an item of s is equal to x, else False
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	345 x not in s False if an item of s is equal to x, else True
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	346 for x in s: loops over the sequence
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	347 s + t the concatenation of s and t
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	348 s * n, n*s n copies of s concatenated
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	349 s[i] i'th item of s, origin 0 (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	350 s[i:j] slice of s from i (included) to j (excluded) (1), (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	351 len(s) length of s
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	352 min(s) smallest item of s
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	353 max(s) largest item of (s)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	354 iter(s) returns an iterator over s. iterators define __iter__ and next()
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	355
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	356 Notes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	357 (1) if i or j is negative, the index is relative to the end of the string,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	358 ie len(s)+ i or len(s)+j is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	359 substituted. But note that -0 is still 0.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	360 (2) The slice of s from i to j is defined as the sequence of items with
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	361 index k such that i <= k < j.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	362 If i or j is greater than len(s), use len(s). If i is omitted, use
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	363 len(s). If i is greater than or
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	364 equal to j, the slice is empty.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	365
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	366 Operations on mutable (=modifiable) sequences (lists)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	367
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	368 Operations on mutable sequences
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	369 Operation Result Notes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	370 s[i] =x item i of s is replaced by x
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	371 s[i:j] = t slice of s from i to j is replaced by t
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	372 del s[i:j] same as s[i:j] = []
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	373 s.append(x) same as s[len(s) : len(s)] = [x]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	374 s.count(x) return number of i's for which s[i] == x
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	375 s.extend(x) same as s[len(s):len(s)]= x
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	376 s.index(x) return smallest i such that s[i] == x (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	377 s.insert(i, x) same as s[i:i] = [x] if i >= 0
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	378 s.pop([i]) same as x = s[i]; del s[i]; return x (4)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	379 s.remove(x) same as del s[s.index(x)] (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	380 s.reverse() reverse the items of s in place (3)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	381 s.sort([cmpFct]) sort the items of s in place (2), (3)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	382
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	383 Notes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	384 (1) raise a ValueError exception when x is not found in s (i.e. out of
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	385 range).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	386 (2) The sort() method takes an optional argument specifying a comparison
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	387 fct of 2 arguments (list items) which should
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	388 return -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether the 1st argument is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	389 considered smaller than, equal to, or larger than the 2nd
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	390 argument. Note that this slows the sorting process down considerably.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	391 (3) The sort() and reverse() methods modify the list in place for economy
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	392 of space when sorting or reversing a large list.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	393 They don't return the sorted or reversed list to remind you of this
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	394 side effect.
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	395 (4) [New 1.5.2] The optional argument i defaults to -1, so that by default the last
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	396 item is removed and returned.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	397
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	398
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	399
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	400 Operations on mappings (dictionaries)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	401
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	402 Operations on mappings
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	403 Operation Result Notes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	404 len(d) the number of items in d
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	405 d[k] the item of d with key k (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	406 d[k] = x set d[k] to x
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	407 del d[k] remove d[k] from d (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	408 d.clear() remove all items from d
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	409 d.copy() a shallow copy of d
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	410 d.get(k,defaultval) the item of d with key k (4)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	411 d.has_key(k) True if d has key k, else False
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	412 d.items() a copy of d's list of (key, item) pairs (2)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	413 d.iteritems() an iterator over (key, value) pairs (7)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	414 d.iterkeys() an iterator over the keys of d (7)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	415 d.itervalues() an iterator over the values of d (7)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	416 d.keys() a copy of d's list of keys (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	417 d1.update(d2) for k, v in d2.items(): d1[k] = v (3)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	418 d.values() a copy of d's list of values (2)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	419 d.pop(k) remove d[k] and return its value
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	420 d.popitem() remove and return an arbitrary (6)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	421 (key, item) pair
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	422 d.setdefault(k,defaultval) the item of d with key k (5)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	423
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	424 Notes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	425 TypeError is raised if key is not acceptable
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	426 (1) KeyError is raised if key k is not in the map
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	427 (2) Keys and values are listed in random order
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	428 (3) d2 must be of the same type as d1
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	429 (4) Never raises an exception if k is not in the map, instead it returns
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	430 defaultVal.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	431 defaultVal is optional, when not provided and k is not in the map,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	432 None is returned.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	433 (5) Never raises an exception if k is not in the map, instead it returns
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	434 defaultVal, and adds k to map with value defaultVal. defaultVal is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	435 optional. When not provided and k is not in the map, None is returned and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	436 added to map.
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	437 (6) Raises a KeyError if the dictionary is emtpy.
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	438 (7) While iterating over a dictionary, the values may be updated but
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	439 the keys cannot be changed.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	440
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	441 Operations on strings
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	442
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	443 Note that these string methods largely (but not completely) supersede the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	444 functions available in the string module.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	445
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	446
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	447 Operations on strings
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	448 Operation Result Notes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	449 s.capitalize() return a copy of s with only its first character
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	450 capitalized.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	451 s.center(width) return a copy of s centered in a string of length width (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	452 .
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	453 s.count(sub[ return the number of occurrences of substring sub in (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	454 ,start[,end]]) string s.
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	455 s.decode(([ return a decoded version of s. (3)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	456 encoding
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	457 [,errors]])
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	458 s.encode([ return an encoded version of s. Default encoding is the
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	459 encoding current default string encoding. (3)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	460 [,errors]])
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	461 s.endswith(suffix return true if s ends with the specified suffix, (2)
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	462 [,start[,end]]) otherwise return False.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	463 s.expandtabs([ return a copy of s where all tab characters are (4)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	464 tabsize]) expanded using spaces.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	465 s.find(sub[,start return the lowest index in s where substring sub is (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	466 [,end]]) found. Return -1 if sub is not found.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	467 s.index(sub[ like find(), but raise ValueError when the substring is (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	468 ,start[,end]]) not found.
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	469 s.isalnum() return True if all characters in s are alphanumeric, (5)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	470 False otherwise.
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	471 s.isalpha() return True if all characters in s are alphabetic, (5)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	472 False otherwise.
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	473 s.isdigit() return True if all characters in s are digit (5)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	474 characters, False otherwise.
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	475 s.islower() return True if all characters in s are lowercase, False (6)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	476 otherwise.
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	477 s.isspace() return True if all characters in s are whitespace (5)
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	478 characters, False otherwise.
f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	479 s.istitle() return True if string s is a titlecased string, False (7)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	480 otherwise.
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	481 s.isupper() return True if all characters in s are uppercase, False (6)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	482 otherwise.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	483 s.join(seq) return a concatenation of the strings in the sequence
55049 74c0a78114ae Merged revisions 69846 via svnmerge from Jesus Cea <jcea@jcea.es> parents: 47252 diff changeset	484 seq, separated by 's's.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	485 s.ljust(width) return s left justified in a string of length width. (1),
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	486 (8)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	487 s.lower() return a copy of s converted to lowercase.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	488 s.lstrip() return a copy of s with leading whitespace removed.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	489 s.replace(old, return a copy of s with all occurrences of substring (9)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	490 new[, maxsplit]) old replaced by new.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	491 s.rfind(sub[ return the highest index in s where substring sub is (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	492 ,start[,end]]) found. Return -1 if sub is not found.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	493 s.rindex(sub[ like rfind(), but raise ValueError when the substring (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	494 ,start[,end]]) is not found.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	495 s.rjust(width) return s right justified in a string of length width. (1),
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	496 (8)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	497 s.rstrip() return a copy of s with trailing whitespace removed.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	498 s.split([sep[ return a list of the words in s, using sep as the (10)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	499 ,maxsplit]]) delimiter string.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	500 s.splitlines([ return a list of the lines in s, breaking at line (11)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	501 keepends]) boundaries.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	502 s.startswith return true if s starts with the specified prefix,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	503 (prefix[,start[ otherwise return false. (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	504 ,end]])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	505 s.strip() return a copy of s with leading and trailing whitespace
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	506 removed.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	507 s.swapcase() return a copy of s with uppercase characters converted
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	508 to lowercase and vice versa.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	509 return a titlecased copy of s, i.e. words start with
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	510 s.title() uppercase characters, all remaining cased characters
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	511 are lowercase.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	512 s.translate(table return a copy of s mapped through translation table (12)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	513 [,deletechars]) table.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	514 s.upper() return a copy of s converted to uppercase.
27383 5174b4a71e6e Part II of Python2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27377 diff changeset	515 s.zfill(width) return a string padded with zeroes on the left side and
27377 f3babaede189 Part I of an update for Python 2.3. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 19013 diff changeset	516 sliding a minus sign left if necessary. never truncates.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	517
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	518 Notes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	519 (1) Padding is done using spaces.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	520 (2) If optional argument start is supplied, substring s[start:] is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	521 processed. If optional arguments start and end are supplied, substring s[start:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	522 end] is processed.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	523 (3) Optional argument errors may be given to set a different error handling
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	524 scheme. The default for errors is 'strict', meaning that encoding errors raise
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	525 a ValueError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	526 (4) If optional argument tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	527 is assumed.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	528 (5) Returns false if string s does not contain at least one character.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	529 (6) Returns false if string s does not contain at least one cased
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	530 character.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	531 (7) A titlecased string is a string in which uppercase characters may only
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	532 follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	533 (8) s is returned if width is less than len(s).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	534 (9) If the optional argument maxsplit is given, only the first maxsplit
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	535 occurrences are replaced.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	536 (10) If sep is not specified or None, any whitespace string is a separator.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	537 If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	538 (11) Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	539 given and true.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	540 (12) table must be a string of length 256. All characters occurring in the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	541 optional argument deletechars are removed prior to translation.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	542
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	543 String formatting with the % operator
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	544
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	545 formatString % args--> evaluates to a string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	546
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	547 * formatString uses C printf format codes : %, c, s, i, d, u, o, x, X, e, E,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	548 f, g, G, r (details below).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	549 * Width and precision may be a * to specify that an integer argument gives
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	550 the actual width or precision.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	551 * The flag characters -, +, blank, # and 0 are understood. (details below)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	552 * %s will convert any type argument to string (uses str() function)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	553 * args may be a single arg or a tuple of args
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	554
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	555 '%s has %03d quote types.' % ('Python', 2) # => 'Python has 002 quote types.'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	556
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	557 * Right-hand-side can also be a mapping:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	558
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	559 a = '%(lang)s has %(c)03d quote types.' % {'c':2, 'lang':'Python}
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	560 (vars() function very handy to use on right-hand-side.)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	561
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	562 Format codes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	563 Conversion Meaning
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	564 d Signed integer decimal.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	565 i Signed integer decimal.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	566 o Unsigned octal.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	567 u Unsigned decimal.
45502 ade7ac88d2d0 Fix typo of hexidecimal Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 41903 diff changeset	568 x Unsigned hexadecimal (lowercase).
ade7ac88d2d0 Fix typo of hexidecimal Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 41903 diff changeset	569 X Unsigned hexadecimal (uppercase).
