cpython-lru_cache-weakref: Doc/tutorial/datastructures.rst annotate

annotate Doc/tutorial/datastructures.rst @ 44825:ef859cd754a7 legacy-trunk

Fixed a wrong assumption in configure.in and Include/pyport.h. The is finite function is not called isfinite() but finite(). Sorry, my fault. :)

author	Christian Heimes <christian@cheimes.de>
date	Sun, 20 Jan 2008 14:28:28 +0000
parents	3625234bf3d2
children	c45a45669017

rev	line source
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1 .. _tut-structures:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	3 ***************
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	4 Data Structures
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	5 ***************
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	6
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	7 This chapter describes some things you've learned about already in more detail,
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	8 and adds some new things as well.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	9
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	10
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	11 .. _tut-morelists:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	12
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	13 More on Lists
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	14 =============
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	15
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	16 The list data type has some more methods. Here are all of the methods of list
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	17 objects:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	18
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	19
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	20 .. method:: list.append(x)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	21
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	22 Add an item to the end of the list; equivalent to ``a[len(a):] = [x]``.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	23
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	24
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	25 .. method:: list.extend(L)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	26
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	27 Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list; equivalent to
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	28 ``a[len(a):] = L``.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	29
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	30
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	31 .. method:: list.insert(i, x)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	32
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	33 Insert an item at a given position. The first argument is the index of the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	34 element before which to insert, so ``a.insert(0, x)`` inserts at the front of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	35 the list, and ``a.insert(len(a), x)`` is equivalent to ``a.append(x)``.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	36
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	37
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	38 .. method:: list.remove(x)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	39
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	40 Remove the first item from the list whose value is x. It is an error if there
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	41 is no such item.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	42
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	43
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	44 .. method:: list.pop([i])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	45
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	46 Remove the item at the given position in the list, and return it. If no index
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	47 is specified, ``a.pop()`` removes and returns the last item in the list. (The
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	48 square brackets around the i in the method signature denote that the parameter
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	49 is optional, not that you should type square brackets at that position. You
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	50 will see this notation frequently in the Python Library Reference.)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	51
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	52
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	53 .. method:: list.index(x)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	54
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	55 Return the index in the list of the first item whose value is x. It is an
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	56 error if there is no such item.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	57
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	58
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	59 .. method:: list.count(x)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	60
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	61 Return the number of times x appears in the list.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	62
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	63
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	64 .. method:: list.sort()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	65
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	66 Sort the items of the list, in place.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	67
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	68
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	69 .. method:: list.reverse()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	70
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	71 Reverse the elements of the list, in place.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	72
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	73 An example that uses most of the list methods::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	74
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	75 >>> a = [66.25, 333, 333, 1, 1234.5]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	76 >>> print a.count(333), a.count(66.25), a.count('x')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	77 2 1 0
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	78 >>> a.insert(2, -1)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	79 >>> a.append(333)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	80 >>> a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	81 [66.25, 333, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	82 >>> a.index(333)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	83 1
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	84 >>> a.remove(333)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	85 >>> a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	86 [66.25, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	87 >>> a.reverse()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	88 >>> a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	89 [333, 1234.5, 1, 333, -1, 66.25]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	90 >>> a.sort()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	91 >>> a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	92 [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	93
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	94
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	95 .. _tut-lists-as-stacks:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	96
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	97 Using Lists as Stacks
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	98 ---------------------
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	99
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	100 .. sectionauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	101
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	102
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	103 The list methods make it very easy to use a list as a stack, where the last
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	104 element added is the first element retrieved ("last-in, first-out"). To add an
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	105 item to the top of the stack, use :meth:`append`. To retrieve an item from the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	106 top of the stack, use :meth:`pop` without an explicit index. For example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	107
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	108 >>> stack = [3, 4, 5]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	109 >>> stack.append(6)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	110 >>> stack.append(7)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	111 >>> stack
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	112 [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	113 >>> stack.pop()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	114 7
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	115 >>> stack
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	116 [3, 4, 5, 6]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	117 >>> stack.pop()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	118 6
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	119 >>> stack.pop()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	120 5
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	121 >>> stack
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	122 [3, 4]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	123
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	124
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	125 .. _tut-lists-as-queues:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	126
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	127 Using Lists as Queues
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	128 ---------------------
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	129
