Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate Doc/library/operator.rst @ 54294:dba767bc3155 legacy-trunk
remove mention of old ctypes version
| author | Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> |
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| date | Sat, 23 May 2009 20:59:09 +0000 |
| parents | ec634e57bc58 |
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1 :mod:`operator` --- Standard operators as functions |
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2 =================================================== |
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3 |
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4 .. module:: operator |
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5 :synopsis: Functions corresponding to the standard operators. |
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6 .. sectionauthor:: Skip Montanaro <skip@automatrix.com> |
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7 |
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8 |
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9 .. testsetup:: |
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10 |
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11 import operator |
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12 from operator import itemgetter |
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13 |
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14 |
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15 The :mod:`operator` module exports a set of functions implemented in C |
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16 corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, |
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17 ``operator.add(x, y)`` is equivalent to the expression ``x+y``. The function |
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18 names are those used for special class methods; variants without leading and |
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19 trailing ``__`` are also provided for convenience. |
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20 |
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21 The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical |
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22 operations, mathematical operations, sequence operations, and abstract type |
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23 tests. |
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24 |
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25 The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after |
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26 the rich comparison operators they support: |
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27 |
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28 |
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29 .. function:: lt(a, b) |
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30 le(a, b) |
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31 eq(a, b) |
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32 ne(a, b) |
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33 ge(a, b) |
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34 gt(a, b) |
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35 __lt__(a, b) |
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36 __le__(a, b) |
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37 __eq__(a, b) |
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38 __ne__(a, b) |
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39 __ge__(a, b) |
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40 __gt__(a, b) |
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41 |
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42 Perform "rich comparisons" between *a* and *b*. Specifically, ``lt(a, b)`` is |
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43 equivalent to ``a < b``, ``le(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a <= b``, ``eq(a, |
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44 b)`` is equivalent to ``a == b``, ``ne(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a != b``, |
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45 ``gt(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a > b`` and ``ge(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a |
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46 >= b``. Note that unlike the built-in :func:`cmp`, these functions can |
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47 return any value, which may or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value. |
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48 See :ref:`comparisons` for more information about rich comparisons. |
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49 |
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50 .. versionadded:: 2.2 |
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51 |
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52 The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support |
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53 truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations: |
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54 |
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55 |
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56 .. function:: not_(obj) |
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57 __not__(obj) |
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58 |
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59 Return the outcome of :keyword:`not` *obj*. (Note that there is no |
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60 :meth:`__not__` method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines |
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61 this operation. The result is affected by the :meth:`__nonzero__` and |
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62 :meth:`__len__` methods.) |
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63 |
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64 |
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65 .. function:: truth(obj) |
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66 |
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67 Return :const:`True` if *obj* is true, and :const:`False` otherwise. This is |
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68 equivalent to using the :class:`bool` constructor. |
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69 |
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70 |
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71 .. function:: is_(a, b) |
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72 |
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73 Return ``a is b``. Tests object identity. |
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74 |
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75 .. versionadded:: 2.3 |
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76 |
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77 |
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78 .. function:: is_not(a, b) |
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79 |
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80 Return ``a is not b``. Tests object identity. |
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81 |
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82 .. versionadded:: 2.3 |
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83 |
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84 The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous: |
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85 |
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86 |
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87 .. function:: abs(obj) |
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88 __abs__(obj) |
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89 |
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90 Return the absolute value of *obj*. |
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91 |
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92 |
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93 .. function:: add(a, b) |
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94 __add__(a, b) |
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95 |
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96 Return ``a + b``, for *a* and *b* numbers. |
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97 |
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98 |
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99 .. function:: and_(a, b) |
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100 __and__(a, b) |
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101 |
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102 Return the bitwise and of *a* and *b*. |
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103 |
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104 |
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105 .. function:: div(a, b) |
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106 __div__(a, b) |
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107 |
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108 Return ``a / b`` when ``__future__.division`` is not in effect. This is |
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109 also known as "classic" division. |
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110 |
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111 |
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112 .. function:: floordiv(a, b) |
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113 __floordiv__(a, b) |
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114 |
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115 Return ``a // b``. |
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116 |
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117 .. versionadded:: 2.2 |
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118 |
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119 |
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120 .. function:: inv(obj) |
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121 invert(obj) |
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122 __inv__(obj) |
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123 __invert__(obj) |
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124 |
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125 Return the bitwise inverse of the number *obj*. This is equivalent to ``~obj``. |
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126 |
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127 .. versionadded:: 2.0 |
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128 The names :func:`invert` and :func:`__invert__`. |
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129 |
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130 |