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	570 e Floating point exponential format (lowercase).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	571 E Floating point exponential format (uppercase).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	572 f Floating point decimal format.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	573 F Floating point decimal format.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	574 g Same as "e" if exponent is greater than -4 or less than precision,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	575 "f" otherwise.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	576 G Same as "E" if exponent is greater than -4 or less than precision,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	577 "F" otherwise.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	578 c Single character (accepts integer or single character string).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	579 r String (converts any python object using repr()).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	580 s String (converts any python object using str()).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	581 % No argument is converted, results in a "%" character in the result.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	582 (The complete specification is %%.)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	583
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	584 Conversion flag characters
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	585 Flag Meaning
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	586 # The value conversion will use the ``alternate form''.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	587 0 The conversion will be zero padded.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	588 - The converted value is left adjusted (overrides "-").
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	589 (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	590 string) produced by a signed conversion.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	591 + A sign character ("+" or "-") will precede the conversion (overrides a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	592 "space" flag).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	593
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	594 File Objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	595
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	596 Created with built-in function open; may be created by other modules' functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	597 as well.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	598
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	599 Operators on file objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	600
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	601 File operations
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	602 Operation Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	603 f.close() Close file f.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	604 f.fileno() Get fileno (fd) for file f.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	605 f.flush() Flush file f's internal buffer.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	606 f.isatty() True if file f is connected to a tty-like dev, else False.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	607 f.read([size]) Read at most size bytes from file f and return as a string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	608 object. If size omitted, read to EOF.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	609 f.readline() Read one entire line from file f.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	610 f.readlines() Read until EOF with readline() and return list of lines read.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	611 Set file f's position, like "stdio's fseek()".
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	612 f.seek(offset[, whence == 0 then use absolute indexing.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	613 whence=0]) whence == 1 then offset relative to current pos.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	614 whence == 2 then offset relative to file end.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	615 f.tell() Return file f's current position (byte offset).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	616 f.write(str) Write string to file f.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	617 f.writelines(list Write list of strings to file f.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	618 )
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	619
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	620 File Exceptions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	621
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	622 EOFError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	623 End-of-file hit when reading (may be raised many times, e.g. if f is a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	624 tty).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	625 IOError
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	626 Other I/O-related I/O operation failure.
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	627 OSError
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	628 OS system call failed.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	629
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	630
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	631 Advanced Types
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	632
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	633 -See manuals for more details -
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	634 + Module objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	635 + Class objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	636 + Class instance objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	637 + Type objects (see module: types)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	638 + File objects (see above)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	639 + Slice objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	640 + XRange objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	641 + Callable types:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	642 o User-defined (written in Python):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	643 # User-defined Function objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	644 # User-defined Method objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	645 o Built-in (written in C):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	646 # Built-in Function objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	647 # Built-in Method objects
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	648 + Internal Types:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	649 o Code objects (byte-compile executable Python code: bytecode)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	650 o Frame objects (execution frames)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	651 o Traceback objects (stack trace of an exception)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	652
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	653
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	654 Statements
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	655
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	656 pass -- Null statement
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	657 del name[,name]* -- Unbind name(s) from object. Object will be indirectly
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	658 (and automatically) deleted only if no longer referenced.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	659 print [>> fileobject,] [s1 [, s2 ]* [,]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	660 -- Writes to sys.stdout, or to fileobject if supplied.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	661 Puts spaces between arguments. Puts newline at end
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	662 unless statement ends with comma.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	663 Print is not required when running interactively,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	664 simply typing an expression will print its value,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	665 unless the value is None.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	666 exec x [in globals [,locals]]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	667 -- Executes x in namespaces provided. Defaults
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	668 to current namespaces. x can be a string, file
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	669 object or a function object.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	670 callable(value,... [id=value], [args], [*kw])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	671 -- Call function callable with parameters. Parameters can
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	672 be passed by name or be omitted if function
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	673 defines default values. E.g. if callable is defined as
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	674 "def callable(p1=1, p2=2)"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	675 "callable()" <=> "callable(1, 2)"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	676 "callable(10)" <=> "callable(10, 2)"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	677 "callable(p2=99)" <=> "callable(1, 99)"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	678 *args is a tuple of positional arguments.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	679 **kw is a dictionary of keyword arguments.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	680
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	681 Assignment operators
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	682
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	683 Caption
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	684 Operator Result Notes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	685 a = b Basic assignment - assign object b to label a (1)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	686 a += b Roughly equivalent to a = a + b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	687 a -= b Roughly equivalent to a = a - b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	688 a = b Roughly equivalent to a = a b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	689 a /= b Roughly equivalent to a = a / b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	690 a %= b Roughly equivalent to a = a % b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	691 a = b Roughly equivalent to a = a b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	692 a &= b Roughly equivalent to a = a & b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	693 a \|= b Roughly equivalent to a = a \| b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	694 a ^= b Roughly equivalent to a = a ^ b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	695 a >>= b Roughly equivalent to a = a >> b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	696 a <<= b Roughly equivalent to a = a << b (2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	697
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	698 Notes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	699 (1) Can unpack tuples, lists, and strings.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	700 first, second = a[0:2]; [f, s] = range(2); c1,c2,c3='abc'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	701 Tip: x,y = y,x swaps x and y.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	702 (2) Not exactly equivalent - a is evaluated only once. Also, where
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	703 possible, operation performed in-place - a is modified rather than
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	704 replaced.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	705
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	706 Control Flow
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	707
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	708 if condition: suite
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	709 [elif condition: suite]*
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	710 [else: suite] -- usual if/else_if/else statement
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	711 while condition: suite
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	712 [else: suite]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	713 -- usual while statement. "else" suite is executed
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	714 after loop exits, unless the loop is exited with
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	715 "break"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	716 for element in sequence: suite
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	717 [else: suite]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	718 -- iterates over sequence, assigning each element to element.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	719 Use built-in range function to iterate a number of times.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	720 "else" suite executed at end unless loop exited
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	721 with "break"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	722 break -- immediately exits "for" or "while" loop
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	723 continue -- immediately does next iteration of "for" or "while" loop
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	724 return [result] -- Exits from function (or method) and returns result (use a tuple to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	725 return more than one value). If no result given, then returns None.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	726 yield result -- Freezes the execution frame of a generator and returns the result
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	727 to the iterator's .next() method. Upon the next call to next(),
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	728 resumes execution at the frozen point with all of the local variables
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	729 still intact.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	730
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	731 Exception Statements
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	732
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	733 assert expr[, message]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	734 -- expr is evaluated. if false, raises exception AssertionError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	735 with message. Inhibited if __debug__ is 0.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	736 try: suite1
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	737 [except [exception [, value]: suite2]+
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	738 [else: suite3]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	739 -- statements in suite1 are executed. If an exception occurs, look
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	740 in "except" clauses for matching <exception>. If matches or bare
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	741 "except" execute suite of that clause. If no exception happens
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	742 suite in "else" clause is executed after suite1.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	743 If exception has a value, it is put in value.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	744 exception can also be tuple of exceptions, e.g.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	745 "except (KeyError, NameError), val: print val"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	746 try: suite1
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	747 finally: suite2
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	748 -- statements in suite1 are executed. If no
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	749 exception, execute suite2 (even if suite1 is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	750 exited with a "return", "break" or "continue"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	751 statement). If exception did occur, executes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	752 suite2 and then immediately reraises exception.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	753 raise exception [,value [, traceback]]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	754 -- raises exception with optional value
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	755 value. Arg traceback specifies a traceback object to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	756 use when printing the exception's backtrace.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	757 raise -- a raise statement without arguments re-raises
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	758 the last exception raised in the current function
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	759 An exception is either a string (object) or a class instance.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	760 Can create a new one simply by creating a new string:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	761
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	762 my_exception = 'You did something wrong'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	763 try:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	764 if bad:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	765 raise my_exception, bad
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	766 except my_exception, value:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	767 print 'Oops', value
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	768
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	769 Exception classes must be derived from the predefined class: Exception, e.g.:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	770 class text_exception(Exception): pass
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	771 try:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	772 if bad:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	773 raise text_exception()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	774 # This is a shorthand for the form
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	775 # "raise <class>, <instance>"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	776 except Exception:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	777 print 'Oops'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	778 # This will be printed because
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	779 # text_exception is a subclass of Exception
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	780 When an error message is printed for an unhandled exception which is a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	781 class, the class name is printed, then a colon and a space, and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	782 finally the instance converted to a string using the built-in function
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	783 str().
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	784 All built-in exception classes derives from StandardError, itself
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	785 derived from Exception.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	786
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	787 Name Space Statements
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	788
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	789 [1.51: On Mac & Windows, the case of module file names must now match the case
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	790 as used
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	791 in the import statement]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	792 Packages (>1.5): a package is a name space which maps to a directory including
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	793 module(s) and the special initialization module '__init__.py'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	794 (possibly empty). Packages/dirs can be nested. You address a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	795 module's symbol via '[package.[package...]module.symbol's.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	796 import module1 [as name1] [, module2]*
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	797 -- imports modules. Members of module must be
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	798 referred to by qualifying with [package.]module name:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	799 "import sys; print sys.argv:"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	800 "import package1.subpackage.module; package1.subpackage.module.foo()"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	801 module1 renamed as name1, if supplied.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	802 from module import name1 [as othername1] [, name2]*
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	803 -- imports names from module module in current namespace.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	804 "from sys import argv; print argv"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	805 "from package1 import module; module.foo()"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	806 "from package1.module import foo; foo()"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	807 name1 renamed as othername1, if supplied.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	808 from module import *
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	809 -- imports all names in module, except those starting with "_";
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	810 to be used sparsely, beware of name clashes :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	811 "from sys import *; print argv"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	812 "from package.module import *; print x'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	813 NB: "from package import *" only imports the symbols defined
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	814 in the package's __init__.py file, not those in the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	815 template modules!
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	816 global name1 [, name2]*
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	817 -- names are from global scope (usually meaning from module)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	818 rather than local (usually meaning only in function).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	819 -- E.g. in fct without "global" statements, assuming
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	820 "a" is name that hasn't been used in fct or module
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	821 so far:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	822 -Try to read from "a" -> NameError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	823 -Try to write to "a" -> creates "a" local to fcn
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	824 -If "a" not defined in fct, but is in module, then
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	825 -Try to read from "a", gets value from module
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	826 -Try to write to "a", creates "a" local to fct
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	827 But note "a[0]=3" starts with search for "a",
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	828 will use to global "a" if no local "a".
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	829
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	830 Function Definition
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	831
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	832 def func_id ([param_list]): suite
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	833 -- Creates a function object & binds it to name func_id.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	834
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	835 param_list ::= [id [, id]*]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	836 id ::= value \| id = value \| id \| *id
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	837 [Args are passed by value.Thus only args representing a mutable object
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	838 can be modified (are inout parameters). Use a tuple to return more than
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	839 one value]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	840
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	841 Example:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	842 def test (p1, p2 = 1+1, rest, *keywords):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	843 -- Parameters with "=" have default value (v is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	844 evaluated when function defined).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	845 If list has "*id" then id is assigned a tuple of
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	846 all remaining args passed to function (like C vararg)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	847 If list has "**id" then id is assigned a dictionary of
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	848 all extra arguments passed as keywords.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	849
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	850 Class Definition
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	851
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	852 class <class_id> [(<super_class1> [,<super_class2>]*)]: <suite>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	853 -- Creates a class object and assigns it name <class_id>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	854 <suite> may contain local "defs" of class methods and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	855 assignments to class attributes.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	856 Example:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	857 class my_class (class1, class_list[3]): ...