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	130 .. sectionauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	131
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	132
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	133 You can also use a list conveniently as a queue, where the first element added
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	134 is the first element retrieved ("first-in, first-out"). To add an item to the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	135 back of the queue, use :meth:`append`. To retrieve an item from the front of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	136 the queue, use :meth:`pop` with ``0`` as the index. For example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	137
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	138 >>> queue = ["Eric", "John", "Michael"]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	139 >>> queue.append("Terry") # Terry arrives
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	140 >>> queue.append("Graham") # Graham arrives
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	141 >>> queue.pop(0)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	142 'Eric'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	143 >>> queue.pop(0)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	144 'John'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	145 >>> queue
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	146 ['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	147
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	148
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	149 .. _tut-functional:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	150
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	151 Functional Programming Tools
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	152 ----------------------------
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	153
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	154 There are three built-in functions that are very useful when used with lists:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	155 :func:`filter`, :func:`map`, and :func:`reduce`.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	156
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	157 ``filter(function, sequence)`` returns a sequence consisting of those items from
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	158 the sequence for which ``function(item)`` is true. If sequence is a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	159 :class:`string` or :class:`tuple`, the result will be of the same type;
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	160 otherwise, it is always a :class:`list`. For example, to compute some primes::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	161
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	162 >>> def f(x): return x % 2 != 0 and x % 3 != 0
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	163 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	164 >>> filter(f, range(2, 25))
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	165 [5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	166
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	167 ``map(function, sequence)`` calls ``function(item)`` for each of the sequence's
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	168 items and returns a list of the return values. For example, to compute some
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	169 cubes::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	170
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	171 >>> def cube(x): return xxx
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	172 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	173 >>> map(cube, range(1, 11))
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	174 [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	175
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	176 More than one sequence may be passed; the function must then have as many
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	177 arguments as there are sequences and is called with the corresponding item from
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	178 each sequence (or ``None`` if some sequence is shorter than another). For
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	179 example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	180
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	181 >>> seq = range(8)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	182 >>> def add(x, y): return x+y
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	183 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	184 >>> map(add, seq, seq)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	185 [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	186
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	187 ``reduce(function, sequence)`` returns a single value constructed by calling the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	188 binary function function on the first two items of the sequence, then on the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	189 result and the next item, and so on. For example, to compute the sum of the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	190 numbers 1 through 10::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	191
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	192 >>> def add(x,y): return x+y
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	193 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	194 >>> reduce(add, range(1, 11))
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	195 55
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	196
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	197 If there's only one item in the sequence, its value is returned; if the sequence
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	198 is empty, an exception is raised.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	199
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	200 A third argument can be passed to indicate the starting value. In this case the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	201 starting value is returned for an empty sequence, and the function is first
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	202 applied to the starting value and the first sequence item, then to the result
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	203 and the next item, and so on. For example, ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	204
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	205 >>> def sum(seq):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	206 ... def add(x,y): return x+y
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	207 ... return reduce(add, seq, 0)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	208 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	209 >>> sum(range(1, 11))
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	210 55
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	211 >>> sum([])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	212 0
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	213
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	214 Don't use this example's definition of :func:`sum`: since summing numbers is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	215 such a common need, a built-in function ``sum(sequence)`` is already provided,
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	216 and works exactly like this.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	217
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	218 .. versionadded:: 2.3
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	219
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	220
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	221 List Comprehensions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	222 -------------------
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	223
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	224 List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists without resorting to
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	225 use of :func:`map`, :func:`filter` and/or :keyword:`lambda`. The resulting list
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	226 definition tends often to be clearer than lists built using those constructs.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	227 Each list comprehension consists of an expression followed by a :keyword:`for`
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	228 clause, then zero or more :keyword:`for` or :keyword:`if` clauses. The result
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	229 will be a list resulting from evaluating the expression in the context of the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	230 :keyword:`for` and :keyword:`if` clauses which follow it. If the expression
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	231 would evaluate to a tuple, it must be parenthesized. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	232
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	233 >>> freshfruit = [' banana', ' loganberry ', 'passion fruit ']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	234 >>> [weapon.strip() for weapon in freshfruit]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	235 ['banana', 'loganberry', 'passion fruit']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	236 >>> vec = [2, 4, 6]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	237 >>> [3*x for x in vec]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	238 [6, 12, 18]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	239 >>> [3*x for x in vec if x > 3]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	240 [12, 18]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	241 >>> [3*x for x in vec if x < 2]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	242 []
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	243 >>> [[x,x**2] for x in vec]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	244 [[2, 4], [4, 16], [6, 36]]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	245 >>> [x, x**2 for x in vec] # error - parens required for tuples