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131 .. function:: lshift(a, b) |
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132 __lshift__(a, b) |
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133 |
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134 Return *a* shifted left by *b*. |
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135 |
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136 |
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137 .. function:: mod(a, b) |
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138 __mod__(a, b) |
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139 |
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140 Return ``a % b``. |
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141 |
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142 |
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143 .. function:: mul(a, b) |
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144 __mul__(a, b) |
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145 |
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146 Return ``a * b``, for *a* and *b* numbers. |
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147 |
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148 |
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149 .. function:: neg(obj) |
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150 __neg__(obj) |
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151 |
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152 Return *obj* negated. |
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153 |
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154 |
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155 .. function:: or_(a, b) |
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156 __or__(a, b) |
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157 |
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158 Return the bitwise or of *a* and *b*. |
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159 |
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160 |
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161 .. function:: pos(obj) |
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162 __pos__(obj) |
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163 |
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164 Return *obj* positive. |
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165 |
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166 |
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167 .. function:: pow(a, b) |
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168 __pow__(a, b) |
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169 |
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170 Return ``a ** b``, for *a* and *b* numbers. |
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171 |
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172 .. versionadded:: 2.3 |
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173 |
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174 |
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175 .. function:: rshift(a, b) |
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176 __rshift__(a, b) |
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177 |
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178 Return *a* shifted right by *b*. |
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179 |
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180 |
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181 .. function:: sub(a, b) |
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182 __sub__(a, b) |
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183 |
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184 Return ``a - b``. |
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185 |
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186 |
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187 .. function:: truediv(a, b) |
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188 __truediv__(a, b) |
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189 |
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190 Return ``a / b`` when ``__future__.division`` is in effect. This is also |
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191 known as "true" division. |
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192 |
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193 .. versionadded:: 2.2 |
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194 |
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195 |
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196 .. function:: xor(a, b) |
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197 __xor__(a, b) |
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198 |
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199 Return the bitwise exclusive or of *a* and *b*. |
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200 |
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201 |
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202 .. function:: index(a) |
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203 __index__(a) |
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204 |
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205 Return *a* converted to an integer. Equivalent to ``a.__index__()``. |
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206 |
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207 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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208 |
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209 |
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210 Operations which work with sequences include: |
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211 |
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212 .. function:: concat(a, b) |
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213 __concat__(a, b) |
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214 |
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215 Return ``a + b`` for *a* and *b* sequences. |
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216 |
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217 |
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218 .. function:: contains(a, b) |
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219 __contains__(a, b) |
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220 |
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221 Return the outcome of the test ``b in a``. Note the reversed operands. |
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222 |
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223 .. versionadded:: 2.0 |
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224 The name :func:`__contains__`. |
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225 |
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226 |
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227 .. function:: countOf(a, b) |
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228 |
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229 Return the number of occurrences of *b* in *a*. |
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230 |
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231 |
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232 .. function:: delitem(a, b) |
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233 __delitem__(a, b) |
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234 |
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235 Remove the value of *a* at index *b*. |
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236 |
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237 |
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238 .. function:: delslice(a, b, c) |
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239 __delslice__(a, b, c) |
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240 |
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241 Delete the slice of *a* from index *b* to index *c-1*. |
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242 |
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243 .. deprecated:: 2.6 |
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244 This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use :func:`delitem` with a slice |
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245 index. |
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246 |
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247 |
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248 .. function:: getitem(a, b) |
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249 __getitem__(a, b) |
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250 |
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251 Return the value of *a* at index *b*. |
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252 |
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253 |
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254 .. function:: getslice(a, b, c) |
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255 __getslice__(a, b, c) |
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256 |
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257 Return the slice of *a* from index *b* to index *c-1*. |
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258 |
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259 .. deprecated:: 2.6 |
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260 This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use :func:`getitem` with a slice |
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261 index. |
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262 |
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263 |
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264 .. function:: indexOf(a, b) |
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265 |
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266 Return the index of the first of occurrence of *b* in *a*. |
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267 |
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268 |
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269 .. function:: repeat(a, b) |
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270 __repeat__(a, b) |
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271 |
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272 .. deprecated:: 2.7 |
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273 Use :func:`__mul__` instead. |
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274 |
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275 Return ``a * b`` where *a* is a sequence and *b* is an integer. |
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276 |
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277 |
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278 .. function:: sequenceIncludes(...) |
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279 |
