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author Johannes Gijsbers <jlg@dds.nl>
date Mon, 13 Dec 2004 13:11:42 +0000
parents c56168fabf8e
children 2f19b981ac24
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1 \chapter{Exception Handling \label{exceptionHandling}}
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2
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3 The functions described in this chapter will let you handle and raise Python
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4 exceptions. It is important to understand some of the basics of
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5 Python exception handling. It works somewhat like the
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6 \UNIX{} \cdata{errno} variable: there is a global indicator (per
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7 thread) of the last error that occurred. Most functions don't clear
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8 this on success, but will set it to indicate the cause of the error on
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9 failure. Most functions also return an error indicator, usually
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10 \NULL{} if they are supposed to return a pointer, or \code{-1} if they
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11 return an integer (exception: the \cfunction{PyArg_*()} functions
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12 return \code{1} for success and \code{0} for failure).
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13
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14 When a function must fail because some function it called failed, it
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15 generally doesn't set the error indicator; the function it called
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16 already set it. It is responsible for either handling the error and
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17 clearing the exception or returning after cleaning up any resources it
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18 holds (such as object references or memory allocations); it should
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19 \emph{not} continue normally if it is not prepared to handle the
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20 error. If returning due to an error, it is important to indicate to
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21 the caller that an error has been set. If the error is not handled or
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22 carefully propagated, additional calls into the Python/C API may not
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23 behave as intended and may fail in mysterious ways.
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24
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25 The error indicator consists of three Python objects corresponding to
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26 \withsubitem{(in module sys)}{
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27 \ttindex{exc_type}\ttindex{exc_value}\ttindex{exc_traceback}}
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28 the Python variables \code{sys.exc_type}, \code{sys.exc_value} and
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29 \code{sys.exc_traceback}. API functions exist to interact with the
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30 error indicator in various ways. There is a separate error indicator
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31 for each thread.
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32
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33 % XXX Order of these should be more thoughtful.
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34 % Either alphabetical or some kind of structure.
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35
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36 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_Print}{}
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37 Print a standard traceback to \code{sys.stderr} and clear the error
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38 indicator. Call this function only when the error indicator is
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39 set. (Otherwise it will cause a fatal error!)
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40 \end{cfuncdesc}
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41
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42 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_Occurred}{}
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43 Test whether the error indicator is set. If set, return the
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44 exception \emph{type} (the first argument to the last call to one of
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45 the \cfunction{PyErr_Set*()} functions or to
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46 \cfunction{PyErr_Restore()}). If not set, return \NULL. You do
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47 not own a reference to the return value, so you do not need to
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48 \cfunction{Py_DECREF()} it. \note{Do not compare the return value
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49 to a specific exception; use \cfunction{PyErr_ExceptionMatches()}
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50 instead, shown below. (The comparison could easily fail since the
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51 exception may be an instance instead of a class, in the case of a
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52 class exception, or it may the a subclass of the expected
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53 exception.)}
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54 \end{cfuncdesc}
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55
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56 \begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyErr_ExceptionMatches}{PyObject *exc}
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57 Equivalent to \samp{PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(),
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58 \var{exc})}. This should only be called when an exception is
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59 actually set; a memory access violation will occur if no exception
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60 has been raised.
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61 \end{cfuncdesc}
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62
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63 \begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches}{PyObject *given, PyObject *exc}
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64 Return true if the \var{given} exception matches the exception in
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65 \var{exc}. If \var{exc} is a class object, this also returns true
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66 when \var{given} is an instance of a subclass. If \var{exc} is a
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67 tuple, all exceptions in the tuple (and recursively in subtuples)
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68 are searched for a match. If \var{given} is \NULL, a memory access
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69 violation will occur.
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70 \end{cfuncdesc}
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71
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72 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_NormalizeException}{PyObject**exc, PyObject**val, PyObject**tb}
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73 Under certain circumstances, the values returned by
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74 \cfunction{PyErr_Fetch()} below can be ``unnormalized'', meaning
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75 that \code{*\var{exc}} is a class object but \code{*\var{val}} is
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76 not an instance of the same class. This function can be used to
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77 instantiate the class in that case. If the values are already
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78 normalized, nothing happens. The delayed normalization is
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79 implemented to improve performance.
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80 \end{cfuncdesc}
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81
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82 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_Clear}{}
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83 Clear the error indicator. If the error indicator is not set, there
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84 is no effect.