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	246 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	247 [x, x**2 for x in vec]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	248 ^
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	249 SyntaxError: invalid syntax
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	250 >>> [(x, x**2) for x in vec]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	251 [(2, 4), (4, 16), (6, 36)]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	252 >>> vec1 = [2, 4, 6]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	253 >>> vec2 = [4, 3, -9]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	254 >>> [x*y for x in vec1 for y in vec2]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	255 [8, 6, -18, 16, 12, -36, 24, 18, -54]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	256 >>> [x+y for x in vec1 for y in vec2]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	257 [6, 5, -7, 8, 7, -5, 10, 9, -3]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	258 >>> [vec1[i]*vec2[i] for i in range(len(vec1))]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	259 [8, 12, -54]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	260
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	261 List comprehensions are much more flexible than :func:`map` and can be applied
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	262 to complex expressions and nested functions::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	263
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	264 >>> [str(round(355/113.0, i)) for i in range(1,6)]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	265 ['3.1', '3.14', '3.142', '3.1416', '3.14159']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	266
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	267
44302 20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	268 Nested List Comprehensions
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	269 --------------------------
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	270
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	271 If you've got the stomach for it, list comprehensions can be nested. They are a
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	272 powerful tool but -- like all powerful tools -- they need to be used carefully,
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	273 if at all.
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	274
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	275 Consider the following example of a 3x3 matrix held as a list containing three
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	276 lists, one list per row::
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	277
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	278 >>> mat = [
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	279 ... [1, 2, 3],
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	280 ... [4, 5, 6],
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	281 ... [7, 8, 9],
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	282 ... ]
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	283
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	284 Now, if you wanted to swap rows and columns, you could use a list
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	285 comprehension::
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	286
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	287 >>> print [[row[i] for row in mat] for i in [0, 1, 2]]
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	288 [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	289
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	290 Special care has to be taken for the nested list comprehension:
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	291
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	292 To avoid apprehension when nesting list comprehensions, read from right to
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	293 left.
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	294
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	295 A more verbose version of this snippet shows the flow explicitly::
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	296
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	297 for i in [0, 1, 2]:
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	298 for row in mat:
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	299 print row[i],
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	300 print
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	301
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	302 In real world, you should prefer builtin functions to complex flow statements.
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	303 The :func:`zip` function would do a great job for this use case::
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	304
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	305 >>> zip(*mat)
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	306 [(1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)]
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	307
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	308 See :ref:`tut-unpacking-arguments` for details on the asterisk in this line.
20ed1d415409 Add a section about nested listcomps to the tutorial. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 42603 diff changeset	309
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	310 .. _tut-del:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	311
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	312 The :keyword:`del` statement
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	313 ============================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	314
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	315 There is a way to remove an item from a list given its index instead of its
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	316 value: the :keyword:`del` statement. This differs from the :meth:`pop` method
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	317 which returns a value. The :keyword:`del` statement can also be used to remove
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	318 slices from a list or clear the entire list (which we did earlier by assignment
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	319 of an empty list to the slice). For example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	320
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	321 >>> a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	322 >>> del a[0]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	323 >>> a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	324 [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	325 >>> del a[2:4]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	326 >>> a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	327 [1, 66.25, 1234.5]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	328 >>> del a[:]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	329 >>> a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	330 []
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	331
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	332 :keyword:`del` can also be used to delete entire variables::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	333
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	334 >>> del a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	335
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	336 Referencing the name ``a`` hereafter is an error (at least until another value
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	337 is assigned to it). We'll find other uses for :keyword:`del` later.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	338
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	339
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	340 .. _tut-tuples:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	341
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	342 Tuples and Sequences
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	343 ====================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	344
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	345 We saw that lists and strings have many common properties, such as indexing and
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	346 slicing operations. They are two examples of sequence data types (see
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	347 :ref:`typesseq`). Since Python is an evolving language, other sequence data
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	348 types may be added. There is also another standard sequence data type: the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	349 tuple.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	350
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	351 A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas, for instance::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	352
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	353 >>> t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	354 >>> t[0]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	355 12345
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	356 >>> t
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	357 (12345, 54321, 'hello!')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	358 >>> # Tuples may be nested:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	359 ... u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	360 >>> u
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	361 ((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	362
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	363 As you see, on output tuples are always enclosed in parentheses, so that nested
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	364 tuples are interpreted correctly; they may be input with or without surrounding
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	365 parentheses, although often parentheses are necessary anyway (if the tuple is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	366 part of a larger expression).
