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Use explicit relative import for an, ehm, relative import.
author Thomas Wouters <thomas@python.org>
date Tue, 18 Apr 2006 21:41:36 +0000
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1 \chapter{Using Python on a Macintosh \label{using}}
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2 \sectionauthor{Bob Savage}{bobsavage@mac.com}
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3
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4 Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to
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5 Python on any other \UNIX platform, but there are a number of additional
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6 features such as the IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.
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7
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8 Python on Mac OS 9 or earlier can be quite different from Python on
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9 Unix or Windows, but is beyond the scope of this manual, as that platform
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10 is no longer supported, starting with Python 2.4. See
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11 \url{http://www.cwi.nl/\textasciitilde jack/macpython} for installers
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12 for the latest 2.3 release for Mac OS 9 and related documentation.
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13
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14 \section{Getting and Installing MacPython \label{getting-OSX}}
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15
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16 Mac OS X 10.3 comes with Python 2.3 pre-installed by Apple.
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17 This installation does not come with the IDE and other additions, however,
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18 so to get these you need to install the \program{MacPython for Panther additions}
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19 from the MacPython website, \url{http://www.cwi.nl/\textasciitilde jack/macpython}.
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20
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21 For MacPython 2.4, or for any MacPython on earlier releases of Mac OS X,
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22 you need to install a full distribution from the same website.
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23
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24 What you get after installing is a number of things:
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25
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26 \begin{itemize}
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27 \item A \file{MacPython-2.3} folder in your \file{Applications}
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28 folder. In here you find the PythonIDE Integrated Development Environment;
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29 PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Python scripts from
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30 the Finder; and the Package Manager.
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31
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32 \item A fairly standard \UNIX{} commandline Python interpreter in
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33 \file{/usr/local/bin/python}, but without the usual
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34 \file{/usr/local/lib/python}.
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35
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36 \item A framework \file{/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework}, where
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37 all the action really is, but which you usually do not have to be aware of.
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38 \end{itemize}
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39
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40 To uninstall MacPython you can simply remove these three things.
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41
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42 If you use the ``additions'' installer to install on top of an existing
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43 Apple-Python you will not get the framework and the commandline interpreter,
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44 as they have been installed by Apple already, in
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45 \file{/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework} and
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46 \file{/usr/bin/python}, respectively. You should in principle never modify
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47 or delete these, as they are Apple-controlled and may be used by Apple- or
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48 third-party software.
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49
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50 PythonIDE contains an Apple Help Viewer book called "MacPython Help"
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51 which you can access through its help menu. If you are completely new to
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52 Python you should start reading the IDE introduction in that document.
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53
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54 If you are familiar with Python on other \UNIX{} platforms you should
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55 read the section on running Python scripts from the \UNIX{} shell.
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56
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57 \subsection{How to run a Python script}
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58
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59 Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the PythonIDE
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60 integrated development environment, see section \ref{IDE} and use the Help
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61 menu when the IDE is running.
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62
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63 If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line
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64 or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your script.
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65 Mac OS X comes with a number of standard \UNIX{} command line editors,
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66 \program{vim} and \program{emacs} among them. If you want a more Mac-like
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67 editor \program{BBEdit} or \program{TextWrangler} from Bare Bones Software
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68 (see \url{http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.shtml}) are
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69 good choices. \program{AppleWorks} or any other
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70 word processor that can save files in ASCII is also a possibility, including
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71 \program{TextEdit} which is included with OS X.
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72
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73 To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
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74 \file{/usr/local/bin} is in your shell search path.
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75
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76 To run your script from the Finder you have two options:
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77 \begin{itemize}
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78 \item Drag it to \program{PythonLauncher}
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79 \item Select \program{PythonLauncher} as the default application
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80 to open your script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window
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81 and double-click it.
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82 \end{itemize}
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83
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84 PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script is launched.
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85 Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use its
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86 Preferences menu to change things globally.
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87
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88 \subsection{Running scripts with a GUI \label{osx-gui-scripts}}
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89
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90 There is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to be aware of: programs
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91 that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words, anything that has a GUI)
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92 need to be run in a special way. Use \program{pythonw} instead of \program{python}
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93 to start such scripts.
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94
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95 \subsection{configuration}
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96
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97 MacPython honours all standard \UNIX{} environment variables such as
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98 \envvar{PYTHONPATH}, but setting these variables for programs started
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99 from the Finder is non-standard
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100 as the Finder does not read your \file{.profile} or \file{.cshrc} at startup.
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101 You need to create a file \file{\textasciitilde /.MacOSX/environment.plist}.
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102 See Apple's Technical Document QA1067 for details.
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103
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104 Installing additional Python packages is most easily done through the
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105 Package Manager, see the MacPython Help Book for details.
