Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate Include/object.h @ 6719:faebc1940432 legacy-trunk
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| author | Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Tue, 02 Dec 1997 20:38:11 +0000 |
| parents | ceeec8cb0a1e |
| children | aa7d69d67c81 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
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1 #ifndef Py_OBJECT_H |
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2 #define Py_OBJECT_H |
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3 #ifdef __cplusplus |
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4 extern "C" { |
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5 #endif |
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6 |
| 145 | 7 /*********************************************************** |
| 2058 | 8 Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, |
| 9 The Netherlands. | |
| 145 | 10 |
| 11 All Rights Reserved | |
| 12 | |
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13 Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its |
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14 documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, |
| 145 | 15 provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that |
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16 both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in |
| 145 | 17 supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch |
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18 Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or |
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19 CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to |
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20 distribution of the software without specific, written prior |
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21 permission. |
| 145 | 22 |
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23 While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version |
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24 is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives |
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25 (CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org. |
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26 |
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27 STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH |
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28 REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF |
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29 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH |
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30 CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL |
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31 DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR |
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32 PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER |
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33 TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR |
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34 PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
| 145 | 35 |
| 36 ******************************************************************/ | |
| 37 | |
| 6 | 38 /* Object and type object interface */ |
| 39 | |
| 40 /* | |
| 41 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 42 | |
| 43 Objects are structures allocated on the heap. Special rules apply to | |
| 44 the use of objects to ensure they are properly garbage-collected. | |
| 45 Objects are never allocated statically or on the stack; they must be | |
| 46 accessed through special macros and functions only. (Type objects are | |
| 47 exceptions to the first rule; the standard types are represented by | |
| 48 statically initialized type objects.) | |
| 49 | |
| 50 An object has a 'reference count' that is increased or decreased when a | |
| 51 pointer to the object is copied or deleted; when the reference count | |
| 52 reaches zero there are no references to the object left and it can be | |
| 53 removed from the heap. | |
| 54 | |
| 55 An object has a 'type' that determines what it represents and what kind | |
| 56 of data it contains. An object's type is fixed when it is created. | |
| 57 Types themselves are represented as objects; an object contains a | |
| 58 pointer to the corresponding type object. The type itself has a type | |
| 59 pointer pointing to the object representing the type 'type', which | |
| 60 contains a pointer to itself!). | |
| 61 | |
| 62 Objects do not float around in memory; once allocated an object keeps | |
| 63 the same size and address. Objects that must hold variable-size data | |
| 64 can contain pointers to variable-size parts of the object. Not all | |
| 65 objects of the same type have the same size; but the size cannot change | |
| 66 after allocation. (These restrictions are made so a reference to an | |
| 67 object can be simply a pointer -- moving an object would require | |
| 68 updating all the pointers, and changing an object's size would require | |
| 69 moving it if there was another object right next to it.) | |
| 70 | |
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71 Objects are always accessed through pointers of the type 'PyObject *'. |
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72 The type 'PyObject' is a structure that only contains the reference count |
| 6 | 73 and the type pointer. The actual memory allocated for an object |
| 74 contains other data that can only be accessed after casting the pointer | |
| 75 to a pointer to a longer structure type. This longer type must start | |
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76 with the reference count and type fields; the macro PyObject_HEAD should be |
| 6 | 77 used for this (to accomodate for future changes). The implementation |
| 78 of a particular object type can cast the object pointer to the proper | |
| 79 type and back. | |
| 80 | |
| 81 A standard interface exists for objects that contain an array of items | |
| 82 whose size is determined when the object is allocated. | |
| 83 | |
| 84 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 85 */ | |
| 86 | |
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87 #ifdef Py_DEBUG |
| 86 | 88 |
| 89 /* Turn on heavy reference debugging */ | |
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90 #define Py_TRACE_REFS |
| 86 | 91 |
| 92 /* Turn on reference counting */ | |
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93 #define Py_REF_DEBUG |
| 86 | 94 |
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95 #endif /* Py_DEBUG */ |
| 6 | 96 |
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97 #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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98 #define PyObject_HEAD \ |
| 6 | 99 struct _object *_ob_next, *_ob_prev; \ |
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100 int ob_refcnt; \ |
| 6 | 101 struct _typeobject *ob_type; |
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102 #define PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) 0, 0, 1, type, |