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	367
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	368 Tuples have many uses. For example: (x, y) coordinate pairs, employee records
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	369 from a database, etc. Tuples, like strings, are immutable: it is not possible
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	370 to assign to the individual items of a tuple (you can simulate much of the same
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	371 effect with slicing and concatenation, though). It is also possible to create
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	372 tuples which contain mutable objects, such as lists.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	373
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	374 A special problem is the construction of tuples containing 0 or 1 items: the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	375 syntax has some extra quirks to accommodate these. Empty tuples are constructed
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	376 by an empty pair of parentheses; a tuple with one item is constructed by
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	377 following a value with a comma (it is not sufficient to enclose a single value
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	378 in parentheses). Ugly, but effective. For example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	379
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	380 >>> empty = ()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	381 >>> singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	382 >>> len(empty)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	383 0
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	384 >>> len(singleton)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	385 1
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	386 >>> singleton
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	387 ('hello',)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	388
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	389 The statement ``t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'`` is an example of tuple packing:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	390 the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	391 The reverse operation is also possible::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	392
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	393 >>> x, y, z = t
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	394
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	395 This is called, appropriately enough, sequence unpacking. Sequence unpacking
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	396 requires the list of variables on the left to have the same number of elements
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	397 as the length of the sequence. Note that multiple assignment is really just a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	398 combination of tuple packing and sequence unpacking!
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	399
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	400 There is a small bit of asymmetry here: packing multiple values always creates
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	401 a tuple, and unpacking works for any sequence.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	402
44383 3625234bf3d2 Some cleanup in the docs. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 44302 diff changeset	403 .. XXX Add a bit on the difference between tuples and lists.
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	404
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	405
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	406 .. _tut-sets:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	407
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	408 Sets
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	409 ====
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	410
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	411 Python also includes a data type for sets. A set is an unordered collection
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	412 with no duplicate elements. Basic uses include membership testing and
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	413 eliminating duplicate entries. Set objects also support mathematical operations
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	414 like union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	415
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	416 Here is a brief demonstration::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	417
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	418 >>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	419 >>> fruit = set(basket) # create a set without duplicates
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	420 >>> fruit
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	421 set(['orange', 'pear', 'apple', 'banana'])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	422 >>> 'orange' in fruit # fast membership testing
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	423 True
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	424 >>> 'crabgrass' in fruit
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	425 False
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	426
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	427 >>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	428 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	429 >>> a = set('abracadabra')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	430 >>> b = set('alacazam')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	431 >>> a # unique letters in a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	432 set(['a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	433 >>> a - b # letters in a but not in b
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	434 set(['r', 'd', 'b'])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	435 >>> a \| b # letters in either a or b
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	436 set(['a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	437 >>> a & b # letters in both a and b
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	438 set(['a', 'c'])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	439 >>> a ^ b # letters in a or b but not both
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	440 set(['r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	441
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	442
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	443 .. _tut-dictionaries:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	444
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	445 Dictionaries
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	446 ============
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	447
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	448 Another useful data type built into Python is the dictionary (see
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	449 :ref:`typesmapping`). Dictionaries are sometimes found in other languages as
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	450 "associative memories" or "associative arrays". Unlike sequences, which are
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	451 indexed by a range of numbers, dictionaries are indexed by keys, which can be
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	452 any immutable type; strings and numbers can always be keys. Tuples can be used
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	453 as keys if they contain only strings, numbers, or tuples; if a tuple contains
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	454 any mutable object either directly or indirectly, it cannot be used as a key.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	455 You can't use lists as keys, since lists can be modified in place using index
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	456 assignments, slice assignments, or methods like :meth:`append` and
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	457 :meth:`extend`.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	458
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	459 It is best to think of a dictionary as an unordered set of key: value pairs,
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	460 with the requirement that the keys are unique (within one dictionary). A pair of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	461 braces creates an empty dictionary: ``{}``. Placing a comma-separated list of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	462 key:value pairs within the braces adds initial key:value pairs to the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	463 dictionary; this is also the way dictionaries are written on output.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	464