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280 .. deprecated:: 2.0 |
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281 Use :func:`contains` instead. |
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282 |
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283 Alias for :func:`contains`. |
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284 |
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285 |
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286 .. function:: setitem(a, b, c) |
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287 __setitem__(a, b, c) |
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288 |
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289 Set the value of *a* at index *b* to *c*. |
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290 |
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291 |
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292 .. function:: setslice(a, b, c, v) |
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293 __setslice__(a, b, c, v) |
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294 |
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295 Set the slice of *a* from index *b* to index *c-1* to the sequence *v*. |
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296 |
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297 .. deprecated:: 2.6 |
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298 This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use :func:`setitem` with a slice |
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299 index. |
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300 |
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301 Example use of operator functions:: |
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302 |
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303 >>> # Elementwise multiplication |
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304 >>> map(mul, [0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 20, 30, 40]) |
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305 [0, 20, 60, 120] |
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306 |
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307 >>> # Dot product |
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308 >>> sum(map(mul, [0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 20, 30, 40])) |
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309 200 |
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310 |
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311 Many operations have an "in-place" version. The following functions provide a |
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312 more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for |
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313 example, the :term:`statement` ``x += y`` is equivalent to |
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314 ``x = operator.iadd(x, y)``. Another way to put it is to say that |
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315 ``z = operator.iadd(x, y)`` is equivalent to the compound statement |
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316 ``z = x; z += y``. |
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317 |
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318 .. function:: iadd(a, b) |
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319 __iadd__(a, b) |
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320 |
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321 ``a = iadd(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a += b``. |
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322 |
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323 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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324 |
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325 |
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326 .. function:: iand(a, b) |
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327 __iand__(a, b) |
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328 |
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329 ``a = iand(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a &= b``. |
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330 |
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331 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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332 |
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333 |
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334 .. function:: iconcat(a, b) |
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335 __iconcat__(a, b) |
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336 |
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337 ``a = iconcat(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a += b`` for *a* and *b* sequences. |
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338 |
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339 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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340 |
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341 |
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342 .. function:: idiv(a, b) |
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343 __idiv__(a, b) |
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344 |
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345 ``a = idiv(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a /= b`` when ``__future__.division`` is |
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346 not in effect. |
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347 |
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348 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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349 |
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350 |
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351 .. function:: ifloordiv(a, b) |
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352 __ifloordiv__(a, b) |
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353 |
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354 ``a = ifloordiv(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a //= b``. |
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355 |
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356 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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357 |
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358 |
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359 .. function:: ilshift(a, b) |
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360 __ilshift__(a, b) |
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361 |
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362 ``a = ilshift(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a <``\ ``<= b``. |
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363 |
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364 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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365 |
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366 |
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367 .. function:: imod(a, b) |
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368 __imod__(a, b) |
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369 |
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370 ``a = imod(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a %= b``. |
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371 |
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372 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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373 |
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374 |
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375 .. function:: imul(a, b) |
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376 __imul__(a, b) |
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377 |
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378 ``a = imul(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a *= b``. |
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379 |
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380 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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381 |
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382 |
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383 .. function:: ior(a, b) |
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384 __ior__(a, b) |
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385 |
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386 ``a = ior(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a |= b``. |
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387 |
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388 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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389 |
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390 |
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391 .. function:: ipow(a, b) |
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392 __ipow__(a, b) |
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393 |
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394 ``a = ipow(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a **= b``. |
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395 |
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396 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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397 |
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398 |
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399 .. function:: irepeat(a, b) |
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400 __irepeat__(a, b) |
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401 |
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402 .. deprecated:: 2.7 |
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403 Use :func:`__imul__` instead. |
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404 |
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405 ``a = irepeat(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a *= b`` where *a* is a sequence and |
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406 *b* is an integer. |
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407 |
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408 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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409 |
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410 |
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411 .. function:: irshift(a, b) |
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412 __irshift__(a, b) |
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413 |
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414 ``a = irshift(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a >>= b``. |