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85 \end{cfuncdesc}
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86
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87 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_Fetch}{PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue,
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88 PyObject **ptraceback}
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89 Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses
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90 are passed. If the error indicator is not set, set all three
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91 variables to \NULL. If it is set, it will be cleared and you own a
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92 reference to each object retrieved. The value and traceback object
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93 may be \NULL{} even when the type object is not. \note{This
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94 function is normally only used by code that needs to handle
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95 exceptions or by code that needs to save and restore the error
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96 indicator temporarily.}
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97 \end{cfuncdesc}
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98
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99 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_Restore}{PyObject *type, PyObject *value,
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100 PyObject *traceback}
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101 Set the error indicator from the three objects. If the error
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102 indicator is already set, it is cleared first. If the objects are
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103 \NULL, the error indicator is cleared. Do not pass a \NULL{} type
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104 and non-\NULL{} value or traceback. The exception type should be a
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105 class. Do not pass an invalid exception type or value.
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106 (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems later.) This call
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107 takes away a reference to each object: you must own a reference to
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108 each object before the call and after the call you no longer own
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109 these references. (If you don't understand this, don't use this
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110 function. I warned you.) \note{This function is normally only used
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111 by code that needs to save and restore the error indicator
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112 temporarily; use \cfunction{PyErr_Fetch()} to save the current
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113 exception state.}
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114 \end{cfuncdesc}
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115
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116 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_SetString}{PyObject *type, char *message}
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117 This is the most common way to set the error indicator. The first
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118 argument specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the
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119 standard exceptions, e.g. \cdata{PyExc_RuntimeError}. You need not
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120 increment its reference count. The second argument is an error
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121 message; it is converted to a string object.
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122 \end{cfuncdesc}
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123
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124 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_SetObject}{PyObject *type, PyObject *value}
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125 This function is similar to \cfunction{PyErr_SetString()} but lets
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126 you specify an arbitrary Python object for the ``value'' of the
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127 exception.
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128 \end{cfuncdesc}
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129
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130 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_Format}{PyObject *exception,
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131 const char *format, \moreargs}
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132 This function sets the error indicator and returns \NULL.
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133 \var{exception} should be a Python exception (class, not
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134 an instance). \var{format} should be a string, containing format
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135 codes, similar to \cfunction{printf()}. The \code{width.precision}
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136 before a format code is parsed, but the width part is ignored.
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137
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138 \begin{tableii}{c|l}{character}{Character}{Meaning}
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139 \lineii{c}{Character, as an \ctype{int} parameter}
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140 \lineii{d}{Number in decimal, as an \ctype{int} parameter}
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141 \lineii{x}{Number in hexadecimal, as an \ctype{int} parameter}
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142 \lineii{s}{A string, as a \ctype{char *} parameter}
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143 \lineii{p}{A hex pointer, as a \ctype{void *} parameter}
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144 \end{tableii}
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145
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146 An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format
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147 string to be copied as-is to the result string, and any extra
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148 arguments discarded.
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149 \end{cfuncdesc}
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150
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151 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_SetNone}{PyObject *type}
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152 This is a shorthand for \samp{PyErr_SetObject(\var{type},
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153 Py_None)}.
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154 \end{cfuncdesc}
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155
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156 \begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyErr_BadArgument}{}
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157 This is a shorthand for \samp{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
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158 \var{message})}, where \var{message} indicates that a built-in
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159 operation was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for
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160 internal use.
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161 \end{cfuncdesc}
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162
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163 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_NoMemory}{}
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164 This is a shorthand for \samp{PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError)}; it
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165 returns \NULL{} so an object allocation function can write
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166 \samp{return PyErr_NoMemory();} when it runs out of memory.
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167 \end{cfuncdesc}
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168
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169 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_SetFromErrno}{PyObject *type}
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170 This is a convenience function to raise an exception when a C
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171 library function has returned an error and set the C variable
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172 \cdata{errno}. It constructs a tuple object whose first item is the
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173 integer \cdata{errno} value and whose second item is the
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174 corresponding error message (gotten from
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175 \cfunction{strerror()}\ttindex{strerror()}), and then calls
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176 \samp{PyErr_SetObject(\var{type}, \var{object})}. On \UNIX, when
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177 the \cdata{errno} value is \constant{EINTR}, indicating an
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178 interrupted system call, this calls
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179 \cfunction{PyErr_CheckSignals()}, and if that set the error
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180 indicator, leaves it set to that. The function always returns
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181 \NULL, so a wrapper function around a system call can write
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182 \samp{return PyErr_SetFromErrno(\var{type});} when the system call
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183 returns an error.