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	465 The main operations on a dictionary are storing a value with some key and
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	466 extracting the value given the key. It is also possible to delete a key:value
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	467 pair with ``del``. If you store using a key that is already in use, the old
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	468 value associated with that key is forgotten. It is an error to extract a value
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	469 using a non-existent key.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	470
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	471 The :meth:`keys` method of a dictionary object returns a list of all the keys
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	472 used in the dictionary, in arbitrary order (if you want it sorted, just apply
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	473 the :meth:`sort` method to the list of keys). To check whether a single key is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	474 in the dictionary, either use the dictionary's :meth:`has_key` method or the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	475 :keyword:`in` keyword.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	476
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	477 Here is a small example using a dictionary::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	478
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	479 >>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139}
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	480 >>> tel['guido'] = 4127
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	481 >>> tel
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	482 {'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	483 >>> tel['jack']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	484 4098
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	485 >>> del tel['sape']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	486 >>> tel['irv'] = 4127
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	487 >>> tel
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	488 {'guido': 4127, 'irv': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	489 >>> tel.keys()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	490 ['guido', 'irv', 'jack']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	491 >>> tel.has_key('guido')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	492 True
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	493 >>> 'guido' in tel
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	494 True
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	495
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	496 The :func:`dict` constructor builds dictionaries directly from lists of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	497 key-value pairs stored as tuples. When the pairs form a pattern, list
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	498 comprehensions can compactly specify the key-value list. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	499
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	500 >>> dict([('sape', 4139), ('guido', 4127), ('jack', 4098)])
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	501 {'sape': 4139, 'jack': 4098, 'guido': 4127}
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	502 >>> dict([(x, x**2) for x in (2, 4, 6)]) # use a list comprehension
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	503 {2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	504
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	505 Later in the tutorial, we will learn about Generator Expressions which are even
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	506 better suited for the task of supplying key-values pairs to the :func:`dict`
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	507 constructor.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	508
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	509 When the keys are simple strings, it is sometimes easier to specify pairs using
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	510 keyword arguments::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	511
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	512 >>> dict(sape=4139, guido=4127, jack=4098)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	513 {'sape': 4139, 'jack': 4098, 'guido': 4127}
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	514
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	515
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	516 .. _tut-loopidioms:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	517
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	518 Looping Techniques
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	519 ==================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	520
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	521 When looping through dictionaries, the key and corresponding value can be
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	522 retrieved at the same time using the :meth:`iteritems` method. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	523
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	524 >>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'}
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	525 >>> for k, v in knights.iteritems():
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	526 ... print k, v
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	527 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	528 gallahad the pure
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	529 robin the brave
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	530
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	531 When looping through a sequence, the position index and corresponding value can
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	532 be retrieved at the same time using the :func:`enumerate` function. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	533
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	534 >>> for i, v in enumerate(['tic', 'tac', 'toe']):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	535 ... print i, v
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	536 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	537 0 tic
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	538 1 tac
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	539 2 toe
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	540
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	541 To loop over two or more sequences at the same time, the entries can be paired
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	542 with the :func:`zip` function. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	543
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	544 >>> questions = ['name', 'quest', 'favorite color']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	545 >>> answers = ['lancelot', 'the holy grail', 'blue']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	546 >>> for q, a in zip(questions, answers):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	547 ... print 'What is your %s? It is %s.' % (q, a)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	548 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	549 What is your name? It is lancelot.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	550 What is your quest? It is the holy grail.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	551 What is your favorite color? It is blue.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	552
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	553 To loop over a sequence in reverse, first specify the sequence in a forward
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	554 direction and then call the :func:`reversed` function. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	555
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	556 >>> for i in reversed(xrange(1,10,2)):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	557 ... print i
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	558 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	559 9
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	560 7
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	561 5
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	562 3
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	563 1
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	564
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	565 To loop over a sequence in sorted order, use the :func:`sorted` function which
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	566 returns a new sorted list while leaving the source unaltered. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	567