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	858 Creates a class object inheriting from both "class1" and whatever
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	859 class object "class_list[3]" evaluates to. Assigns new
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	860 class object to name "my_class".
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	861 - First arg to class methods is always instance object, called 'self'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	862 by convention.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	863 - Special method __init__() is called when instance is created.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	864 - Special method __del__() called when no more reference to object.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	865 - Create instance by "calling" class object, possibly with arg
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	866 (thus instance=apply(aClassObject, args...) creates an instance!)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	867 - In current implementation, can't subclass off built-in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	868 classes. But can "wrap" them, see UserDict & UserList modules,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	869 and see __getattr__() below.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	870 Example:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	871 class c (c_parent):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	872 def __init__(self, name): self.name = name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	873 def print_name(self): print "I'm", self.name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	874 def call_parent(self): c_parent.print_name(self)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	875 instance = c('tom')
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	876 print instance.name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	877 'tom'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	878 instance.print_name()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	879 "I'm tom"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	880 Call parent's super class by accessing parent's method
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	881 directly and passing "self" explicitly (see "call_parent"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	882 in example above).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	883 Many other special methods available for implementing
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	884 arithmetic operators, sequence, mapping indexing, etc.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	885
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	886 Documentation Strings
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	887
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	888 Modules, classes and functions may be documented by placing a string literal by
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	889 itself as the first statement in the suite. The documentation can be retrieved
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	890 by getting the '__doc__' attribute from the module, class or function.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	891 Example:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	892 class C:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	893 "A description of C"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	894 def __init__(self):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	895 "A description of the constructor"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	896 # etc.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	897 Then c.__doc__ == "A description of C".
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	898 Then c.__init__.__doc__ == "A description of the constructor".
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	899
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	900 Others
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	901
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	902 lambda [param_list]: returnedExpr
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	903 -- Creates an anonymous function. returnedExpr must be
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	904 an expression, not a statement (e.g., not "if xx:...",
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	905 "print xxx", etc.) and thus can't contain newlines.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	906 Used mostly for filter(), map(), reduce() functions, and GUI callbacks..
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	907 List comprehensions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	908 result = [expression for item1 in sequence1 [if condition1]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	909 [for item2 in sequence2 ... for itemN in sequenceN]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	910 ]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	911 is equivalent to:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	912 result = []
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	913 for item1 in sequence1:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	914 for item2 in sequence2:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	915 ...
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	916 for itemN in sequenceN:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	917 if (condition1) and furthur conditions:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	918 result.append(expression)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	919
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	920
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	921
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	922 Built-In Functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	923
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	924 Built-In Functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	925 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	926 __import__(name[, Imports module within the given context (see lib ref for
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	927 globals[, locals[, more details)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	928 fromlist]]])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	929 abs(x) Return the absolute value of number x.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	930 apply(f, args[, Calls func/method f with arguments args and optional
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	931 keywords]) keywords.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	932 bool(x) Returns True when the argument x is true and False otherwise.
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	933 buffer(obj) Creates a buffer reference to an object.
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	934 callable(x) Returns True if x callable, else False.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	935 chr(i) Returns one-character string whose ASCII code isinteger i
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	936 classmethod(f) Converts a function f, into a method with the class as the
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	937 first argument. Useful for creating alternative constructors.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	938 cmp(x,y) Returns negative, 0, positive if x <, ==, > to y
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	939 coerce(x,y) Returns a tuple of the two numeric arguments converted to a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	940 common type.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	941 Compiles string into a code object.filename is used in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	942 error message, can be any string. It isusually the file
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	943 compile(string, from which the code was read, or eg. '<string>'if not read
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	944 filename, kind) from file.kind can be 'eval' if string is a single stmt, or
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	945 'single' which prints the output of expression statements
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	946 thatevaluate to something else than None, or be 'exec'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	947 complex(real[, Builds a complex object (can also be done using J or j
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	948 image]) suffix,e.g. 1+3J)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	949 delattr(obj, name) deletes attribute named name of object obj <=> del obj.name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	950 If no args, returns the list of names in current
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	951 dict([items]) Create a new dictionary from the specified item list.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	952 dir([object]) localsymbol table. With a module, class or class
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	953 instanceobject as arg, returns list of names in its attr.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	954 dict.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	955 divmod(a,b) Returns tuple of (a/b, a%b)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	956 enumerate(seq) Return a iterator giving: (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), ...
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	957 eval(s[, globals[, Eval string s in (optional) globals, locals contexts.s must
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	958 locals]]) have no NUL's or newlines. s can also be acode object.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	959 Example: x = 1; incr_x = eval('x + 1')
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	960 execfile(file[, Executes a file without creating a new module, unlike
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	961 globals[, locals]]) import.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	962 file() Synonym for open().
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	963 filter(function, Constructs a list from those elements of sequence for which
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	964 sequence) function returns true. function takes one parameter.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	965 float(x) Converts a number or a string to floating point.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	966 getattr(object, [<default> arg added in 1.5.2]Gets attribute called name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	967 name[, default])) from object,e.g. getattr(x, 'f') <=> x.f). If not found,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	968 raisesAttributeError or returns default if specified.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	969 globals() Returns a dictionary containing current global variables.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	970 hasattr(object, Returns true if object has attr called name.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	971 name)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	972 hash(object) Returns the hash value of the object (if it has one)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	973 help(f) Display documentation on object f.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	974 hex(x) Converts a number x to a hexadecimal string.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	975 id(object) Returns a unique 'identity' integer for an object.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	976 input([prompt]) Prints prompt if given. Reads input and evaluates it.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	977 Converts a number or a string to a plain integer. Optional
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	978 int(x[, base]) base paramenter specifies base from which to convert string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	979 values.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	980 intern(aString) Enters aString in the table of "interned strings"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	981 andreturns the string. Interned strings are 'immortals'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	982 isinstance(obj, returns true if obj is an instance of class. Ifissubclass
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	983 class) (A,B) then isinstance(x,A) => isinstance(x,B)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	984 issubclass(class1, returns true if class1 is derived from class2
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	985 class2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	986 Returns the length (the number of items) of an object
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	987 iter(collection) Returns an iterator over the collection.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	988 len(obj) (sequence, dictionary, or instance of class implementing
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	989 __len__).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	990 list(sequence) Converts sequence into a list. If already a list,returns a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	991 copy of it.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	992 locals() Returns a dictionary containing current local variables.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	993 Converts a number or a string to a long integer. Optional
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	994 long(x[, base]) base paramenter specifies base from which to convert string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	995 values.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	996 Applies function to every item of list and returns a listof
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	997 map(function, list, the results. If additional arguments are passed,function
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	998 ...) must take that many arguments and it is givento function on
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	999 each call.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1000 max(seq) Returns the largest item of the non-empty sequence seq.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1001 min(seq) Returns the smallest item of a non-empty sequence seq.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1002 oct(x) Converts a number to an octal string.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1003 open(filename [, Returns a new file object. First two args are same asthose
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1004 mode='r', [bufsize= for C's "stdio open" function. bufsize is 0for unbuffered,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1005 implementation 1 for line-buffered, negative forsys-default, all else, of
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1006 dependent]]) (about) given size.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1007 ord(c) Returns integer ASCII value of c (a string of len 1). Works
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1008 with Unicode char.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1009 object() Create a base type. Used as a superclass for new-style objects.
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1010 open(name Open a file.
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1011 [, mode
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1012 [, buffering]])
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1013 pow(x, y [, z]) Returns x to power y [modulo z]. See also ** operator.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1014 property() Created a property with access controlled by functions.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1015 range(start [,end Returns list of ints from >= start and < end.With 1 arg,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1016 [, step]]) list from 0..arg-1With 2 args, list from start..end-1With 3
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1017 args, list from start up to end by step
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1018 raw_input([prompt]) Prints prompt if given, then reads string from stdinput (no
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1019 trailing \n). See also input().
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1020 reduce(f, list [, Applies the binary function f to the items oflist so as to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1021 init]) reduce the list to a single value.If init given, it is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1022 "prepended" to list.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1023 Re-parses and re-initializes an already imported module.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1024 Useful in interactive mode, if you want to reload amodule
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1025 reload(module) after fixing it. If module was syntacticallycorrect but had
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1026 an error in initialization, mustimport it one more time
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1027 before calling reload().
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1028 Returns a string containing a printable and if possible
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1029 repr(object) evaluable representation of an object. <=> `object`
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1030 (usingbackquotes). Class redefinissable (__repr__). See
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1031 also str()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1032 round(x, n=0) Returns the floating point value x rounded to n digitsafter
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1033 the decimal point.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1034 setattr(object, This is the counterpart of getattr().setattr(o, 'foobar',
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1035 name, value) 3) <=> o.foobar = 3Creates attribute if it doesn't exist!
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1036 slice([start,] stop Returns a slice object representing a range, with R/
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1037 [, step]) Oattributes: start, stop, step.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1038 Returns a string containing a nicely
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1039 staticmethod() Convert a function to method with no self or class
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1040 argument. Useful for methods associated with a class that
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1041 do not need access to an object's internal state.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1042 str(object) printablerepresentation of an object. Class overridable
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1043 (__str__).See also repr().
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1044 super(type) Create an unbound super object. Used to call cooperative
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1045 superclass methods.
29829 09da9e56555d Update for new module and new builtin. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29750 diff changeset	1046 sum(sequence, Add the values in the sequence and return the sum.
47248 9acb314b9072 Queue renaming reversal part 3: move module into place and Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 47241 diff changeset	1047 [start])
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1048 tuple(sequence) Creates a tuple with same elements as sequence. If already
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1049 a tuple, return itself (not a copy).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1050 Returns a type object [see module types] representing
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1051 thetype of obj. Example: import typesif type(x) ==
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1052 type(obj) types.StringType: print 'It is a string'NB: it is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1053 recommanded to use the following form:if isinstance(x,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1054 types.StringType): etc...