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103 #else /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
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104 #define PyObject_HEAD \ |
| 2058 | 105 int ob_refcnt; \ |
| 6 | 106 struct _typeobject *ob_type; |
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107 #define PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) 1, type, |
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108 #endif /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
| 6 | 109 |
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110 #define PyObject_VAR_HEAD \ |
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111 PyObject_HEAD \ |
| 2058 | 112 int ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part */ |
| 6 | 113 |
| 114 typedef struct _object { | |
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115 PyObject_HEAD |
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116 } PyObject; |
| 6 | 117 |
| 118 typedef struct { | |
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119 PyObject_VAR_HEAD |
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120 } PyVarObject; |
| 6 | 121 |
| 122 | |
| 123 /* | |
| 124 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 125 | |
| 126 Type objects contain a string containing the type name (to help somewhat | |
| 127 in debugging), the allocation parameters (see newobj() and newvarobj()), | |
| 128 and methods for accessing objects of the type. Methods are optional,a | |
| 129 nil pointer meaning that particular kind of access is not available for | |
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130 this type. The Py_DECREF() macro uses the tp_dealloc method without |
| 6 | 131 checking for a nil pointer; it should always be implemented except if |
| 132 the implementation can guarantee that the reference count will never | |
| 133 reach zero (e.g., for type objects). | |
| 134 | |
| 135 NB: the methods for certain type groups are now contained in separate | |
| 136 method blocks. | |
| 137 */ | |
| 138 | |
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139 typedef PyObject * (*unaryfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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140 typedef PyObject * (*binaryfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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141 typedef PyObject * (*ternaryfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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142 typedef int (*inquiry) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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143 typedef int (*coercion) Py_PROTO((PyObject **, PyObject **)); |
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144 typedef PyObject *(*intargfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int)); |
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145 typedef PyObject *(*intintargfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, int)); |
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146 typedef int(*intobjargproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, PyObject *)); |
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147 typedef int(*intintobjargproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, int, PyObject *)); |
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148 typedef int(*objobjargproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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149 typedef int (*getreadbufferproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, void **)); |
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150 typedef int (*getwritebufferproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int, void **)); |
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151 typedef int (*getsegcountproc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, int *)); |
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152 |
| 6 | 153 typedef struct { |
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154 binaryfunc nb_add; |
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155 binaryfunc nb_subtract; |
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156 binaryfunc nb_multiply; |
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157 binaryfunc nb_divide; |
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158 binaryfunc nb_remainder; |
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159 binaryfunc nb_divmod; |
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160 ternaryfunc nb_power; |
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161 unaryfunc nb_negative; |
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162 unaryfunc nb_positive; |
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163 unaryfunc nb_absolute; |
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164 inquiry nb_nonzero; |
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165 unaryfunc nb_invert; |
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166 binaryfunc nb_lshift; |
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167 binaryfunc nb_rshift; |
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168 binaryfunc nb_and; |
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169 binaryfunc nb_xor; |
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170 binaryfunc nb_or; |
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171 coercion nb_coerce; |
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172 unaryfunc nb_int; |
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173 unaryfunc nb_long; |
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174 unaryfunc nb_float; |
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175 unaryfunc nb_oct; |
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176 unaryfunc nb_hex; |
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177 } PyNumberMethods; |
| 6 | 178 |
| 179 typedef struct { | |
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180 inquiry sq_length; |
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181 binaryfunc sq_concat; |
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182 intargfunc sq_repeat; |
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183 intargfunc sq_item; |
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184 intintargfunc sq_slice; |
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185 intobjargproc sq_ass_item; |
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186 intintobjargproc sq_ass_slice; |
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187 } PySequenceMethods; |
| 6 | 188 |
| 189 typedef struct { | |
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190 inquiry mp_length; |
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191 binaryfunc mp_subscript; |
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192 objobjargproc mp_ass_subscript; |
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193 } PyMappingMethods; |
| 6 | 194 |
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195 typedef struct { |
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196 getreadbufferproc bf_getreadbuffer; |
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197 getwritebufferproc bf_getwritebuffer; |
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198 getsegcountproc bf_getsegcount; |
