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annotate Doc/lib/libsubprocess.tex @ 37850:ebe59cd18273

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Use explicit relative import for an, ehm, relative import.
author Thomas Wouters <thomas@python.org>
date Tue, 18 Apr 2006 21:41:36 +0000
parents 5e2acf7441bd
children 64c83e0f683e
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1 \section{\module{subprocess} --- Subprocess management}
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2
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3 \declaremodule{standard}{subprocess}
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4 \modulesynopsis{Subprocess management.}
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5 \moduleauthor{Peter \AA strand}{astrand@lysator.liu.se}
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6 \sectionauthor{Peter \AA strand}{astrand@lysator.liu.se}
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7
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8 \versionadded{2.4}
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9
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10 The \module{subprocess} module allows you to spawn new processes,
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11 connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return
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12 codes. This module intends to replace several other, older modules
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13 and functions, such as:
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14
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15 % XXX Should add pointers to this module to at least the popen2
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16 % and commands sections.
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17
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18 \begin{verbatim}
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19 os.system
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20 os.spawn*
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21 os.popen*
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22 popen2.*
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23 commands.*
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24 \end{verbatim}
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25
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26 Information about how the \module{subprocess} module can be used to
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27 replace these modules and functions can be found in the following
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28 sections.
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29
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30 \subsection{Using the subprocess Module}
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31
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32 This module defines one class called \class{Popen}:
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33
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34 \begin{classdesc}{Popen}{args, bufsize=0, executable=None,
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35 stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
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36 preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False,
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37 cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False,
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38 startupinfo=None, creationflags=0}
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39
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40 Arguments are:
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41
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42 \var{args} should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The
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43 program to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or
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44 string, but can be explicitly set by using the executable argument.
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45
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46 On \UNIX{}, with \var{shell=False} (default): In this case, the Popen
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47 class uses \method{os.execvp()} to execute the child program.
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48 \var{args} should normally be a sequence. A string will be treated as a
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49 sequence with the string as the only item (the program to execute).
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50
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51 On \UNIX{}, with \var{shell=True}: If args is a string, it specifies the
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52 command string to execute through the shell. If \var{args} is a
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53 sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any
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54 additional items will be treated as additional shell arguments.
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55
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56 On Windows: the \class{Popen} class uses CreateProcess() to execute
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57 the child program, which operates on strings. If \var{args} is a
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58 sequence, it will be converted to a string using the
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59 \method{list2cmdline} method. Please note that not all MS Windows
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60 applications interpret the command line the same way:
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61 \method{list2cmdline} is designed for applications using the same
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62 rules as the MS C runtime.
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63
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64 \var{bufsize}, if given, has the same meaning as the corresponding
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65 argument to the built-in open() function: \constant{0} means unbuffered,
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66 \constant{1} means line buffered, any other positive value means use a
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67 buffer of (approximately) that size. A negative \var{bufsize} means to
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68 use the system default, which usually means fully buffered. The default
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69 value for \var{bufsize} is \constant{0} (unbuffered).
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70
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71 The \var{executable} argument specifies the program to execute. It is
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72 very seldom needed: Usually, the program to execute is defined by the
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73 \var{args} argument. If \var{shell=True}, the \var{executable}
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74 argument specifies which shell to use. On \UNIX{}, the default shell
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75 is /bin/sh. On Windows, the default shell is specified by the COMSPEC
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76 environment variable.
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77
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78 \var{stdin}, \var{stdout} and \var{stderr} specify the executed
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79 programs' standard input, standard output and standard error file
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80 handles, respectively. Valid values are \code{PIPE}, an existing file
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81 descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file object, and
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82 \code{None}. \code{PIPE} indicates that a new pipe to the child
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83 should be created. With \code{None}, no redirection will occur; the
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84 child's file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally,
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85 \var{stderr} can be \code{STDOUT}, which indicates that the stderr
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86 data from the applications should be captured into the same file
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87 handle as for stdout.
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88
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89 If \var{preexec_fn} is set to a callable object, this object will be
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90 called in the child process just before the child is executed.
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91
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92 If \var{close_fds} is true, all file descriptors except \constant{0},
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93 \constant{1} and \constant{2} will be closed before the child process is
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94 executed.
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95
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96 If \var{shell} is \constant{True}, the specified command will be
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97 executed through the shell.
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98
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99 If \var{cwd} is not \code{None}, the current directory will be changed
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100 to cwd before the child is executed.
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101
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102 If \var{env} is not \code{None}, it defines the environment variables
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103 for the new process.
