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SF bug #690377: Dud footnote reference in distutils docs
author Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com>
date Fri, 21 Feb 2003 02:47:09 +0000
parents 18ddc02ce36f
children 240071a2b466
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1 \section{\module{getopt} ---
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2 Parser for command line options}
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3
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4 \declaremodule{standard}{getopt}
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5 \modulesynopsis{Portable parser for command line options; support both
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6 short and long option names.}
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7
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8
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9 This module helps scripts to parse the command line arguments in
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10 \code{sys.argv}.
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11 It supports the same conventions as the \UNIX{} \cfunction{getopt()}
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12 function (including the special meanings of arguments of the form
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13 `\code{-}' and `\code{-}\code{-}').
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14 % That's to fool latex2html into leaving the two hyphens alone!
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15 Long options similar to those supported by
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16 GNU software may be used as well via an optional third argument.
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17 This module provides a single function and an exception:
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18
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19 \begin{funcdesc}{getopt}{args, options\optional{, long_options}}
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20 Parses command line options and parameter list. \var{args} is the
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21 argument list to be parsed, without the leading reference to the
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22 running program. Typically, this means \samp{sys.argv[1:]}.
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23 \var{options} is the string of option letters that the script wants to
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24 recognize, with options that require an argument followed by a colon
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25 (\character{:}; i.e., the same format that \UNIX{}
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26 \cfunction{getopt()} uses).
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27
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28 \note{Unlike GNU \cfunction{getopt()}, after a non-option
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29 argument, all further arguments are considered also non-options.
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30 This is similar to the way non-GNU \UNIX{} systems work.}
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31
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32 \var{long_options}, if specified, must be a list of strings with the
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33 names of the long options which should be supported. The leading
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34 \code{'-}\code{-'} characters should not be included in the option
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35 name. Long options which require an argument should be followed by an
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36 equal sign (\character{=}). To accept only long options,
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37 \var{options} should be an empty string. Long options on the command
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38 line can be recognized so long as they provide a prefix of the option
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39 name that matches exactly one of the accepted options. For example,
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40 it \var{long_options} is \code{['foo', 'frob']}, the option
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41 \longprogramopt{fo} will match as \longprogramopt{foo}, but
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42 \longprogramopt{f} will not match uniquely, so \exception{GetoptError}
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43 will be raised.
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44
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45 The return value consists of two elements: the first is a list of
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46 \code{(\var{option}, \var{value})} pairs; the second is the list of
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47 program arguments left after the option list was stripped (this is a
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48 trailing slice of \var{args}). Each option-and-value pair returned
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49 has the option as its first element, prefixed with a hyphen for short
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50 options (e.g., \code{'-x'}) or two hyphens for long options (e.g.,
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51 \code{'-}\code{-long-option'}), and the option argument as its second
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52 element, or an empty string if the option has no argument. The
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53 options occur in the list in the same order in which they were found,
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54 thus allowing multiple occurrences. Long and short options may be
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55 mixed.
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56 \end{funcdesc}
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57
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58 \begin{funcdesc}{gnu_getopt}{args, options\optional{, long_options}}
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59 This function works like \function{getopt()}, except that GNU style
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60 scanning mode is used by default. This means that option and
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61 non-option arguments may be intermixed. The \function{getopt()}
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62 function stops processing options as soon as a non-option argument is
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63 encountered.
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64
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65 If the first character of the option string is `+', or if the
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66 environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, then option processing
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67 stops as soon as a non-option argument is encountered.
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68 \end{funcdesc}
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69
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70 \begin{excdesc}{GetoptError}
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71 This is raised when an unrecognized option is found in the argument
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72 list or when an option requiring an argument is given none.
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73 The argument to the exception is a string indicating the cause of the
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74 error. For long options, an argument given to an option which does
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75 not require one will also cause this exception to be raised. The
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76 attributes \member{msg} and \member{opt} give the error message and
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77 related option; if there is no specific option to which the exception
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78 relates, \member{opt} is an empty string.
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79
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80 \versionchanged[Introduced \exception{GetoptError} as a synonym for
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81 \exception{error}]{1.6}
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82 \end{excdesc}
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83
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84 \begin{excdesc}{error}
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85 Alias for \exception{GetoptError}; for backward compatibility.
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86 \end{excdesc}
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87
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88
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89 An example using only \UNIX{} style options:
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90
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91 \begin{verbatim}
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92 >>> import getopt
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93 >>> args = '-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'.split()
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94 >>> args
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95 ['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2']
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96 >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'abc:d:')
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97 >>> optlist
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98 [('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')]
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99 >>> args
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100 ['a1', 'a2']
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101 \end{verbatim}
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102
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103 Using long option names is equally easy:
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104
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105 \begin{verbatim}
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106 >>> s = '--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2'
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107 >>> args = s.split()
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108 >>> args
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109 ['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2']
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110 >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'x', [
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111 ... 'condition=', 'output-file=', 'testing'])
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112 >>> optlist
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113 [('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x',
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114 '')]
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115 >>> args
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116 ['a1', 'a2']
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117 \end{verbatim}
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118
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119 In a script, typical usage is something like this:
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120
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121 \begin{verbatim}
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122 import getopt, sys
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123
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124 def main():
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125 try:
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126 opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "ho:", ["help", "output="])
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127 except getopt.GetoptError:
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128 # print help information and exit:
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129 usage()
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130 sys.exit(2)
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131 output = None
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132 for o, a in opts:
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133 if o in ("-h", "--help"):
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134 usage()
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135 sys.exit()
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136 if o in ("-o", "--output"):
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parents: 12223
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137 output = a
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138 # ...
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139
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140 if __name__ == "__main__":
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141 main()
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142 \end{verbatim}