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199 } PyBufferProcs; |
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200 |
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201 |
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202 typedef void (*destructor) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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203 typedef int (*printfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, FILE *, int)); |
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204 typedef PyObject *(*getattrfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *)); |
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205 typedef PyObject *(*getattrofunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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206 typedef int (*setattrfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *, PyObject *)); |
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207 typedef int (*setattrofunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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208 typedef int (*cmpfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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209 typedef PyObject *(*reprfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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210 typedef long (*hashfunc) Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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211 |
| 6 | 212 typedef struct _typeobject { |
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213 PyObject_VAR_HEAD |
| 6 | 214 char *tp_name; /* For printing */ |
| 2058 | 215 int tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */ |
| 6 | 216 |
| 217 /* Methods to implement standard operations */ | |
| 218 | |
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219 destructor tp_dealloc; |
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220 printfunc tp_print; |
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221 getattrfunc tp_getattr; |
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222 setattrfunc tp_setattr; |
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223 cmpfunc tp_compare; |
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224 reprfunc tp_repr; |
| 6 | 225 |
| 226 /* Method suites for standard classes */ | |
| 227 | |
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228 PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number; |
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229 PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence; |
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230 PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping; |
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231 |
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232 /* More standard operations (at end for binary compatibility) */ |
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233 |
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234 hashfunc tp_hash; |
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235 ternaryfunc tp_call; |
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236 reprfunc tp_str; |
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237 getattrofunc tp_getattro; |
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238 setattrofunc tp_setattro; |
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239 |
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240 /* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */ |
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241 PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer; |
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242 |
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243 /* Space for future expansion */ |
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244 long tp_xxx4; |
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245 |
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246 char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */ |
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247 |
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248 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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249 /* these must be last */ |
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250 int tp_alloc; |
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251 int tp_free; |
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252 int tp_maxalloc; |
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253 struct _typeobject *tp_next; |
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254 #endif |
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255 } PyTypeObject; |
| 6 | 256 |
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257 extern DL_IMPORT(PyTypeObject) PyType_Type; /* The type of type objects */ |
| 6 | 258 |
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259 #define PyType_Check(op) ((op)->ob_type == &PyType_Type) |
| 6 | 260 |
| 86 | 261 /* Generic operations on objects */ |
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262 extern int PyObject_Print Py_PROTO((PyObject *, FILE *, int)); |
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263 extern PyObject * PyObject_Repr Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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264 extern PyObject * PyObject_Str Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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265 extern int PyObject_Compare Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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266 extern PyObject *PyObject_GetAttrString Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *)); |
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267 extern int PyObject_SetAttrString Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *, PyObject *)); |
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268 extern int PyObject_HasAttrString Py_PROTO((PyObject *, char *)); |
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269 extern PyObject *PyObject_GetAttr Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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270 extern int PyObject_SetAttr Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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271 extern int PyObject_HasAttr Py_PROTO((PyObject *, PyObject *)); |
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272 extern long PyObject_Hash Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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273 extern int PyObject_IsTrue Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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274 extern int PyCallable_Check Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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275 extern int PyNumber_Coerce Py_PROTO((PyObject **, PyObject **)); |
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276 extern int PyNumber_CoerceEx Py_PROTO((PyObject **, PyObject **)); |
| 6 | 277 |
| 278 /* Flag bits for printing: */ | |
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279 #define Py_PRINT_RAW 1 /* No string quotes etc. */ |