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184 \end{cfuncdesc}
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185
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186 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename}{PyObject *type,
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187 char *filename}
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188 Similar to \cfunction{PyErr_SetFromErrno()}, with the additional
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189 behavior that if \var{filename} is not \NULL, it is passed to the
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190 constructor of \var{type} as a third parameter. In the case of
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191 exceptions such as \exception{IOError} and \exception{OSError}, this
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192 is used to define the \member{filename} attribute of the exception
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193 instance.
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194 \end{cfuncdesc}
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195
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196 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr}{int ierr}
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197 This is a convenience function to raise \exception{WindowsError}.
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198 If called with \var{ierr} of \cdata{0}, the error code returned by a
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199 call to \cfunction{GetLastError()} is used instead. It calls the
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200 Win32 function \cfunction{FormatMessage()} to retrieve the Windows
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201 description of error code given by \var{ierr} or
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202 \cfunction{GetLastError()}, then it constructs a tuple object whose
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203 first item is the \var{ierr} value and whose second item is the
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204 corresponding error message (gotten from
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205 \cfunction{FormatMessage()}), and then calls
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206 \samp{PyErr_SetObject(\var{PyExc_WindowsError}, \var{object})}.
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207 This function always returns \NULL.
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208 Availability: Windows.
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209 \end{cfuncdesc}
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210
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211 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr}{PyObject *type,
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212 int ierr}
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213 Similar to \cfunction{PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()}, with an additional
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214 parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.
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215 Availability: Windows.
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216 \versionadded{2.3}
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217 \end{cfuncdesc}
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218
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219 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename}{int ierr,
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220 char *filename}
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221 Similar to \cfunction{PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()}, with the
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222 additional behavior that if \var{filename} is not \NULL, it is
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223 passed to the constructor of \exception{WindowsError} as a third
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224 parameter.
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225 Availability: Windows.
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226 \end{cfuncdesc}
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227
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228 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilename}
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229 {PyObject *type, int ierr, char *filename}
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230 Similar to \cfunction{PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename()}, with
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231 an additional parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.
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232 Availability: Windows.
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233 \versionadded{2.3}
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234 \end{cfuncdesc}
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235
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236 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_BadInternalCall}{}
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237 This is a shorthand for \samp{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
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238 \var{message})}, where \var{message} indicates that an internal
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239 operation (e.g. a Python/C API function) was invoked with an illegal
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240 argument. It is mostly for internal use.
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241 \end{cfuncdesc}
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242
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243 \begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyErr_Warn}{PyObject *category, char *message}
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244 Issue a warning message. The \var{category} argument is a warning
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245 category (see below) or \NULL; the \var{message} argument is a
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246 message string.
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247
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248 This function normally prints a warning message to \var{sys.stderr};
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249 however, it is also possible that the user has specified that
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250 warnings are to be turned into errors, and in that case this will
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251 raise an exception. It is also possible that the function raises an
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252 exception because of a problem with the warning machinery (the
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253 implementation imports the \module{warnings} module to do the heavy
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254 lifting). The return value is \code{0} if no exception is raised,
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255 or \code{-1} if an exception is raised. (It is not possible to
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256 determine whether a warning message is actually printed, nor what
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257 the reason is for the exception; this is intentional.) If an
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258 exception is raised, the caller should do its normal exception
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259 handling (for example, \cfunction{Py_DECREF()} owned references and
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260 return an error value).
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261
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262 Warning categories must be subclasses of \cdata{Warning}; the
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263 default warning category is \cdata{RuntimeWarning}. The standard
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264 Python warning categories are available as global variables whose
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265 names are \samp{PyExc_} followed by the Python exception name.
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266 These have the type \ctype{PyObject*}; they are all class objects.
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267 Their names are \cdata{PyExc_Warning}, \cdata{PyExc_UserWarning},
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268 \cdata{PyExc_DeprecationWarning}, \cdata{PyExc_SyntaxWarning},
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269 \cdata{PyExc_RuntimeWarning}, and \cdata{PyExc_FutureWarning}.
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270 \cdata{PyExc_Warning} is a subclass of \cdata{PyExc_Exception}; the
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271 other warning categories are subclasses of \cdata{PyExc_Warning}.