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1055 unichr(code) code.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1056 unicode(string[, Creates a Unicode string from a 8-bit string, using
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1057 encoding[, error thegiven encoding name and error treatment ('strict',
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1058 ]]]) 'ignore',or 'replace'}.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1059 Without arguments, returns a dictionary correspondingto the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1060 current local symbol table. With a module,class or class
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1061 vars([object]) instance object as argumentreturns a dictionary
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1062 corresponding to the object'ssymbol table. Useful with "%"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1063 formatting operator.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1064 xrange(start [, end Like range(), but doesn't actually store entire listall at
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1065 [, step]]) once. Good to use in "for" loops when there is abig range
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1066 and little memory.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1067 zip(seq1[, seq2, Returns a list of tuples where each tuple contains the nth
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1068 ...]) element of each of the argument sequences.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1069
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1070
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1071
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1072
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1073 Built-In Exceptions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1074
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1075 Exception>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1076 Root class for all exceptions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1077 SystemExit
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1078 On 'sys.exit()'
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1079 StopIteration
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1080 Signal the end from iterator.next()
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1081 StandardError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1082 Base class for all built-in exceptions; derived from Exception
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1083 root class.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1084 ArithmeticError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1085 Base class for OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1086 FloatingPointError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1087 FloatingPointError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1088 When a floating point operation fails.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1089 OverflowError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1090 On excessively large arithmetic operation
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1091 ZeroDivisionError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1092 On division or modulo operation with 0 as 2nd arg
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1093 AssertionError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1094 When an assert statement fails.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1095 AttributeError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1096 On attribute reference or assignment failure
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1097 EnvironmentError [new in 1.5.2]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1098 On error outside Python; error arg tuple is (errno, errMsg...)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1099 IOError [changed in 1.5.2]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1100 I/O-related operation failure
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1101 OSError [new in 1.5.2]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1102 used by the os module's os.error exception.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1103 EOFError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1104 Immediate end-of-file hit by input() or raw_input()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1105 ImportError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1106 On failure of `import' to find module or name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1107 KeyboardInterrupt
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1108 On user entry of the interrupt key (often `Control-C')
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1109 LookupError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1110 base class for IndexError, KeyError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1111 IndexError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1112 On out-of-range sequence subscript
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1113 KeyError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1114 On reference to a non-existent mapping (dict) key
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1115 MemoryError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1116 On recoverable memory exhaustion
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1117 NameError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1118 On failure to find a local or global (unqualified) name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1119 RuntimeError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1120 Obsolete catch-all; define a suitable error instead
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1121 NotImplementedError [new in 1.5.2]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1122 On method not implemented
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1123 SyntaxError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1124 On parser encountering a syntax error
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1125 IndentationError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1126 On parser encountering an indentation syntax error
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1127 TabError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1128 On parser encountering an indentation syntax error
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1129 SystemError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1130 On non-fatal interpreter error - bug - report it
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1131 TypeError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1132 On passing inappropriate type to built-in op or func
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1133 ValueError
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1134 On arg error not covered by TypeError or more precise
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1135 Warning
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1136 UserWarning
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1137 DeprecationWarning
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1138 PendingDeprecationWarning
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1139 SyntaxWarning
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1140 RuntimeWarning
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1141 FutureWarning
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1142
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1143
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1144
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1145 Standard methods & operators redefinition in classes
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1146
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1147 Standard methods & operators map to special '__methods__' and thus may be
56814 127d623396ab Merged revisions 73286,73294,73296,73459,73462-73463,73544,73576-73577,73595-73596,73693-73694,73704-73705,73707,73713,73937-73940,73945,73951,73979 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 55049 diff changeset	1148 redefined (mostly in user-defined classes), e.g.:
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1149 class x:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1150 def __init__(self, v): self.value = v
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1151 def __add__(self, r): return self.value + r
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1152 a = x(3) # sort of like calling x.__init__(a, 3)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1153 a + 4 # is equivalent to a.__add__(4)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1154
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1155 Special methods for any class
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1156
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1157 (s: self, o: other)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1158 __init__(s, args) instance initialization (on construction)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1159 __del__(s) called on object demise (refcount becomes 0)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1160 __repr__(s) repr() and `...` conversions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1161 __str__(s) str() and 'print' statement
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1162 __cmp__(s, o) Compares s to o and returns <0, 0, or >0.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1163 Implements >, <, == etc...
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1164 __hash__(s) Compute a 32 bit hash code; hash() and dictionary ops
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1165 __nonzero__(s) Returns False or True for truth value testing
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1166 __getattr__(s, name) called when attr lookup doesn't find <name>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1167 __setattr__(s, name, val) called when setting an attr
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1168 (inside, don't use "self.name = value"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1169 use "self.__dict__[name] = val")
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1170 __delattr__(s, name) called to delete attr <name>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1171 __call__(self, *args) called when an instance is called as function.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1172
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1173 Operators
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1174
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1175 See list in the operator module. Operator function names are provided with
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1176 2 variants, with or without
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1177 ading & trailing '__' (eg. __add__ or add).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1178
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1179 Numeric operations special methods
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1180 (s: self, o: other)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1181
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1182 s+o = __add__(s,o) s-o = __sub__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1183 s*o = __mul__(s,o) s/o = __div__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1184 s%o = __mod__(s,o) divmod(s,o) = __divmod__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1185 s**o = __pow__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1186 s&o = __and__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1187 s^o = __xor__(s,o) s\|o = __or__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1188 s<<o = __lshift__(s,o) s>>o = __rshift__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1189 nonzero(s) = __nonzero__(s) (used in boolean testing)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1190 -s = __neg__(s) +s = __pos__(s)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1191 abs(s) = __abs__(s) ~s = __invert__(s) (bitwise)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1192 s+=o = __iadd__(s,o) s-=o = __isub__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1193 s*=o = __imul__(s,o) s/=o = __idiv__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1194 s%=o = __imod__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1195 s**=o = __ipow__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1196 s&=o = __iand__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1197 s^=o = __ixor__(s,o) s\|=o = __ior__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1198 s<<=o = __ilshift__(s,o) s>>=o = __irshift__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1199 Conversions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1200 int(s) = __int__(s) long(s) = __long__(s)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1201 float(s) = __float__(s) complex(s) = __complex__(s)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1202 oct(s) = __oct__(s) hex(s) = __hex__(s)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1203 coerce(s,o) = __coerce__(s,o)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1204 Right-hand-side equivalents for all binary operators exist;
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1205 are called when class instance is on r-h-s of operator:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1206 a + 3 calls __add__(a, 3)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1207 3 + a calls __radd__(a, 3)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1208
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1209 All seqs and maps, general operations plus:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1210 (s: self, i: index or key)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1211
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1212 len(s) = __len__(s) length of object, >= 0. Length 0 == false
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1213 s[i] = __getitem__(s,i) Element at index/key i, origin 0
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1214
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1215 Sequences, general methods, plus:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1216 s[i]=v = __setitem__(s,i,v)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1217 del s[i] = __delitem__(s,i)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1218 s[i:j] = __getslice__(s,i,j)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1219 s[i:j]=seq = __setslice__(s,i,j,seq)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1220 del s[i:j] = __delslice__(s,i,j) == s[i:j] = []
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1221 seq * n = __repeat__(seq, n)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1222 s1 + s2 = __concat__(s1, s2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1223 i in s = __contains__(s, i)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1224 Mappings, general methods, plus
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1225 hash(s) = __hash__(s) - hash value for dictionary references
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1226 s[k]=v = __setitem__(s,k,v)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1227 del s[k] = __delitem__(s,k)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1228
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1229 Special informative state attributes for some types:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1230
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1231 Modules:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1232 __doc__ (string/None, R/O): doc string (<=> __dict__['__doc__'])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1233 __name__(string, R/O): module name (also in __dict__['__name__'])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1234 __dict__ (dict, R/O): module's name space
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1235 __file__(string/undefined, R/O): pathname of .pyc, .pyo or .pyd (undef for
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1236 modules statically linked to the interpreter)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1237
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1238 Classes: [in bold: writable since 1.5.2]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1239 __doc__ (string/None, R/W): doc string (<=> __dict__['__doc__'])
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1240 __module__ is the module name in which the class was defined
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1241 __name__(string, R/W): class name (also in __dict__['__name__'])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1242 __bases__ (tuple, R/W): parent classes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1243 __dict__ (dict, R/W): attributes (class name space)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1244
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1245 Instances:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1246 __class__ (class, R/W): instance's class
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1247 __dict__ (dict, R/W): attributes
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1248
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1249 User-defined functions: [bold: writable since 1.5.2]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1250 __doc__ (string/None, R/W): doc string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1251 __name__(string, R/O): function name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1252 func_doc (R/W): same as __doc__
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1253 func_name (R/O): same as __name__
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1254 func_defaults (tuple/None, R/W): default args values if any
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1255 func_code (code, R/W): code object representing the compiled function body
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1256 func_globals (dict, R/O): ref to dictionary of func global variables
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1257 func_dict (dict, R/W): same as __dict__ contains the namespace supporting
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1258 arbitrary function attributes
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1259 func_closure (R/O): None or a tuple of cells that contain bindings
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1260 for the function's free variables.
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1261
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1262
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1263 User-defined Methods:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1264 __doc__ (string/None, R/O): doc string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1265 __name__(string, R/O): method name (same as im_func.__name__)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1266 im_class (class, R/O): class defining the method (may be a base class)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1267 im_self (instance/None, R/O): target instance object (None if unbound)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1268 im_func (function, R/O): function object
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1269
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1270 Built-in Functions & methods:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1271 __doc__ (string/None, R/O): doc string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1272 __name__ (string, R/O): function name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1273 __self__ : [methods only] target object
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1274
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1275 Codes:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1276 co_name (string, R/O): function name
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1277 co_argcount (int, R/0): number of positional args
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1278 co_nlocals (int, R/O): number of local vars (including args)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1279 co_varnames (tuple, R/O): names of local vars (starting with args)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1280 co_cellvars (tuple, R/O)) the names of local variables referenced by
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1281 nested functions
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1282 co_freevars (tuple, R/O)) names of free variables
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1283 co_code (string, R/O): sequence of bytecode instructions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1284 co_consts (tuple, R/O): litterals used by the bytecode, 1st one is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1285 fct doc (or None)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1286 co_names (tuple, R/O): names used by the bytecode
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1287 co_filename (string, R/O): filename from which the code was compiled
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1288 co_firstlineno (int, R/O): first line number of the function
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1289 co_lnotab (string, R/O): string encoding bytecode offsets to line numbers.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1290 co_stacksize (int, R/O): required stack size (including local vars)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1291 co_flags (int, R/O): flags for the interpreter
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1292 bit 2 set if fct uses "*arg" syntax
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1293 bit 3 set if fct uses '**keywords' syntax
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1294 Frames:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1295 f_back (frame/None, R/O): previous stack frame (toward the caller)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1296 f_code (code, R/O): code object being executed in this frame
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1297 f_locals (dict, R/O): local vars
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1298 f_globals (dict, R/O): global vars
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1299 f_builtins (dict, R/O): built-in (intrinsic) names
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1300 f_restricted (int, R/O): flag indicating whether fct is executed in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1301 restricted mode
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1302 f_lineno (int, R/O): current line number
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1303 f_lasti (int, R/O): precise instruction (index into bytecode)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1304 f_trace (function/None, R/W): debug hook called at start of each source line
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1305 f_exc_type (Type/None, R/W): Most recent exception type
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1306 f_exc_value (any, R/W): Most recent exception value
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1307 f_exc_traceback (traceback/None, R/W): Most recent exception traceback
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1308 Tracebacks:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1309 tb_next (frame/None, R/O): next level in stack trace (toward the frame where
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1310 the exception occurred)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1311 tb_frame (frame, R/O): execution frame of the current level
35806 44fe157255bc fix typos, mostly in comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 35380 diff changeset	1312 tb_lineno (int, R/O): line number where the exception occurred
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1313 tb_lasti (int, R/O): precise instruction (index into bytecode)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1314
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1315 Slices:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1316 start (any/None, R/O): lowerbound
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1317 stop (any/None, R/O): upperbound
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1318 step (any/None, R/O): step value
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1319
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1320 Complex numbers:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1321 real (float, R/O): real part
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1322 imag (float, R/O): imaginary part
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1323
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1324
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1325 Important Modules
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1326
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1327 sys
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1328
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1329 Some sys variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1330 Variable Content
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1331 argv The list of command line arguments passed to aPython
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1332 script. sys.argv[0] is the script name.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1333 builtin_module_names A list of strings giving the names of all moduleswritten
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1334 in C that are linked into this interpreter.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1335 check_interval How often to check for thread switches or signals(measured
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1336 in number of virtual machine instructions)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1337 exc_type, exc_value, Deprecated since release 1.5. Use exc_info() instead.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1338 exc_traceback
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1339 exitfunc User can set to a parameterless fcn. It will getcalled
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1340 before interpreter exits.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1341 last_type, Set only when an exception not handled andinterpreter
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1342 last_value, prints an error. Used by debuggers.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1343 last_traceback
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1344 maxint maximum positive value for integers
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1345 modules Dictionary of modules that have already been loaded.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1346 path Search path for external modules. Can be modifiedby
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1347 program. sys.path[0] == dir of script executing
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1348 platform The current platform, e.g. "sunos5", "win32"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1349 ps1, ps2 prompts to use in interactive mode.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1350 File objects used for I/O. One can redirect byassigning a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1351 stdin, stdout, new file object to them (or any object:.with a method
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1352 stderr write(string) for stdout/stderr,.with a method readline()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1353 for stdin)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1354 version string containing version info about Python interpreter.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1355 (and also: copyright, dllhandle, exec_prefix, prefix)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1356 version_info tuple containing Python version info - (major, minor,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1357 micro, level, serial).