| 6 | 280 |
| 281 /* | |
| 282 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 283 | |
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284 The macros Py_INCREF(op) and Py_DECREF(op) are used to increment or decrement |
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285 reference counts. Py_DECREF calls the object's deallocator function; for |
| 6 | 286 objects that don't contain references to other objects or heap memory |
| 287 this can be the standard function free(). Both macros can be used | |
| 288 whereever a void expression is allowed. The argument shouldn't be a | |
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289 NIL pointer. The macro _Py_NewReference(op) is used only to initialize |
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290 reference counts to 1; it is defined here for convenience. |
| 6 | 291 |
| 292 We assume that the reference count field can never overflow; this can | |
| 293 be proven when the size of the field is the same as the pointer size | |
| 294 but even with a 16-bit reference count field it is pretty unlikely so | |
| 295 we ignore the possibility. (If you are paranoid, make it a long.) | |
| 296 | |
| 297 Type objects should never be deallocated; the type pointer in an object | |
| 298 is not considered to be a reference to the type object, to save | |
| 299 complications in the deallocation function. (This is actually a | |
| 300 decision that's up to the implementer of each new type so if you want, | |
| 301 you can count such references to the type object.) | |
| 302 | |
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303 *** WARNING*** The Py_DECREF macro must have a side-effect-free argument |
| 6 | 304 since it may evaluate its argument multiple times. (The alternative |
| 305 would be to mace it a proper function or assign it to a global temporary | |
| 306 variable first, both of which are slower; and in a multi-threaded | |
| 307 environment the global variable trick is not safe.) | |
| 308 */ | |
| 309 | |
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310 #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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311 #ifndef Py_REF_DEBUG |
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312 #define Py_REF_DEBUG |
| 6 | 313 #endif |
| 314 #endif | |
| 315 | |
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316 #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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317 extern void _Py_Dealloc Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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318 extern void _Py_NewReference Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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319 extern void _Py_ForgetReference Py_PROTO((PyObject *)); |
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320 extern void _Py_PrintReferences Py_PROTO((FILE *)); |
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321 #endif |
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322 |
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323 #ifndef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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324 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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325 #define _Py_Dealloc(op) ((op)->ob_type->tp_free++, (*(op)->ob_type->tp_dealloc)((PyObject *)(op))) |
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326 #define _Py_ForgetReference(op) ((op)->ob_type->tp_free++) |
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327 #else /* !COUNT_ALLOCS */ |
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328 #define _Py_Dealloc(op) (*(op)->ob_type->tp_dealloc)((PyObject *)(op)) |
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329 #define _Py_ForgetReference(op) /*empty*/ |
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330 #endif /* !COUNT_ALLOCS */ |
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331 #endif /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
| 6 | 332 |
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333 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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334 extern void inc_count Py_PROTO((PyTypeObject *)); |
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335 #endif |
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336 |
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337 #ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG |
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338 |
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339 extern long _Py_RefTotal; |
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340 |
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341 #ifndef Py_TRACE_REFS |
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342 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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343 #define _Py_NewReference(op) (inc_count((op)->ob_type), _Py_RefTotal++, (op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
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344 #else |
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345 #define _Py_NewReference(op) (_Py_RefTotal++, (op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
| 6 | 346 #endif |
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347 #endif /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */ |
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348 |
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349 #define Py_INCREF(op) (_Py_RefTotal++, (op)->ob_refcnt++) |
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350 #define Py_DECREF(op) \ |
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351 if (--_Py_RefTotal, --(op)->ob_refcnt != 0) \ |
| 6 | 352 ; \ |
| 353 else \ | |
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354 _Py_Dealloc((PyObject *)(op)) |
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355 #else /* !Py_REF_DEBUG */ |
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356 |
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357 #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS |
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358 #define _Py_NewReference(op) (inc_count((op)->ob_type), (op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
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359 #else |
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360 #define _Py_NewReference(op) ((op)->ob_refcnt = 1) |
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361 #endif |
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362 |
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363 #define Py_INCREF(op) ((op)->ob_refcnt++) |
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364 #define Py_DECREF(op) \ |
| 2058 | 365 if (--(op)->ob_refcnt != 0) \ |
| 6 | 366 ; \ |
| 367 else \ | |
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368 _Py_Dealloc((PyObject *)(op)) |
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369 #endif /* !Py_REF_DEBUG */ |
| 6 | 370 |
| 86 | 371 /* Macros to use in case the object pointer may be NULL: */ |
| 372 | |