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415 |
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416 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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417 |
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418 |
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419 .. function:: isub(a, b) |
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420 __isub__(a, b) |
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421 |
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422 ``a = isub(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a -= b``. |
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423 |
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424 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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425 |
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426 |
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427 .. function:: itruediv(a, b) |
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428 __itruediv__(a, b) |
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429 |
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430 ``a = itruediv(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a /= b`` when ``__future__.division`` |
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431 is in effect. |
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432 |
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433 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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434 |
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435 |
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436 .. function:: ixor(a, b) |
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437 __ixor__(a, b) |
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438 |
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439 ``a = ixor(a, b)`` is equivalent to ``a ^= b``. |
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440 |
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441 .. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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442 |
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443 |
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444 The :mod:`operator` module also defines a few predicates to test the type of |
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445 objects; however, these are not all reliable. It is preferable to test |
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446 abstract base classes instead (see :mod:`collections` and |
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447 :mod:`numbers` for details). |
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448 |
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449 .. function:: isCallable(obj) |
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450 |
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451 .. deprecated:: 2.0 |
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452 Use ``isinstance(x, collections.Callable)`` instead. |
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453 |
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454 Returns true if the object *obj* can be called like a function, otherwise it |
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455 returns false. True is returned for functions, bound and unbound methods, class |
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456 objects, and instance objects which support the :meth:`__call__` method. |
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457 |
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458 |
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459 .. function:: isMappingType(obj) |
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460 |
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461 .. deprecated:: 2.7 |
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462 Use ``isinstance(x, collections.Mapping)`` instead. |
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463 |
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464 Returns true if the object *obj* supports the mapping interface. This is true for |
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465 dictionaries and all instance objects defining :meth:`__getitem__`. |
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466 |
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467 |
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468 .. function:: isNumberType(obj) |
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469 |
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470 .. deprecated:: 2.7 |
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471 Use ``isinstance(x, numbers.Number)`` instead. |
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472 |
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473 Returns true if the object *obj* represents a number. This is true for all |
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474 numeric types implemented in C. |
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475 |
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476 |
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477 .. function:: isSequenceType(obj) |
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478 |
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479 .. deprecated:: 2.7 |
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480 Use ``isinstance(x, collections.Sequence)`` instead. |
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481 |
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482 Returns true if the object *obj* supports the sequence protocol. This returns true |
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483 for all objects which define sequence methods in C, and for all instance objects |
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484 defining :meth:`__getitem__`. |
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485 |
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486 |
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487 The :mod:`operator` module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item |
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488 lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for |
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489 :func:`map`, :func:`sorted`, :meth:`itertools.groupby`, or other functions that |
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490 expect a function argument. |
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491 |
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492 |
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493 .. function:: attrgetter(attr[, args...]) |
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494 |
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495 Return a callable object that fetches *attr* from its operand. If more than one |
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496 attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes. After, |
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497 ``f = attrgetter('name')``, the call ``f(b)`` returns ``b.name``. After, |
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498 ``f = attrgetter('name', 'date')``, the call ``f(b)`` returns ``(b.name, |
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499 b.date)``. |
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500 |
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501 The attribute names can also contain dots; after ``f = attrgetter('date.month')``, |
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502 the call ``f(b)`` returns ``b.date.month``. |
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503 |
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504 .. versionadded:: 2.4 |
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505 |
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506 .. versionchanged:: 2.5 |
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507 Added support for multiple attributes. |
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508 |
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509 .. versionchanged:: 2.6 |
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510 Added support for dotted attributes. |
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511 |
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512 |
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513 .. function:: itemgetter(item[, args...]) |
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514 |
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515 Return a callable object that fetches *item* from its operand using the |
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516 operand's :meth:`__getitem__` method. If multiple items are specified, |
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517 returns a tuple of lookup values. Equivalent to:: |
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518 |
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519 def itemgetter(*items): |
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520 if len(items) == 1: |
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521 item = items[0] |
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522 def g(obj): |
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523 return obj[item] |
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524 else: |
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525 def g(obj): |
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526 return tuple(obj[item] for item in items) |
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527 return g |
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528 |
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529 The items can be any type accepted by the operand's :meth:`__getitem__` |
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530 method. Dictionaries accept any hashable value. Lists, tuples, and |
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531 strings accept an index or a slice: |
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532 |
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533 >>> itemgetter(1)('ABCDEFG') |
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534 'B' |
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535 >>> itemgetter(1,3,5)('ABCDEFG') |
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536 ('B', 'D', 'F') |
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537 >>> itemgetter(slice(2,None))('ABCDEFG') |
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538 'CDEFG' |
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539 |
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540 .. versionadded:: 2.4 |
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541 |
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542 .. versionchanged:: 2.5 |