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1358
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1359 Some sys functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1360 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1361 exit(n) Exits with status n. Raises SystemExit exception.(Hence can
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1362 be caught and ignored by program)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1363 getrefcount(object Returns the reference count of the object. Generally one
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1364 ) higher than you might expect, because of object arg temp
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1365 reference.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1366 setcheckinterval( Sets the interpreter's thread switching interval (in number
29750 b86446f0350f Correct documentation of check interval - it's 100 by default, not 10 any Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com> parents: 27389 diff changeset	1367 interval) of virtual code instructions, default:100).
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1368 settrace(func) Sets a trace function: called before each line ofcode is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1369 exited.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1370 setprofile(func) Sets a profile function for performance profiling.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1371 Info on exception currently being handled; this is atuple
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1372 (exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback).Warning: assigning the
41903 06e6d6215c5b Fix typo in doc Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com> parents: 41832 diff changeset	1373 exc_info() traceback return value to a local variable in a
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1374 function handling an exception will cause a circular
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1375 reference.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1376 setdefaultencoding Change default Unicode encoding - defaults to 7-bit ASCII.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1377 (encoding)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1378 getrecursionlimit Retrieve maximum recursion depth.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1379 ()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1380 setrecursionlimit Set maximum recursion depth. (Defaults to 1000.)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1381 ()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1382
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1383
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1384
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1385 os
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1386 "synonym" for whatever O/S-specific module is proper for current environment.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1387 this module uses posix whenever possible.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1388 (see also M.A. Lemburg's utility http://www.lemburg.com/files/python/
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1389 platform.py)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1390
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1391 Some os variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1392 Variable Meaning
61258 f6785bce54b5 In a number of places code still revers Ronald Oussoren <ronaldoussoren@mac.com> parents: 56814 diff changeset	1393 name name of O/S-specific module (e.g. "posix", "nt")
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1394 path O/S-specific module for path manipulations.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1395 On Unix, os.path.split() <=> posixpath.split()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1396 curdir string used to represent current directory ('.')
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1397 pardir string used to represent parent directory ('..')
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1398 sep string used to separate directories ('/' or '\'). Tip: use
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1399 os.path.join() to build portable paths.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1400 altsep Alternate sep
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1401 if applicable (None
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1402 otherwise)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1403 pathsep character used to separate search path components (as in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1404 $PATH), eg. ';' for windows.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1405 linesep line separator as used in binary files, ie '\n' on Unix, '\
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1406 r\n' on Dos/Win, '\r'
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1407
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1408 Some os functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1409 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1410 makedirs(path[, Recursive directory creation (create required intermediary
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1411 mode=0777]) dirs); os.error if fails.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1412 removedirs(path) Recursive directory delete (delete intermediary empty
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1413 dirs); if fails.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1414 renames(old, new) Recursive directory or file renaming; os.error if fails.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1415
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1416
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1417
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1418 posix
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1419 don't import this module directly, import os instead !
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1420 (see also module: shutil for file copy & remove fcts)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1421
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1422 posix Variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1423 Variable Meaning
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1424 environ dictionary of environment variables, e.g.posix.environ['HOME'].
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1425 error exception raised on POSIX-related error.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1426 Corresponding value is tuple of errno code and perror() string.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1427
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1428 Some posix functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1429 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1430 chdir(path) Changes current directory to path.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1431 chmod(path, Changes the mode of path to the numeric mode
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1432 mode)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1433 close(fd) Closes file descriptor fd opened with posix.open.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1434 _exit(n) Immediate exit, with no cleanups, no SystemExit,etc. Should use
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1435 this to exit a child process.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1436 execv(p, args) "Become" executable p with args args
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1437 getcwd() Returns a string representing the current working directory
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1438 getpid() Returns the current process id
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1439 fork() Like C's fork(). Returns 0 to child, child pid to parent.[Not
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1440 on Windows]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1441 kill(pid, Like C's kill [Not on Windows]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1442 signal)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1443 listdir(path) Lists (base)names of entries in directory path, excluding '.'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1444 and '..'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1445 lseek(fd, pos, Sets current position in file fd to position pos, expressedas
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1446 how) an offset relative to beginning of file (how=0), tocurrent
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1447 position (how=1), or to end of file (how=2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1448 mkdir(path[, Creates a directory named path with numeric mode (default 0777)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1449 mode])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1450 open(file, Like C's open(). Returns file descriptor. Use file object
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1451 flags, mode) fctsrather than this low level ones.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1452 pipe() Creates a pipe. Returns pair of file descriptors (r, w) [Not on
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1453 Windows].
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1454 popen(command, Opens a pipe to or from command. Result is a file object to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1455 mode='r', read to orwrite from, as indicated by mode being 'r' or 'w'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1456 bufSize=0) Use it to catch acommand output ('r' mode) or to feed it ('w'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1457 mode).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1458 remove(path) See unlink.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1459 rename(src, dst Renames/moves the file or directory src to dst. [error iftarget
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1460 ) name already exists]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1461 rmdir(path) Removes the empty directory path
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1462 read(fd, n) Reads n bytes from file descriptor fd and return as string.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1463 Returns st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid,st_gid,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1464 stat(path) st_size, st_atime, st_mtime, st_ctime.[st_ino, st_uid, st_gid
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1465 are dummy on Windows]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1466 system(command) Executes string command in a subshell. Returns exitstatus of
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1467 subshell (usually 0 means OK).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1468 Returns accumulated CPU times in sec (user, system, children's
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1469 times() user,children's sys, elapsed real time). [3 last not on
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1470 Windows]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1471 unlink(path) Unlinks ("deletes") the file (not dir!) path. same as: remove
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1472 utime(path, ( Sets the access & modified time of the file to the given tuple
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1473 aTime, mTime)) of values.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1474 wait() Waits for child process completion. Returns tuple ofpid,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1475 exit_status [Not on Windows]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1476 waitpid(pid, Waits for process pid to complete. Returns tuple ofpid,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1477 options) exit_status [Not on Windows]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1478 write(fd, str) Writes str to file fd. Returns nb of bytes written.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1479
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1480
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1481
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1482 posixpath
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1483 Do not import this module directly, import os instead and refer to this module
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1484 as os.path. (e.g. os.path.exists(p)) !
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1485
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1486 Some posixpath functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1487 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1488 abspath(p) Returns absolute path for path p, taking current working dir in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1489 account.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1490 dirname/
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1491 basename(p directory and name parts of the path p. See also split.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1492 )
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1493 exists(p) True if string p is an existing path (file or directory)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1494 expanduser Returns string that is (a copy of) p with "~" expansion done.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1495 (p)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1496 expandvars Returns string that is (a copy of) p with environment vars expanded.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1497 (p) [Windows: case significant; must use Unix: $var notation, not %var%]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1498 getsize( return the size in bytes of filename. raise os.error.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1499 filename)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1500 getmtime( return last modification time of filename (integer nb of seconds
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1501 filename) since epoch).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1502 getatime( return last access time of filename (integer nb of seconds since
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1503 filename) epoch).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1504 isabs(p) True if string p is an absolute path.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1505 isdir(p) True if string p is a directory.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1506 islink(p) True if string p is a symbolic link.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1507 ismount(p) True if string p is a mount point [true for all dirs on Windows].
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1508 join(p[,q Joins one or more path components intelligently.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1509 [,...]])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1510 Splits p into (head, tail) where tail is lastpathname component and
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1511 split(p) <head> is everything leadingup to that. <=> (dirname(p), basename
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1512 (p))
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1513 splitdrive Splits path p in a pair ('drive:', tail) [Windows]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1514 (p)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1515 splitext(p Splits into (root, ext) where last comp of root contains no periods
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1516 ) and ext is empty or startswith a period.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1517 Calls the function visit with arguments(arg, dirname, names) for
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1518 each directory recursively inthe directory tree rooted at p
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1519 walk(p, (including p itself if it's a dir)The argument dirname specifies the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1520 visit, arg visited directory, the argumentnames lists the files in the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1521 ) directory. The visit function maymodify names to influence the set
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1522 of directories visited belowdirname, e.g., to avoid visiting certain
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1523 parts of the tree.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1524
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1525
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1526
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1527 shutil
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1528 high-level file operations (copying, deleting).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1529
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1530 Main shutil functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1531 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1532 copy(src, dst) Copies the contents of file src to file dst, retaining file
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1533 permissions.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1534 copytree(src, dst Recursively copies an entire directory tree rooted at src
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1535 [, symlinks]) into dst (which should not already exist). If symlinks is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1536 true, links insrc are kept as such in dst.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1537 rmtree(path[, Deletes an entire directory tree, ignoring errors if
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1538 ignore_errors[, ignore_errors true,or calling onerror(func, path,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1539 onerror]]) sys.exc_info()) if supplied with
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1540
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1541 (and also: copyfile, copymode, copystat, copy2)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1542
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1543 time
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1544
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1545 Variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1546 Variable Meaning
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1547 altzone signed offset of local DST timezone in sec west of the 0th meridian.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1548 daylight nonzero if a DST timezone is specified
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1549
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1550 Functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1551 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1552 time() return a float representing UTC time in seconds since the epoch.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1553 gmtime(secs), return a tuple representing time : (year aaaa, month(1-12),day
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1554 localtime( (1-31), hour(0-23), minute(0-59), second(0-59), weekday(0-6, 0 is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1555 secs) monday), Julian day(1-366), daylight flag(-1,0 or 1))
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1556 asctime(
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1557 timeTuple),
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1558 strftime(
55049 74c0a78114ae Merged revisions 69846 via svnmerge from Jesus Cea <jcea@jcea.es> parents: 47252 diff changeset	1559 format, return a formatted string representing time.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1560 timeTuple)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1561 mktime(tuple) inverse of localtime(). Return a float.