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	568 >>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana']
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	569 >>> for f in sorted(set(basket)):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	570 ... print f
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	571 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	572 apple
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	573 banana
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	574 orange
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	575 pear
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	576
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	577
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	578 .. _tut-conditions:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	579
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	580 More on Conditions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	581 ==================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	582
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	583 The conditions used in ``while`` and ``if`` statements can contain any
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	584 operators, not just comparisons.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	585
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	586 The comparison operators ``in`` and ``not in`` check whether a value occurs
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	587 (does not occur) in a sequence. The operators ``is`` and ``is not`` compare
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	588 whether two objects are really the same object; this only matters for mutable
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	589 objects like lists. All comparison operators have the same priority, which is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	590 lower than that of all numerical operators.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	591
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	592 Comparisons can be chained. For example, ``a < b == c`` tests whether ``a`` is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	593 less than ``b`` and moreover ``b`` equals ``c``.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	594
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	595 Comparisons may be combined using the Boolean operators ``and`` and ``or``, and
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	596 the outcome of a comparison (or of any other Boolean expression) may be negated
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	597 with ``not``. These have lower priorities than comparison operators; between
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	598 them, ``not`` has the highest priority and ``or`` the lowest, so that ``A and
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	599 not B or C`` is equivalent to ``(A and (not B)) or C``. As always, parentheses
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	600 can be used to express the desired composition.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	601
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	602 The Boolean operators ``and`` and ``or`` are so-called short-circuit
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	603 operators: their arguments are evaluated from left to right, and evaluation
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	604 stops as soon as the outcome is determined. For example, if ``A`` and ``C`` are
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	605 true but ``B`` is false, ``A and B and C`` does not evaluate the expression
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	606 ``C``. When used as a general value and not as a Boolean, the return value of a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	607 short-circuit operator is the last evaluated argument.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	608
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	609 It is possible to assign the result of a comparison or other Boolean expression
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	610 to a variable. For example, ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	611
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	612 >>> string1, string2, string3 = '', 'Trondheim', 'Hammer Dance'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	613 >>> non_null = string1 or string2 or string3
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	614 >>> non_null
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	615 'Trondheim'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	616
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	617 Note that in Python, unlike C, assignment cannot occur inside expressions. C
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	618 programmers may grumble about this, but it avoids a common class of problems
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	619 encountered in C programs: typing ``=`` in an expression when ``==`` was
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	620 intended.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	621
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	622
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	623 .. _tut-comparing:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	624
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	625 Comparing Sequences and Other Types
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	626 ===================================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	627
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	628 Sequence objects may be compared to other objects with the same sequence type.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	629 The comparison uses lexicographical ordering: first the first two items are
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	630 compared, and if they differ this determines the outcome of the comparison; if
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	631 they are equal, the next two items are compared, and so on, until either
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	632 sequence is exhausted. If two items to be compared are themselves sequences of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	633 the same type, the lexicographical comparison is carried out recursively. If
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	634 all items of two sequences compare equal, the sequences are considered equal.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	635 If one sequence is an initial sub-sequence of the other, the shorter sequence is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	636 the smaller (lesser) one. Lexicographical ordering for strings uses the ASCII
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	637 ordering for individual characters. Some examples of comparisons between
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	638 sequences of the same type::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	639
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	640 (1, 2, 3) < (1, 2, 4)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	641 [1, 2, 3] < [1, 2, 4]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	642 'ABC' < 'C' < 'Pascal' < 'Python'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	643 (1, 2, 3, 4) < (1, 2, 4)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	644 (1, 2) < (1, 2, -1)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	645 (1, 2, 3) == (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	646 (1, 2, ('aa', 'ab')) < (1, 2, ('abc', 'a'), 4)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	647
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	648 Note that comparing objects of different types is legal. The outcome is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	649 deterministic but arbitrary: the types are ordered by their name. Thus, a list
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	650 is always smaller than a string, a string is always smaller than a tuple, etc.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	651 [#]_ Mixed numeric types are compared according to their numeric value, so 0
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	652 equals 0.0, etc.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	653
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	654
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	655 .. rubric:: Footnotes
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	656
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	657 .. [#] The rules for comparing objects of different types should not be relied upon;
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	658 they may change in a future version of the language.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	659

Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Doc/tutorial/datastructures.rst @ 44825:ef859cd754a7 legacy-trunk