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543 Added support for multiple item extraction. |
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544 |
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545 Example of using :func:`itemgetter` to retrieve specific fields from a |
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546 tuple record: |
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547 |
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548 >>> inventory = [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2), ('pear', 5), ('orange', 1)] |
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549 >>> getcount = itemgetter(1) |
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550 >>> map(getcount, inventory) |
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551 [3, 2, 5, 1] |
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552 >>> sorted(inventory, key=getcount) |
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553 [('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)] |
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554 |
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555 |
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556 .. function:: methodcaller(name[, args...]) |
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557 |
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558 Return a callable object that calls the method *name* on its operand. If |
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559 additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given |
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560 to the method as well. After ``f = methodcaller('name')``, the call ``f(b)`` |
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561 returns ``b.name()``. After ``f = methodcaller('name', 'foo', bar=1)``, the |
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562 call ``f(b)`` returns ``b.name('foo', bar=1)``. |
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563 |
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564 .. versionadded:: 2.6 |
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565 |
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566 |
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567 .. _operator-map: |
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568 |
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569 Mapping Operators to Functions |
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570 ------------------------------ |
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571 |
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572 This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the |
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573 Python syntax and the functions in the :mod:`operator` module. |
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574 |
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575 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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576 | Operation | Syntax | Function | |
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577 +=======================+=========================+=================================+ |
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578 | Addition | ``a + b`` | ``add(a, b)`` | |
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579 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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580 | Concatenation | ``seq1 + seq2`` | ``concat(seq1, seq2)`` | |
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581 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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582 | Containment Test | ``obj in seq`` | ``contains(seq, obj)`` | |
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583 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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584 | Division | ``a / b`` | ``div(a, b)`` (without | |
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585 | | | ``__future__.division``) | |
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586 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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587 | Division | ``a / b`` | ``truediv(a, b)`` (with | |
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588 | | | ``__future__.division``) | |
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589 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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590 | Division | ``a // b`` | ``floordiv(a, b)`` | |
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591 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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592 | Bitwise And | ``a & b`` | ``and_(a, b)`` | |
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593 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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594 | Bitwise Exclusive Or | ``a ^ b`` | ``xor(a, b)`` | |
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595 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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596 | Bitwise Inversion | ``~ a`` | ``invert(a)`` | |
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597 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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598 | Bitwise Or | ``a | b`` | ``or_(a, b)`` | |
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599 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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600 | Exponentiation | ``a ** b`` | ``pow(a, b)`` | |
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601 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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602 | Identity | ``a is b`` | ``is_(a, b)`` | |
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603 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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604 | Identity | ``a is not b`` | ``is_not(a, b)`` | |
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605 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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606 | Indexed Assignment | ``obj[k] = v`` | ``setitem(obj, k, v)`` | |
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607 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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608 | Indexed Deletion | ``del obj[k]`` | ``delitem(obj, k)`` | |
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609 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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610 | Indexing | ``obj[k]`` | ``getitem(obj, k)`` | |
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611 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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612 | Left Shift | ``a << b`` | ``lshift(a, b)`` | |
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613 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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614 | Modulo | ``a % b`` | ``mod(a, b)`` | |
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615 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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616 | Multiplication | ``a * b`` | ``mul(a, b)`` | |
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617 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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618 | Negation (Arithmetic) | ``- a`` | ``neg(a)`` | |
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619 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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620 | Negation (Logical) | ``not a`` | ``not_(a)`` | |
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621 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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622 | Right Shift | ``a >> b`` | ``rshift(a, b)`` | |
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623 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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624 | Sequence Repetition | ``seq * i`` | ``repeat(seq, i)`` | |
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625 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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626 | Slice Assignment | ``seq[i:j] = values`` | ``setslice(seq, i, j, values)`` | |
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627 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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628 | Slice Deletion | ``del seq[i:j]`` | ``delslice(seq, i, j)`` | |
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629 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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630 | Slicing | ``seq[i:j]`` | ``getslice(seq, i, j)`` | |
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631 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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632 | String Formatting | ``s % obj`` | ``mod(s, obj)`` | |
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633 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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634 | Subtraction | ``a - b`` | ``sub(a, b)`` | |
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635 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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636 | Truth Test | ``obj`` | ``truth(obj)`` | |
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637 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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638 | Ordering | ``a < b`` | ``lt(a, b)`` | |
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639 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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640 | Ordering | ``a <= b`` | ``le(a, b)`` | |
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641 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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642 | Equality | ``a == b`` | ``eq(a, b)`` | |
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643 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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644 | Difference | ``a != b`` | ``ne(a, b)`` | |
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645 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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646 | Ordering | ``a >= b`` | ``ge(a, b)`` | |
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647 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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648 | Ordering | ``a > b`` | ``gt(a, b)`` | |
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649 +-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------+ |
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650 |