55049 74c0a78114ae Merged revisions 69846 via svnmerge from Jesus Cea <jcea@jcea.es> parents: 47252 diff changeset	1562 strptime( parse a formatted string representing time, return tuple as in
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1563 string[, gmtime().
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1564 format])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1565 sleep(secs) Suspend execution for <secs> seconds. <secs> can be a float.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1566
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1567 and also: clock, ctime.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1568
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1569 string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1570
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1571 As of Python 2.0, much (though not all) of the functionality provided by the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1572 string module have been superseded by built-in string methods - see Operations
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1573 on strings for details.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1574
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1575 Some string variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1576 Variable Meaning
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1577 digits The string '0123456789'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1578 hexdigits, octdigits legal hexadecimal & octal digits
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1579 letters, uppercase, lowercase, Strings containing the appropriate
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1580 whitespace characters
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1581 index_error Exception raised by index() if substr not
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1582 found.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1583
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1584 Some string functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1585 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1586 expandtabs(s, returns a copy of string <s> with tabs expanded.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1587 tabSize)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1588 find/rfind(s, sub Return the lowest/highest index in <s> where the substring
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1589 [, start=0[, end= <sub> is found such that <sub> is wholly contained ins
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1590 0]) [start:end]. Return -1 if <sub> not found.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1591 ljust/rjust/center Return a copy of string <s> left/right justified/centerd in
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1592 (s, width) afield of given width, padded with spaces. <s> is
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1593 nevertruncated.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1594 lower/upper(s) Return a string that is (a copy of) <s> in lowercase/
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1595 uppercase
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1596 split(s[, sep= Return a list containing the words of the string <s>,using
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1597 whitespace[, the string <sep> as a separator.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1598 maxsplit=0]])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1599 join(words[, sep=' Concatenate a list or tuple of words with
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1600 ']) interveningseparators; inverse of split.
35806 44fe157255bc fix typos, mostly in comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 35380 diff changeset	1601 replace(s, old, Returns a copy of string <s> with all occurrences of
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1602 new[, maxsplit=0] substring<old> replaced by <new>. Limits to <maxsplit>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1603 firstsubstitutions if specified.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1604 strip(s) Return a string that is (a copy of) <s> without leadingand
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1605 trailing whitespace. see also lstrip, rstrip.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1606
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1607
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1608
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1609 re (sre)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1610
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1611 Handles Unicode strings. Implemented in new module sre, re now a mere front-end
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1612 for compatibility.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1613 Patterns are specified as strings. Tip: Use raw strings (e.g. r'\w*') to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1614 litteralize backslashes.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1615
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1616
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1617 Regular expression syntax
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1618 Form Description
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1619 . matches any character (including newline if DOTALL flag specified)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1620 ^ matches start of the string (of every line in MULTILINE mode)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1621 $ matches end of the string (of every line in MULTILINE mode)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1622 * 0 or more of preceding regular expression (as many as possible)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1623 + 1 or more of preceding regular expression (as many as possible)
35806 44fe157255bc fix typos, mostly in comments Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> parents: 35380 diff changeset	1624 ? 0 or 1 occurrence of preceding regular expression
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1625 ?, +?, ?? Same as , + and ? but matches as few characters as possible
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1626 {m,n} matches from m to n repetitions of preceding RE
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1627 {m,n}? idem, attempting to match as few repetitions as possible
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1628 [ ] defines character set: e.g. '[a-zA-Z]' to match all letters(see also
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1629 \w \S)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1630 [^ ] defines complemented character set: matches if char is NOT in set
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1631 escapes special chars '*?+&$\|()' and introduces special sequences
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1632 \ (see below). Due to Python string rules, write as '\\' orr'\' in the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1633 pattern string.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1634 \\ matches a litteral '\'; due to Python string rules, write as '\\\\
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1635 'in pattern string, or better using raw string: r'\\'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1636 \| specifies alternative: 'foo\|bar' matches 'foo' or 'bar'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1637 (...) matches any RE inside (), and delimits a group.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1638 (?:...) idem but doesn't delimit a group.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1639 matches if ... matches next, but doesn't consume any of the string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1640 (?=...) e.g. 'Isaac (?=Asimov)' matches 'Isaac' only if followed by
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1641 'Asimov'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1642 (?!...) matches if ... doesn't match next. Negative of (?=...)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1643 (?P<name matches any RE inside (), and delimits a named group. (e.g. r'(?P
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1644 >...) <id>[a-zA-Z_]\w*)' defines a group named id)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1645 (?P=name) matches whatever text was matched by the earlier group named name.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1646 (?#...) A comment; ignored.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1647 (?letter) letter is one of 'i','L', 'm', 's', 'x'. Set the corresponding flags
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1648 (re.I, re.L, re.M, re.S, re.X) for the entire RE.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1649
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1650 Special sequences
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1651 Sequence Description
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1652 number matches content of the group of the same number; groups are numbered
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1653 starting from 1
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1654 \A matches only at the start of the string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1655 \b empty str at beg or end of word: '\bis\b' matches 'is', but not 'his'
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1656 \B empty str NOT at beginning or end of word
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1657 \d any decimal digit (<=> [0-9])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1658 \D any non-decimal digit char (<=> [^O-9])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1659 \s any whitespace char (<=> [ \t\n\r\f\v])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1660 \S any non-whitespace char (<=> [^ \t\n\r\f\v])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1661 \w any alphaNumeric char (depends on LOCALE flag)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1662 \W any non-alphaNumeric char (depends on LOCALE flag)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1663 \Z matches only at the end of the string
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1664
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1665 Variables
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1666 Variable Meaning
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1667 error Exception when pattern string isn't a valid regexp.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1668
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1669 Functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1670 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1671 Compile a RE pattern string into a regular expression object.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1672 Flags (combinable by \|):
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1673
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1674 I or IGNORECASE or (?i)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1675 case insensitive matching
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1676 compile( L or LOCALE or (?L)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1677 pattern[, make \w, \W, \b, \B dependent on thecurrent locale
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1678 flags=0]) M or MULTILINE or (?m)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1679 matches every new line and not onlystart/end of the whole
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1680 string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1681 S or DOTALL or (?s)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1682 '.' matches ALL chars, including newline
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1683 X or VERBOSE or (?x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1684 Ignores whitespace outside character sets
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1685 escape(string) return (a copy of) string with all non-alphanumerics
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1686 backslashed.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1687 match(pattern, if 0 or more chars at beginning of <string> match the RE pattern
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1688 string[, flags string,return a corresponding MatchObject instance, or None if
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1689 ]) no match.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1690 search(pattern scan thru <string> for a location matching <pattern>, return
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1691 , string[, acorresponding MatchObject instance, or None if no match.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1692 flags])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1693 split(pattern, split <string> by occurrences of <pattern>. If capturing () are
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1694 string[, used inpattern, then occurrences of patterns or subpatterns are
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1695 maxsplit=0]) also returned.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1696 findall( return a list of non-overlapping matches in <pattern>, either a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1697 pattern, list ofgroups or a list of tuples if the pattern has more than 1
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1698 string) group.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1699 return string obtained by replacing the (<count> first) lefmost
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1700 sub(pattern, non-overlapping occurrences of <pattern> (a string or a RE
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1701 repl, string[, object) in <string>by <repl>; <repl> can be a string or a fct
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1702 count=0]) called with a single MatchObj arg, which must return the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1703 replacement string.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1704 subn(pattern,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1705 repl, string[, same as sub(), but returns a tuple (newString, numberOfSubsMade)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1706 count=0])
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1707
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1708 Regular Expression Objects
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1709
d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1710
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1711 (RE objects are returned by the compile fct)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1712
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1713 re object attributes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1714 Attribute Descrition
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1715 flags flags arg used when RE obj was compiled, or 0 if none provided
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1716 groupindex dictionary of {group name: group number} in pattern
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1717 pattern pattern string from which RE obj was compiled
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1718
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1719 re object methods
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1720 Method Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1721 If zero or more characters at the beginning of string match this
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1722 regular expression, return a corresponding MatchObject instance.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1723 Return None if the string does not match the pattern; note that
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1724 this is different from a zero-length match.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1725 The optional second parameter pos gives an index in the string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1726 match( where the search is to start; it defaults to 0. This is not
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1727 string[, completely equivalent to slicing the string; the '' pattern
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1728 pos][, character matches at the real beginning of the string and at
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1729 endpos]) positions just after a newline, but not necessarily at the index
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1730 where the search is to start.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1731 The optional parameter endpos limits how far the string will be
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1732 searched; it will be as if the string is endpos characters long, so
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1733 only the characters from pos to endpos will be searched for a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1734 match.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1735 Scan through string looking for a location where this regular
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1736 search( expression produces a match, and return a corresponding MatchObject
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1737 string[, instance. Return None if no position in the string matches the
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1738 pos][, pattern; note that this is different from finding a zero-length
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1739 endpos]) match at some point in the string.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1740 The optional pos and endpos parameters have the same meaning as for
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1741 the match() method.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1742 split(
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1743 string[, Identical to the split() function, using the compiled pattern.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1744 maxsplit=
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1745 0])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1746 findall( Identical to the findall() function, using the compiled pattern.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1747 string)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1748 sub(repl,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1749 string[, Identical to the sub() function, using the compiled pattern.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1750 count=0])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1751 subn(repl,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1752 string[, Identical to the subn() function, using the compiled pattern.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1753 count=0])
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1754
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1755 Match Objects
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1756
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1757
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1758 (Match objects are returned by the match & search functions)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1759
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1760 Match object attributes
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1761 Attribute Description
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1762 pos value of pos passed to search or match functions; index intostring at
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1763 which RE engine started search.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1764 endpos value of endpos passed to search or match functions; index intostring
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1765 beyond which RE engine won't go.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1766 re RE object whose match or search fct produced this MatchObj instance
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1767 string string passed to match() or search()
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1768
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1769 Match object functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1770 Function Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1771 returns one or more groups of the match. If one arg, result is a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1772 group([g1 string;if multiple args, result is a tuple with one item per arg. If
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1773 , g2, gi is 0,return value is entire matching string; if 1 <= gi <= 99,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1774 ...]) returnstring matching group #gi (or None if no such group); gi may
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1775 also bea group name.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1776 returns a tuple of all groups of the match; groups not
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1777 groups() participatingto the match have a value of None. Returns a string
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1778 instead of tupleif len(tuple)=1
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1779 start(
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1780 group), returns indices of start & end of substring matched by group (or
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1781 end(group Noneif group exists but doesn't contribute to the match)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1782 )
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1783 span( returns the 2-tuple (start(group), end(group)); can be (None, None)if
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1784 group) group didn't contibute to the match.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1785
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1786
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1787
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1788 math
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1789
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1790 Variables:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1791 pi
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1792 e
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1793 Functions (see ordinary C man pages for info):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1794 acos(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1795 asin(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1796 atan(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1797 atan2(x, y)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1798 ceil(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1799 cos(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1800 cosh(x)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1801 degrees(x)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1802 exp(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1803 fabs(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1804 floor(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1805 fmod(x, y)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1806 frexp(x) -- Unlike C: (float, int) = frexp(float)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1807 ldexp(x, y)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1808 log(x [,base])
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1809 log10(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1810 modf(x) -- Unlike C: (float, float) = modf(float)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1811 pow(x, y)
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1812 radians(x)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1813 sin(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1814 sinh(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1815 sqrt(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1816 tan(x)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1817 tanh(x)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1818
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1819 getopt
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1820
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1821 Functions:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1822 getopt(list, optstr) -- Similar to C. <optstr> is option
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1823 letters to look for. Put ':' after letter
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1824 if option takes arg. E.g.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1825 # invocation was "python test.py -c hi -a arg1 arg2"
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1826 opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ab:c:')
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1827 # opts would be
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1828 [('-c', 'hi'), ('-a', '')]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1829 # args would be
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1830 ['arg1', 'arg2']
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1831
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1832
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1833 List of modules and packages in base distribution
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1834
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1835 (built-ins and content of python Lib directory)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1836 (Python NT distribution, may be slightly different in other distributions)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1837
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1838 Standard library modules
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1839 Operation Result
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1840 aifc Stuff to parse AIFF-C and AIFF files.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1841 anydbm Generic interface to all dbm clones. (dbhash, gdbm,
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1842 dbm,dumbdbm)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1843 asynchat Support for 'chat' style protocols
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1844 asyncore Asynchronous File I/O (in select style)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1845 atexit Register functions to be called at exit of Python interpreter.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1846 audiodev Audio support for a few platforms.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1847 base64 Conversions to/from base64 RFC-MIME transport encoding .