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272
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273 For information about warning control, see the documentation for the
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274 \module{warnings} module and the \programopt{-W} option in the
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275 command line documentation. There is no C API for warning control.
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276 \end{cfuncdesc}
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277
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278 \begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyErr_WarnExplicit}{PyObject *category, char *message,
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279 char *filename, int lineno, char *module, PyObject *registry}
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280 Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning
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281 attributes. This is a straightforward wrapper around the Python
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282 function \function{warnings.warn_explicit()}, see there for more
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283 information. The \var{module} and \var{registry} arguments may be
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284 set to \NULL{} to get the default effect described there.
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285 \end{cfuncdesc}
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286
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287 \begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyErr_CheckSignals}{}
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288 This function interacts with Python's signal handling. It checks
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289 whether a signal has been sent to the processes and if so, invokes
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290 the corresponding signal handler. If the
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291 \module{signal}\refbimodindex{signal} module is supported, this can
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292 invoke a signal handler written in Python. In all cases, the
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293 default effect for \constant{SIGINT}\ttindex{SIGINT} is to raise the
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294 \withsubitem{(built-in exception)}{\ttindex{KeyboardInterrupt}}
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295 \exception{KeyboardInterrupt} exception. If an exception is raised
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296 the error indicator is set and the function returns \code{1};
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297 otherwise the function returns \code{0}. The error indicator may or
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298 may not be cleared if it was previously set.
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299 \end{cfuncdesc}
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300
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301 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_SetInterrupt}{}
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302 This function simulates the effect of a
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303 \constant{SIGINT}\ttindex{SIGINT} signal arriving --- the next time
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304 \cfunction{PyErr_CheckSignals()} is called,
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305 \withsubitem{(built-in exception)}{\ttindex{KeyboardInterrupt}}
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306 \exception{KeyboardInterrupt} will be raised. It may be called
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307 without holding the interpreter lock.
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308 % XXX This was described as obsolete, but is used in
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309 % thread.interrupt_main() (used from IDLE), so it's still needed.
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310 \end{cfuncdesc}
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311
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312 \begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyErr_NewException}{char *name,
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313 PyObject *base,
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314 PyObject *dict}
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315 This utility function creates and returns a new exception object.
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316 The \var{name} argument must be the name of the new exception, a C
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317 string of the form \code{module.class}. The \var{base} and
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318 \var{dict} arguments are normally \NULL. This creates a class
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319 object derived from the root for all exceptions, the built-in name
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320 \exception{Exception} (accessible in C as \cdata{PyExc_Exception}).
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321 The \member{__module__} attribute of the new class is set to the
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322 first part (up to the last dot) of the \var{name} argument, and the
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323 class name is set to the last part (after the last dot). The
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324 \var{base} argument can be used to specify an alternate base class.
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325 The \var{dict} argument can be used to specify a dictionary of class
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326 variables and methods.
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327 \end{cfuncdesc}
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328
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329 \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{PyErr_WriteUnraisable}{PyObject *obj}
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330 This utility function prints a warning message to \code{sys.stderr}
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331 when an exception has been set but it is impossible for the
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332 interpreter to actually raise the exception. It is used, for
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333 example, when an exception occurs in an \method{__del__()} method.
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334
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335 The function is called with a single argument \var{obj} that
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336 identifies the context in which the unraisable exception occurred.
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337 The repr of \var{obj} will be printed in the warning message.