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106
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107
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108 \section{The IDE\label{IDE}}
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109
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110 The \program{Python IDE} (Integrated Development Environment) is a
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111 separate application that acts as a text editor for your Python code,
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112 a class browser, a graphical debugger, and more.
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113
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114 The online Python Help contains a quick walkthrough of the IDE that
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115 shows the major features and how to use them.
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116
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117 \subsection{Using the ``Python Interactive'' window}
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118
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119 Use this window like you would use a normal \UNIX{} command line
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120 interpreter.
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121
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122 \subsection{Writing a Python Script \label{IDEwrite}}
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123
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124 In addition to using the \program{Python IDE} interactively, you can
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125 also type out a complete Python program, saving it incrementally, and
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126 execute it or smaller selections of it.
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127
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128 You can create a new script, open a previously saved script, and save
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129 your currently open script by selecting the appropriate item in the
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130 ``File'' menu. Dropping a Python script onto the
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131 \program{Python IDE} will open it for editing.
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132
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133 When the \program{Python IDE} saves a script, it uses the creator code
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134 settings which are available by clicking on the small black triangle
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135 on the top right of the document window, and selecting ``save
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136 options''. The default is to save the file with the \program{Python
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137 IDE} as the creator, this means that you can open the file for editing
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138 by simply double-clicking on its icon. You might want to change this
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139 behaviour so that it will be opened by the
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140 \program{PythonLauncher}, and run. To do this simply choose
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141 ``PythonLauncher'' from the ``save options''. Note that these
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142 options are associated with the \emph{file} not the application.
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143
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144
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145 \subsection{Executing a script from within the IDE
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146 \label{IDEexecution}}
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147
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148 You can run the script in the frontmost window of the \program{Python
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149 IDE} by hitting the run all button. You should be aware, however that
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150 if you use the Python convention \samp{if __name__ == "__main__":} the
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151 script will \emph{not} be ``__main__'' by default. To get that
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152 behaviour you must select the ``Run as __main__'' option from the
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153 small black triangle on the top right of the document window. Note
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154 that this option is associated with the \emph{file} not the
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155 application. It \emph{will} stay active after a save, however; to shut
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156 this feature off simply select it again.
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157
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158
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159 \subsection{``Save as'' versus ``Save as Applet''
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160 \label{IDEapplet}}
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161
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162 When you are done writing your Python script you have the option of
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163 saving it as an ``applet'' (by selecting ``Save as applet'' from the
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164 ``File'' menu). This has a significant advantage in that you can drop
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165 files or folders onto it, to pass them to the applet the way
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166 command-line users would type them onto the command-line to pass them
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167 as arguments to the script. However, you should make sure to save the
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168 applet as a separate file, do not overwrite the script you are
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169 writing, because you will not be able to edit it again.
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170
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171 Accessing the items passed to the applet via ``drag-and-drop'' is done
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172 using the standard \member{sys.argv} mechanism. See the general
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173 documentation for more
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174 % need to link to the appropriate place in non-Mac docs
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175
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176 Note that saving a script as an applet will not make it runnable on a
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177 system without a Python installation.
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178
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179 %\subsection{Debugger}
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180 % **NEED INFO HERE**
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181
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182 %\subsection{Module Browser}
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183 % **NEED INFO HERE**
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184
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185 %\subsection{Profiler}
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186 % **NEED INFO HERE**
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187 % end IDE
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188
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189 %\subsection{The ``Scripts'' menu}
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190 % **NEED INFO HERE**
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191
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192 \section{The Package Manager}
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193
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194 Historically MacPython came with a number of useful extension packages
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195 included, because most Macintosh users do not have access to a development
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196 environment and C compiler. For Mac OS X that bundling is no longer done,
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197 but a new mechanism has been made available to allow easy access to
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198 extension packages.
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199
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200 The Python Package Manager helps you installing additional packages
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201 that enhance Python. It determines the exact MacOS version and Python
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202 version you have and uses that information to download a database that
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203 has packages that are tested and tried on that combination. In other
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204 words: if something is in your Package Manager window but does not work
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205 you are free to blame the database maintainer.
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206
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207 PackageManager then checks which of the packages you have installed and
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208 which ones are not. This should also work when you have installed packages
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209 outside of PackageManager. You can select packages and install them,
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210 and PackageManager will work out the requirements and install these too.
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211
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212 Often PackageManager will list a package in two flavors: binary and
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213 source. Binary should always work, source will only work if you have
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214 installed the Apple Developer Tools. PackageManager will warn you about
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215 this, and also about other external dependencies.
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216
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217 PackageManager is available as a separate application and also as a
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218 function of the IDE, through the File->Package Manager menu entry.