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1848 BaseHTTPServer Base class forhttp services.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1849 Bastion "Bastionification" utility (control access to instance vars)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1850 bdb A generic Python debugger base class.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1851 binhex Macintosh binhex compression/decompression.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1852 bisect List bisection algorithms.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1853 bz2 Support for bz2 compression/decompression.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1854 calendar Calendar printing functions.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1855 cgi Wraps the WWW Forms Common Gateway Interface (CGI).
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1856 cgitb Utility for handling CGI tracebacks.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1857 CGIHTTPServer CGI http services.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1858 cmd A generic class to build line-oriented command interpreters.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1859 datetime Basic date and time types.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1860 code Utilities needed to emulate Python's interactive interpreter
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1861 codecs Lookup existing Unicode encodings and register new ones.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1862 colorsys Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1863 commands Tools for executing UNIX commands .
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1864 compileall Force "compilation" of all .py files in a directory.
47252 e534ee0a4cd0 ConfigParser renaming reversal part 3: move module into place and adapt imports. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 47248 diff changeset	1865 ConfigParser Configuration file parser (much like windows .ini files)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1866 copy Generic shallow and deep copying operations.
47189 f419b2e96a98 Revert copy_reg -> copyreg rename. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 47108 diff changeset	1867 copy_reg Helper to provide extensibility for pickle/cPickle.
29829 09da9e56555d Update for new module and new builtin. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29750 diff changeset	1868 csv Read and write files with comma separated values.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1869 dbhash (g)dbm-compatible interface to bsdhash.hashopen.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1870 dircache Sorted list of files in a dir, using a cache.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1871 [DEL:dircmp:DEL] [DEL:Defines a class to build directory diff tools on.:DEL]
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1872 difflib Tool for creating delta between sequences.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1873 dis Bytecode disassembler.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1874 distutils Package installation system.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1875 doctest Tool for running and verifying tests inside doc strings.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1876 dospath Common operations on DOS pathnames.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1877 dumbdbm A dumb and slow but simple dbm clone.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1878 [DEL:dump:DEL] [DEL:Print python code that reconstructs a variable.:DEL]
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1879 email Comprehensive support for internet email.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1880 exceptions Class based built-in exception hierarchy.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1881 filecmp File comparison.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1882 fileinput Helper class to quickly write a loop over all standard input
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1883 files.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1884 [DEL:find:DEL] [DEL:Find files directory hierarchy matching a pattern.:DEL]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1885 fnmatch Filename matching with shell patterns.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1886 formatter A test formatter.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1887 fpformat General floating point formatting functions.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1888 ftplib An FTP client class. Based on RFC 959.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1889 gc Perform garbacge collection, obtain GC debug stats, and tune
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1890 GC parameters.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1891 getopt Standard command line processing. See also ftp://
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1892 www.pauahtun.org/pub/getargspy.zip
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1893 getpass Utilities to get a password and/or the current user name.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1894 glob filename globbing.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1895 gopherlib Gopher protocol client interface.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1896 [DEL:grep:DEL] [DEL:'grep' utilities.:DEL]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1897 gzip Read & write gzipped files.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1898 heapq Priority queue implemented using lists organized as heaps.
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1899 HMAC Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication -- RFC 2104.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1900 htmlentitydefs Proposed entity definitions for HTML.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1901 htmllib HTML parsing utilities.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1902 HTMLParser A parser for HTML and XHTML.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1903 httplib HTTP client class.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1904 ihooks Hooks into the "import" mechanism.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1905 imaplib IMAP4 client.Based on RFC 2060.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1906 imghdr Recognizing image files based on their first few bytes.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1907 imputil Privides a way of writing customised import hooks.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1908 inspect Tool for probing live Python objects.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1909 keyword List of Python keywords.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1910 knee A Python re-implementation of hierarchical module import.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1911 linecache Cache lines from files.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1912 linuxaudiodev Lunix /dev/audio support.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1913 locale Support for number formatting using the current locale
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1914 settings.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1915 logging Python logging facility.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1916 macpath Pathname (or related) operations for the Macintosh.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1917 macurl2path Mac specific module for conversion between pathnames and URLs.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1918 mailbox A class to handle a unix-style or mmdf-style mailbox.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1919 mailcap Mailcap file handling (RFC 1524).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1920 mhlib MH (mailbox) interface.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1921 mimetools Various tools used by MIME-reading or MIME-writing programs.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1922 mimetypes Guess the MIME type of a file.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1923 MimeWriter Generic MIME writer.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1924 mimify Mimification and unmimification of mail messages.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1925 mmap Interface to memory-mapped files - they behave like mutable
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1926 strings./font>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1927 multifile Class to make multi-file messages easier to handle.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1928 mutex Mutual exclusion -- for use with module sched.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1929 netrc
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1930 nntplib An NNTP client class. Based on RFC 977.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1931 ntpath Common operations on DOS pathnames.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1932 nturl2path Mac specific module for conversion between pathnames and URLs.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1933 optparse A comprehensive tool for processing command line options.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1934 os Either mac, dos or posix depending system.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1935 [DEL:packmail: [DEL:Create a self-unpacking shell archive.:DEL]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1936 DEL]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1937 pdb A Python debugger.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1938 pickle Pickling (save and restore) of Python objects (a faster
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1939 Cimplementation exists in built-in module: cPickle).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1940 pipes Conversion pipeline templates.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1941 pkgunil Utilities for working with Python packages.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1942 popen2 variations on pipe open.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1943 poplib A POP3 client class. Based on the J. Myers POP3 draft.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1944 posixfile Extended (posix) file operations.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1945 posixpath Common operations on POSIX pathnames.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1946 pprint Support to pretty-print lists, tuples, & dictionaries
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1947 recursively.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1948 profile Class for profiling python code.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1949 pstats Class for printing reports on profiled python code.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1950 pydoc Utility for generating documentation from source files.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1951 pty Pseudo terminal utilities.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1952 pyexpat Interface to the Expay XML parser.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1953 py_compile Routine to "compile" a .py file to a .pyc file.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1954 pyclbr Parse a Python file and retrieve classes and methods.
47248 9acb314b9072 Queue renaming reversal part 3: move module into place and Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 47241 diff changeset	1955 Queue A multi-producer, multi-consumer queue.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1956 quopri Conversions to/from quoted-printable transport encoding.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1957 rand Don't use unless you want compatibility with C's rand().
27383 5174b4a71e6e Part II of Python2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27377 diff changeset	1958 random Random variable generators
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1959 re Regular Expressions.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1960 repr Redo repr() but with limits on most sizes.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1961 rexec Restricted execution facilities ("safe" exec, eval, etc).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1962 rfc822 RFC-822 message manipulation class.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1963 rlcompleter Word completion for GNU readline 2.0.
31652 ef06c2124cb0 SF patch #911431: robot.txt must be robots.txt Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 29829 diff changeset	1964 robotparser Parse robots.txt files, useful for web spiders.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1965 sched A generally useful event scheduler class.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1966 sets Module for a set datatype.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1967 sgmllib A parser for SGML.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1968 shelve Manage shelves of pickled objects.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1969 shlex Lexical analyzer class for simple shell-like syntaxes.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1970 shutil Utility functions usable in a shell-like program.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1971 SimpleHTTPServer Simple extension to base http class
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1972 site Append module search paths for third-party packages to
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1973 sys.path.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1974 smtplib SMTP Client class (RFC 821)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1975 sndhdr Several routines that help recognizing sound.
47241 ba1fa511b72d socketserver renaming reversal part 3: move the module into the right Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 47189 diff changeset	1976 SocketServer Generic socket server classes.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1977 stat Constants and functions for interpreting stat/lstat struct.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1978 statcache Maintain a cache of file stats.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1979 statvfs Constants for interpreting statvfs struct as returned by
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1980 os.statvfs()and os.fstatvfs() (if they exist).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1981 string A collection of string operations.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1982 StringIO File-like objects that read/write a string buffer (a fasterC
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1983 implementation exists in built-in module: cStringIO).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1984 sunau Stuff to parse Sun and NeXT audio files.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1985 sunaudio Interpret sun audio headers.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1986 symbol Non-terminal symbols of Python grammar (from "graminit.h").
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1987 tabnanny,/font> Check Python source for ambiguous indentation.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1988 tarfile Facility for reading and writing to the *nix tarfile format.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1989 telnetlib TELNET client class. Based on RFC 854.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1990 tempfile Temporary file name allocation.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	1991 textwrap Object for wrapping and filling text.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1992 threading Proposed new higher-level threading interfaces
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1993 threading_api (doc of the threading module)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1994 toaiff Convert "arbitrary" sound files to AIFF files .
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1995 token Tokens (from "token.h").