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338 \end{cfuncdesc}
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339
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340 \section{Standard Exceptions \label{standardExceptions}}
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341
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342 All standard Python exceptions are available as global variables whose
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343 names are \samp{PyExc_} followed by the Python exception name. These
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344 have the type \ctype{PyObject*}; they are all class objects. For
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345 completeness, here are all the variables:
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346
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347 \begin{tableiii}{l|l|c}{cdata}{C Name}{Python Name}{Notes}
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348 \lineiii{PyExc_Exception\ttindex{PyExc_Exception}}{\exception{Exception}}{(1)}
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349 \lineiii{PyExc_StandardError\ttindex{PyExc_StandardError}}{\exception{StandardError}}{(1)}
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350 \lineiii{PyExc_ArithmeticError\ttindex{PyExc_ArithmeticError}}{\exception{ArithmeticError}}{(1)}
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351 \lineiii{PyExc_LookupError\ttindex{PyExc_LookupError}}{\exception{LookupError}}{(1)}
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352 \lineiii{PyExc_AssertionError\ttindex{PyExc_AssertionError}}{\exception{AssertionError}}{}
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353 \lineiii{PyExc_AttributeError\ttindex{PyExc_AttributeError}}{\exception{AttributeError}}{}
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354 \lineiii{PyExc_EOFError\ttindex{PyExc_EOFError}}{\exception{EOFError}}{}
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355 \lineiii{PyExc_EnvironmentError\ttindex{PyExc_EnvironmentError}}{\exception{EnvironmentError}}{(1)}
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356 \lineiii{PyExc_FloatingPointError\ttindex{PyExc_FloatingPointError}}{\exception{FloatingPointError}}{}
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357 \lineiii{PyExc_IOError\ttindex{PyExc_IOError}}{\exception{IOError}}{}
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358 \lineiii{PyExc_ImportError\ttindex{PyExc_ImportError}}{\exception{ImportError}}{}
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359 \lineiii{PyExc_IndexError\ttindex{PyExc_IndexError}}{\exception{IndexError}}{}
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360 \lineiii{PyExc_KeyError\ttindex{PyExc_KeyError}}{\exception{KeyError}}{}
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361 \lineiii{PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt\ttindex{PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt}}{\exception{KeyboardInterrupt}}{}
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362 \lineiii{PyExc_MemoryError\ttindex{PyExc_MemoryError}}{\exception{MemoryError}}{}
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363 \lineiii{PyExc_NameError\ttindex{PyExc_NameError}}{\exception{NameError}}{}
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364 \lineiii{PyExc_NotImplementedError\ttindex{PyExc_NotImplementedError}}{\exception{NotImplementedError}}{}
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365 \lineiii{PyExc_OSError\ttindex{PyExc_OSError}}{\exception{OSError}}{}
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366 \lineiii{PyExc_OverflowError\ttindex{PyExc_OverflowError}}{\exception{OverflowError}}{}
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367 \lineiii{PyExc_ReferenceError\ttindex{PyExc_ReferenceError}}{\exception{ReferenceError}}{(2)}
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368 \lineiii{PyExc_RuntimeError\ttindex{PyExc_RuntimeError}}{\exception{RuntimeError}}{}
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369 \lineiii{PyExc_SyntaxError\ttindex{PyExc_SyntaxError}}{\exception{SyntaxError}}{}
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370 \lineiii{PyExc_SystemError\ttindex{PyExc_SystemError}}{\exception{SystemError}}{}
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371 \lineiii{PyExc_SystemExit\ttindex{PyExc_SystemExit}}{\exception{SystemExit}}{}
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372 \lineiii{PyExc_TypeError\ttindex{PyExc_TypeError}}{\exception{TypeError}}{}
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373 \lineiii{PyExc_ValueError\ttindex{PyExc_ValueError}}{\exception{ValueError}}{}
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374 \lineiii{PyExc_WindowsError\ttindex{PyExc_WindowsError}}{\exception{WindowsError}}{(3)}
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375 \lineiii{PyExc_ZeroDivisionError\ttindex{PyExc_ZeroDivisionError}}{\exception{ZeroDivisionError}}{}
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376 \end{tableiii}
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377
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378 \noindent
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379 Notes:
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380 \begin{description}
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381 \item[(1)]
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382 This is a base class for other standard exceptions.
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383
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384 \item[(2)]
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385 This is the same as \exception{weakref.ReferenceError}.
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386
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387 \item[(3)]
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388 Only defined on Windows; protect code that uses this by testing that
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389 the preprocessor macro \code{MS_WINDOWS} is defined.
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390 \end{description}
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391
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392
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393 \section{Deprecation of String Exceptions}
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394
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395 All exceptions built into Python or provided in the standard library
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396 are derived from \exception{Exception}.
946bebd00132 Break the Python/C API manual into smaller files by chapter. This manual
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397 \withsubitem{(built-in exception)}{\ttindex{Exception}}
946bebd00132 Break the Python/C API manual into smaller files by chapter. This manual
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
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398
946bebd00132 Break the Python/C API manual into smaller files by chapter. This manual
Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
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399 String exceptions are still supported in the interpreter to allow
946bebd00132 Break the Python/C API manual into smaller files by chapter. This manual
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400 existing code to run unmodified, but this will also change in a future
946bebd00132 Break the Python/C API manual into smaller files by chapter. This manual
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401 release.