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373 #define Py_XINCREF(op) if ((op) == NULL) ; else Py_INCREF(op) |
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374 #define Py_XDECREF(op) if ((op) == NULL) ; else Py_DECREF(op) |
| 6 | 375 |
| 376 /* Definition of NULL, so you don't have to include <stdio.h> */ | |
| 377 | |
| 378 #ifndef NULL | |
| 379 #define NULL 0 | |
| 380 #endif | |
| 381 | |
| 382 | |
| 383 /* | |
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384 _Py_NoneStruct is an object of undefined type which can be used in contexts |
| 6 | 385 where NULL (nil) is not suitable (since NULL often means 'error'). |
| 386 | |
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387 Don't forget to apply Py_INCREF() when returning this value!!! |
| 6 | 388 */ |
| 389 | |
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390 extern DL_IMPORT(PyObject) _Py_NoneStruct; /* Don't use this directly */ |
| 6 | 391 |
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392 #define Py_None (&_Py_NoneStruct) |
| 6 | 393 |
| 394 | |
| 395 /* | |
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396 A common programming style in Python requires the forward declaration |
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397 of static, initialized structures, e.g. for a type object that is used |
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398 by the functions whose address must be used in the initializer. |
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399 Some compilers (notably SCO ODT 3.0, I seem to remember early AIX as |
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400 well) botch this if you use the static keyword for both declarations |
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401 (they allocate two objects, and use the first, uninitialized one until |
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402 the second declaration is encountered). Therefore, the forward |
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403 declaration should use the 'forwardstatic' keyword. This expands to |
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404 static on most systems, but to extern on a few. The actual storage |
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405 and name will still be static because the second declaration is |
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406 static, so no linker visible symbols will be generated. (Standard C |
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407 compilers take offense to the extern forward declaration of a static |
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408 object, so I can't just put extern in all cases. :-( ) |
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409 */ |
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410 |
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411 #ifdef BAD_STATIC_FORWARD |
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412 #define staticforward extern |
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413 #ifdef __SC__ |
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414 #define statichere |
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415 #else |
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416 #define statichere static |
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417 #endif /* __SC__ */ |
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418 #else /* !BAD_STATIC_FORWARD */ |
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419 #define staticforward static |
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420 #define statichere static |
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421 #endif /* !BAD_STATIC_FORWARD */ |
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422 |
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423 |
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424 /* |
| 6 | 425 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 |
| 426 | |
| 427 More conventions | |
| 428 ================ | |
| 429 | |
| 430 Argument Checking | |
| 431 ----------------- | |
| 432 | |
| 433 Functions that take objects as arguments normally don't check for nil | |
| 434 arguments, but they do check the type of the argument, and return an | |
| 435 error if the function doesn't apply to the type. | |
| 436 | |
| 437 Failure Modes | |
| 438 ------------- | |
| 439 | |
| 440 Functions may fail for a variety of reasons, including running out of | |
| 86 | 441 memory. This is communicated to the caller in two ways: an error string |
| 442 is set (see errors.h), and the function result differs: functions that | |
| 443 normally return a pointer return NULL for failure, functions returning | |
| 444 an integer return -1 (which could be a legal return value too!), and | |
| 445 other functions return 0 for success and -1 for failure. | |
| 446 Callers should always check for errors before using the result. | |
| 6 | 447 |
| 448 Reference Counts | |
| 449 ---------------- | |
| 450 | |
| 451 It takes a while to get used to the proper usage of reference counts. | |
| 452 | |
| 453 Functions that create an object set the reference count to 1; such new | |
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454 objects must be stored somewhere or destroyed again with Py_DECREF(). |
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455 Functions that 'store' objects such as PyTuple_SetItem() and |
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456 PyDict_SetItemString() |
| 6 | 457 don't increment the reference count of the object, since the most |
| 458 frequent use is to store a fresh object. Functions that 'retrieve' | |
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459 objects such as PyTuple_GetItem() and PyDict_GetItemString() also |
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460 don't increment |
| 6 | 461 the reference count, since most frequently the object is only looked at |
| 462 quickly. Thus, to retrieve an object and store it again, the caller | |
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463 must call Py_INCREF() explicitly. |
| 6 | 464 |
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465 NOTE: functions that 'consume' a reference count like |
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466 PyList_SetItemString() even consume the reference if the object wasn't |
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467 stored, to simplify error handling. |
| 6 | 468 |
| 469 It seems attractive to make other functions that take an object as | |
| 470 argument consume a reference count; however this may quickly get | |
| 471 confusing (even the current practice is already confusing). Consider | |
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472 it carefully, it may save lots of calls to Py_INCREF() and Py_DECREF() at |
| 6 | 473 times. |
| 474 | |
| 475 123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12 | |
| 476 */ | |
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477 |
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478 #ifdef __cplusplus |
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479 } |
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480 #endif |
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481 #endif /* !Py_OBJECT_H */ |