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1996 tokenize Compiles a regular expression that recognizes Python tokens.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1997 traceback Format and print Python stack traces.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1998 tty Terminal utilities.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	1999 turtle LogoMation-like turtle graphics
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2000 types Define names for all type symbols in the std interpreter.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2001 tzparse Parse a timezone specification.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2002 unicodedata Interface to unicode properties.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2003 urllib Open an arbitrary URL.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2004 urlparse Parse URLs according to latest draft of standard.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2005 user Hook to allow user-specified customization code to run.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2006 UserDict A wrapper to allow subclassing of built-in dict class.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2007 UserList A wrapper to allow subclassing of built-in list class.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2008 UserString A wrapper to allow subclassing of built-in string class.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2009 [DEL:util:DEL] [DEL:some useful functions that don't fit elsewhere !!:DEL]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2010 uu UUencode/UUdecode.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2011 unittest Utilities for implementing unit testing.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2012 wave Stuff to parse WAVE files.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2013 weakref Tools for creating and managing weakly referenced objects.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2014 webbrowser Platform independent URL launcher.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2015 [DEL:whatsound: [DEL:Several routines that help recognizing sound files.:DEL]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2016 DEL]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2017 whichdb Guess which db package to use to open a db file.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2018 xdrlib Implements (a subset of) Sun XDR (eXternal Data
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2019 Representation)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2020 xmllib A parser for XML, using the derived class as static DTD.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2021 xml.dom Classes for processing XML using the Document Object Model.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2022 xml.sax Classes for processing XML using the SAX API.
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2023 xmlrpclib Support for remote procedure calls using XML.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2024 zipfile Read & write PK zipped files.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2025 [DEL:zmod:DEL] [DEL:Demonstration of abstruse mathematical concepts.:DEL]
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2026
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2027
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2028
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2029 * Built-ins *
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2030
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2031 sys Interpreter state vars and functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2032 __built-in__ Access to all built-in python identifiers
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2033 __main__ Scope of the interpreters main program, script or stdin
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2034 array Obj efficiently representing arrays of basic values
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2035 math Math functions of C standard
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2036 time Time-related functions (also the newer datetime module)
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2037 marshal Read and write some python values in binary format
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2038 struct Convert between python values and C structs
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2039
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2040 * Standard *
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2041
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2042 getopt Parse cmd line args in sys.argv. A la UNIX 'getopt'.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2043 os A more portable interface to OS dependent functionality
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2044 re Functions useful for working with regular expressions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2045 string Useful string and characters functions and exceptions
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2046 random Mersenne Twister pseudo-random number generator
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2047 thread Low-level primitives for working with process threads
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2048 threading idem, new recommanded interface.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2049
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2050 * Unix/Posix *
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2051
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2052 dbm Interface to Unix ndbm database library
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2053 grp Interface to Unix group database
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2054 posix OS functionality standardized by C and POSIX standards
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2055 posixpath POSIX pathname functions
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2056 pwd Access to the Unix password database
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2057 select Access to Unix select multiplex file synchronization
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2058 socket Access to BSD socket interface
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2059
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2060 * Tk User-interface Toolkit *
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2061
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2062 tkinter Main interface to Tk
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2063
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2064 * Multimedia *
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2065
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2066 audioop Useful operations on sound fragments
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2067 imageop Useful operations on images
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2068 jpeg Access to jpeg image compressor and decompressor
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2069 rgbimg Access SGI imglib image files
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2070
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2071 * Cryptographic Extensions *
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2072
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2073 md5 Interface to RSA's MD5 message digest algorithm
33373 76a9bda3028e Remove mpz, rotor Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 31652 diff changeset	2074 sha Interface to the SHA message digest algorithm
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2075 HMAC Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication -- RFC 2104.
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2076
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2077 * SGI IRIX * (4 & 5)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2078
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2079 al SGI audio facilities
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2080 AL al constants
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2081 fl Interface to FORMS library
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2082 FL fl constants
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2083 flp Functions for form designer
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2084 fm Access to font manager library
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2085 gl Access to graphics library
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2086 GL Constants for gl
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2087 DEVICE More constants for gl
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2088 imgfile Imglib image file interface
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2089
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2090 * Suns *
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2091
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2092 sunaudiodev Access to sun audio interface
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2093
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2094
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2095 Workspace exploration and idiom hints
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2096
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2097 dir(<module>) list functions, variables in <module>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2098 dir() get object keys, defaults to local name space
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2099 if __name__ == '__main__': main() invoke main if running as script
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2100 map(None, lst1, lst2, ...) merge lists
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2101 b = a[:] create copy of seq structure
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2102 _ in interactive mode, is last value printed
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2103
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2104
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2105
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2106
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2107
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2108
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2109
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2110 Python Mode for Emacs
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2111
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2112 (Not revised, possibly not up to date)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2113 Type C-c ? when in python-mode for extensive help.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2114 INDENTATION
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2115 Primarily for entering new code:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2116 TAB indent line appropriately
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2117 LFD insert newline, then indent
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2118 DEL reduce indentation, or delete single character
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2119 Primarily for reindenting existing code:
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2120 C-c : guess py-indent-offset from file content; change locally
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2121 C-u C-c : ditto, but change globally
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2122 C-c TAB reindent region to match its context
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2123 C-c < shift region left by py-indent-offset
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2124 C-c > shift region right by py-indent-offset
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2125 MARKING & MANIPULATING REGIONS OF CODE
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2126 C-c C-b mark block of lines
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2127 M-C-h mark smallest enclosing def
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2128 C-u M-C-h mark smallest enclosing class
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2129 C-c # comment out region of code
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2130 C-u C-c # uncomment region of code
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2131 MOVING POINT
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2132 C-c C-p move to statement preceding point
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2133 C-c C-n move to statement following point
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2134 C-c C-u move up to start of current block
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2135 M-C-a move to start of def
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2136 C-u M-C-a move to start of class
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2137 M-C-e move to end of def
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2138 C-u M-C-e move to end of class
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2139 EXECUTING PYTHON CODE
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2140 C-c C-c sends the entire buffer to the Python interpreter
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2141 C-c \| sends the current region
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2142 C-c ! starts a Python interpreter window; this will be used by
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2143 subsequent C-c C-c or C-c \| commands
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2144 C-c C-w runs PyChecker
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2145
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2146 VARIABLES
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2147 py-indent-offset indentation increment
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2148 py-block-comment-prefix comment string used by py-comment-region
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2149 py-python-command shell command to invoke Python interpreter
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2150 py-scroll-process-buffer t means always scroll Python process buffer
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2151 py-temp-directory directory used for temp files (if needed)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2152 py-beep-if-tab-change ring the bell if tab-width is changed
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2153
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2154
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2155 The Python Debugger
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2156
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2157 (Not revised, possibly not up to date, see 1.5.2 Library Ref section 9.1; in 1.5.2, you may also use debugger integrated in IDLE)
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2158
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2159 Accessing
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2160
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2161 import pdb (it's a module written in Python)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2162 -- defines functions :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2163 run(statement[,globals[, locals]])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2164 -- execute statement string under debugger control, with optional
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2165 global & local environment.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2166 runeval(expression[,globals[, locals]])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2167 -- same as run, but evaluate expression and return value.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2168 runcall(function[, argument, ...])
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2169 -- run function object with given arg(s)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2170 pm() -- run postmortem on last exception (like debugging a core file)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2171 post_mortem(t)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2172 -- run postmortem on traceback object <t>
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2173
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2174 -- defines class Pdb :
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2175 use Pdb to create reusable debugger objects. Object
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2176 preserves state (i.e. break points) between calls.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2177
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2178 runs until a breakpoint hit, exception, or end of program
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2179 If exception, variable '__exception__' holds (exception,value).
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2180
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2181 Commands
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2182
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2183 h, help
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2184 brief reminder of commands
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2185 b, break [<arg>]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2186 if <arg> numeric, break at line <arg> in current file
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2187 if <arg> is function object, break on entry to fcn <arg>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2188 if no arg, list breakpoints
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2189 cl, clear [<arg>]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2190 if <arg> numeric, clear breakpoint at <arg> in current file
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2191 if no arg, clear all breakpoints after confirmation
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2192 w, where
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2193 print current call stack
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2194 u, up
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2195 move up one stack frame (to top-level caller)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2196 d, down
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2197 move down one stack frame
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2198 s, step
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2199 advance one line in the program, stepping into calls
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2200 n, next
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2201 advance one line, stepping over calls
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2202 r, return
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2203 continue execution until current function returns
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2204 (return value is saved in variable "__return__", which
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2205 can be printed or manipulated from debugger)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2206 c, continue
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2207 continue until next breakpoint
27389 aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2208 j, jump lineno
aa94c820b3ed Part 3 of Py2.3 update Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 27383 diff changeset	2209 Set the next line that will be executed
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2210 a, args
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2211 print args to current function
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2212 rv, retval
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2213 prints return value from last function that returned
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2214 p, print <arg>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2215 prints value of <arg> in current stack frame
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2216 l, list [<first> [, <last>]]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2217 List source code for the current file.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2218 Without arguments, list 11 lines around the current line
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2219 or continue the previous listing.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2220 With one argument, list 11 lines starting at that line.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2221 With two arguments, list the given range;
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2222 if the second argument is less than the first, it is a count.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2223 whatis <arg>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2224 prints type of <arg>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2225 !
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2226 executes rest of line as a Python statement in the current stack frame
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2227 q quit
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2228 immediately stop execution and leave debugger
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2229 <return>
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2230 executes last command again
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2231 Any input debugger doesn't recognize as a command is assumed to be a
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2232 Python statement to execute in the current stack frame, the same way
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2233 the exclamation mark ("!") command does.
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2234
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2235 Example
1763 d3535d0626b4 Very useful file! Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2236
19013 7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2237 (1394) python
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2238 Python 1.0.3 (Sep 26 1994)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2239 Copyright 1991-1994 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2240 >>> import rm
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2241 >>> rm.run()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2242 Traceback (innermost last):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2243 File "<stdin>", line 1
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2244 File "./rm.py", line 7
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2245 x = div(3)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2246 File "./rm.py", line 2
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2247 return a / r
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2248 ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2249 >>> import pdb
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2250 >>> pdb.pm()
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2251 > ./rm.py(2)div: return a / r
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2252 (Pdb) list
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2253 1 def div(a):
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2254 2 -> return a / r
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2255 3
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2256 4 def run():
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2257 5 global r
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2258 6 r = 0
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2259 7 x = div(3)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2260 8 print x
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2261 [EOF]
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2262 (Pdb) print r
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2263 0
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2264 (Pdb) q
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2265 >>> pdb.runcall(rm.run)
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2266 etc.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2267
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2268 Quirks
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2269
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2270 Breakpoints are stored as filename, line number tuples. If a module is reloaded
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2271 after editing, any remembered breakpoints are likely to be wrong.
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2272
7d27e388ec6c Update cheatsheet to 2.0 from Brunning/Gruet's quick reference Andrew M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca> parents: 1763 diff changeset	2273 Always single-steps through top-most stack frame. That is, "c" acts like "n".

Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Misc/cheatsheet @ 79675:c0a2294de787 2.7