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104
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105 If \var{universal_newlines} is \constant{True}, the file objects stdout
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106 and stderr are opened as text files, but lines may be terminated by
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107 any of \code{'\e n'}, the Unix end-of-line convention, \code{'\e r'},
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108 the Macintosh convention or \code{'\e r\e n'}, the Windows convention.
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109 All of these external representations are seen as \code{'\e n'} by the
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110 Python program. \note{This feature is only available if Python is built
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111 with universal newline support (the default). Also, the newlines
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112 attribute of the file objects \member{stdout}, \member{stdin} and
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113 \member{stderr} are not updated by the communicate() method.}
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114
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115 The \var{startupinfo} and \var{creationflags}, if given, will be
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116 passed to the underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify
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117 things such as appearance of the main window and priority for the new
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118 process. (Windows only)
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119 \end{classdesc}
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120
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121 \subsubsection{Convenience Functions}
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122
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123 This module also defines two shortcut functions:
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124
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125 \begin{funcdesc}{call}{*popenargs, **kwargs}
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126 Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then
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127 return the \member{returncode} attribute.
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128
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129 The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
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130
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131 \begin{verbatim}
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132 retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
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133 \end{verbatim}
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134 \end{funcdesc}
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135
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136 \begin{funcdesc}{check_call}{*popenargs, **kwargs}
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137 Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit
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138 code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The
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139 CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the
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140 \member{errno} attribute.
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141
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142 The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
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143
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144 \begin{verbatim}
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145 check_call(["ls", "-l"])
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146 \end{verbatim}
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147 \end{funcdesc}
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148
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149 \subsubsection{Exceptions}
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150
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151 Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has
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152 started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally,
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153 the exception object will have one extra attribute called
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154 \member{child_traceback}, which is a string containing traceback
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155 information from the childs point of view.
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156
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157 The most common exception raised is \exception{OSError}. This occurs,
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158 for example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications
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159 should prepare for \exception{OSError} exceptions.
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160
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161 A \exception{ValueError} will be raised if \class{Popen} is called
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162 with invalid arguments.
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163
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164 check_call() will raise \exception{CalledProcessError}, which is a
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165 subclass of \exception{OSError}, if the called process returns a
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166 non-zero return code.
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167
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168
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169 \subsubsection{Security}
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170
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171 Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call
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172 /bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell
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173 metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes.
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174
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175
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176 \subsection{Popen Objects}
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177
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178 Instances of the \class{Popen} class have the following methods:
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179
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180 \begin{methoddesc}{poll}{}
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181 Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode
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182 attribute.
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183 \end{methoddesc}
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184
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185 \begin{methoddesc}{wait}{}
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186 Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.
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187 \end{methoddesc}
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188
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189 \begin{methoddesc}{communicate}{input=None}
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190 Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and
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191 stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate.
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192 The optional \var{input} argument should be a string to be sent to the
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193 child process, or \code{None}, if no data should be sent to the child.
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194
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195 communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).
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196
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197 \note{The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method
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198 if the data size is large or unlimited.}
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199 \end{methoddesc}
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200
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201 The following attributes are also available:
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202
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203 \begin{memberdesc}{stdin}
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204 If the \var{stdin} argument is \code{PIPE}, this attribute is a file
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205 object that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is
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206 \code{None}.
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207 \end{memberdesc}
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208
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209 \begin{memberdesc}{stdout}
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210 If the \var{stdout} argument is \code{PIPE}, this attribute is a file
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211 object that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is
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212 \code{None}.
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213 \end{memberdesc}
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214
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215 \begin{memberdesc}{stderr}
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216 If the \var{stderr} argument is \code{PIPE}, this attribute is file
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217 object that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise,
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218 it is \code{None}.
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219 \end{memberdesc}
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220
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221 \begin{memberdesc}{pid}
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222 The process ID of the child process.
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223 \end{memberdesc}
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224
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225 \begin{memberdesc}{returncode}
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226 The child return code. A \code{None} value indicates that the process
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227 hasn't terminated yet. A negative value -N indicates that the child
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228 was terminated by signal N (\UNIX{} only).
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229 \end{memberdesc}
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230
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231
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232 \subsection{Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module}
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233
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234 In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a replacement
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235 for a.
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236
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237 \note{All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if
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238 the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an
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239 \exception{OSError} exception.}
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240
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241 In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is
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242 imported with "from subprocess import *".
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243
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244 \subsubsection{Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote}
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245
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246 \begin{verbatim}
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247 output=`mycmd myarg`
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248 ==>
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249 output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
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250 \end{verbatim}
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251
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252 \subsubsection{Replacing shell pipe line}
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253
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254 \begin{verbatim}
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255 output=`dmesg | grep hda`
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256 ==>
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257 p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE)
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fd1be494c31b Corrected example for replacing shell pipeline. Fixes bug 1073790.
Peter Astrand <astrand@lysator.liu.se>
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258 p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE)
33774
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259 output = p2.communicate()[0]
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260 \end{verbatim}
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261
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262 \subsubsection{Replacing os.system()}
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263
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264 \begin{verbatim}
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265 sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg")
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266 ==>
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267 p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
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268 sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0)
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269 \end{verbatim}
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270
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271 Notes:
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272
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273 \begin{itemize}
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274 \item Calling the program through the shell is usually not required.
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275 \item It's easier to look at the \member{returncode} attribute than
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276 the exit status.
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277 \end{itemize}
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278
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279 A more realistic example would look like this:
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280
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281 \begin{verbatim}
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282 try:
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283 retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
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284 if retcode < 0:
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285 print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode
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286 else:
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287 print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode
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288 except OSError, e:
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289 print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e
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290 \end{verbatim}
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291
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292 \subsubsection{Replacing os.spawn*}
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293
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294 P_NOWAIT example:
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295
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296 \begin{verbatim}
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297 pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
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298 ==>
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299 pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid
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300 \end{verbatim}
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301
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302 P_WAIT example:
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303
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304 \begin{verbatim}
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305 retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
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306 ==>
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307 retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"])
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308 \end{verbatim}
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309
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310 Vector example:
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311
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312 \begin{verbatim}
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313 os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args)
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314 ==>
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315 Popen([path] + args[1:])
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316 \end{verbatim}
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317
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318 Environment example:
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319
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320 \begin{verbatim}
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321 os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env)
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322 ==>
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323 Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})
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324 \end{verbatim}
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325
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326 \subsubsection{Replacing os.popen*}
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327
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328 \begin{verbatim}
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329 pipe = os.popen(cmd, mode='r', bufsize)
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330 ==>
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331 pipe = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdout=PIPE).stdout
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332 \end{verbatim}
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333
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334 \begin{verbatim}
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335 pipe = os.popen(cmd, mode='w', bufsize)
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336 ==>
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337 pipe = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin
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338 \end{verbatim}
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339
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340 \begin{verbatim}
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341 (child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2(cmd, mode, bufsize)
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342 ==>
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343 p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
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344 stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
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345 (child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
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346 \end{verbatim}
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347
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348 \begin{verbatim}
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349 (child_stdin,
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350 child_stdout,
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351 child_stderr) = os.popen3(cmd, mode, bufsize)
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352 ==>
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353 p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
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354 stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True)
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355 (child_stdin,
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356 child_stdout,
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357 child_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr)
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358 \end{verbatim}
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359
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360 \begin{verbatim}
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361 (child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = os.popen4(cmd, mode, bufsize)
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362 ==>
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363 p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
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364 stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, close_fds=True)
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365 (child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
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366 \end{verbatim}
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367
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368 \subsubsection{Replacing popen2.*}
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369
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370 \note{If the cmd argument to popen2 functions is a string, the command
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371 is executed through /bin/sh. If it is a list, the command is directly
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372 executed.}
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373
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374 \begin{verbatim}
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375 (child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2("somestring", bufsize, mode)
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376 ==>
34906
fc442c2eb0cf SF patch #1180062 by George Yoshida:
Walter Dörwald <walter@livinglogic.de>
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377 p = Popen(["somestring"], shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
33774
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378 stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
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379 (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
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380 \end{verbatim}
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381
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382 \begin{verbatim}
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383 (child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize, mode)
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384 ==>
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385 p = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize=bufsize,
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386 stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
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387 (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
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388 \end{verbatim}
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389
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5e2acf7441bd SF bug 1415455, fix typo in module name
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390 The popen2.Popen3 and popen2.Popen4 basically works as subprocess.Popen,
33774
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391 except that:
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392
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393 \begin{itemize}
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394 \item subprocess.Popen raises an exception if the execution fails
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395
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396 \item the \var{capturestderr} argument is replaced with the \var{stderr}
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397 argument.
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398
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399 \item stdin=PIPE and stdout=PIPE must be specified.
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400
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401 \item popen2 closes all file descriptors by default, but you have to
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402 specify close_fds=True with subprocess.Popen.
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403 \end{itemize}