Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref
annotate Lib/SocketServer.py @ 46567:ffeecbebf3ca
Block 2.6-only doc change.
| author | Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> |
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| date | Sat, 26 Apr 2008 18:28:08 +0000 |
| parents | 832c820e9d14 |
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| rev | line source |
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| 2887 | 1 """Generic socket server classes. |
| 2 | |
| 3 This module tries to capture the various aspects of defining a server: | |
| 4 | |
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5 For socket-based servers: |
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6 |
| 2887 | 7 - address family: |
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8 - AF_INET{,6}: IP (Internet Protocol) sockets (default) |
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9 - AF_UNIX: Unix domain sockets |
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10 - others, e.g. AF_DECNET are conceivable (see <socket.h> |
| 2887 | 11 - socket type: |
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12 - SOCK_STREAM (reliable stream, e.g. TCP) |
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13 - SOCK_DGRAM (datagrams, e.g. UDP) |
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14 |
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15 For request-based servers (including socket-based): |
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| 2887 | 17 - client address verification before further looking at the request |
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18 (This is actually a hook for any processing that needs to look |
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19 at the request before anything else, e.g. logging) |
| 2887 | 20 - how to handle multiple requests: |
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21 - synchronous (one request is handled at a time) |
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22 - forking (each request is handled by a new process) |
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23 - threading (each request is handled by a new thread) |
| 2887 | 24 |
| 25 The classes in this module favor the server type that is simplest to | |
| 26 write: a synchronous TCP/IP server. This is bad class design, but | |
| 27 save some typing. (There's also the issue that a deep class hierarchy | |
| 28 slows down method lookups.) | |
| 29 | |
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30 There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent |
| 2887 | 31 synchronous servers of four types: |
| 32 | |
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33 +------------+ |
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34 | BaseServer | |
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35 +------------+ |
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36 | |
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37 v |
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38 +-----------+ +------------------+ |
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39 | TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer | |
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40 +-----------+ +------------------+ |
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41 | |
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42 v |
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43 +-----------+ +--------------------+ |
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44 | UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer | |
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45 +-----------+ +--------------------+ |
| 2887 | 46 |
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47 Note that UnixDatagramServer derives from UDPServer, not from |
| 2887 | 48 UnixStreamServer -- the only difference between an IP and a Unix |
| 49 stream server is the address family, which is simply repeated in both | |
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50 unix server classes. |
| 2887 | 51 |
| 52 Forking and threading versions of each type of server can be created | |
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53 using the ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn mix-in classes. For |
| 2887 | 54 instance, a threading UDP server class is created as follows: |
| 55 | |
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56 class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer): pass |
| 2887 | 57 |
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58 The Mix-in class must come first, since it overrides a method defined |
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59 in UDPServer! Setting the various member variables also changes |
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60 the behavior of the underlying server mechanism. |
| 2887 | 61 |
| 62 To implement a service, you must derive a class from | |
| 63 BaseRequestHandler and redefine its handle() method. You can then run | |
| 64 various versions of the service by combining one of the server classes | |
| 65 with your request handler class. | |
| 66 | |
| 67 The request handler class must be different for datagram or stream | |
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68 services. This can be hidden by using the request handler |
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69 subclasses StreamRequestHandler or DatagramRequestHandler. |
| 2887 | 70 |
| 71 Of course, you still have to use your head! | |
| 72 | |
| 73 For instance, it makes no sense to use a forking server if the service | |
| 74 contains state in memory that can be modified by requests (since the | |
| 75 modifications in the child process would never reach the initial state | |
| 76 kept in the parent process and passed to each child). In this case, | |
| 77 you can use a threading server, but you will probably have to use | |
| 78 locks to avoid two requests that come in nearly simultaneous to apply | |
| 79 conflicting changes to the server state. | |
| 80 | |
| 81 On the other hand, if you are building e.g. an HTTP server, where all | |
| 82 data is stored externally (e.g. in the file system), a synchronous | |
| 83 class will essentially render the service "deaf" while one request is | |
| 84 being handled -- which may be for a very long time if a client is slow | |
| 85 to reqd all the data it has requested. Here a threading or forking | |
| 86 server is appropriate. | |
| 87 | |
| 88 In some cases, it may be appropriate to process part of a request | |
| 89 synchronously, but to finish processing in a forked child depending on | |
| 90 the request data. This can be implemented by using a synchronous | |
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91 server and doing an explicit fork in the request handler class |
| 2887 | 92 handle() method. |
| 93 | |
| 94 Another approach to handling multiple simultaneous requests in an | |
| 95 environment that supports neither threads nor fork (or where these are | |
| 96 too expensive or inappropriate for the service) is to maintain an | |
| 97 explicit table of partially finished requests and to use select() to | |
| 98 decide which request to work on next (or whether to handle a new | |
| 99 incoming request). This is particularly important for stream services | |
| 100 where each client can potentially be connected for a long time (if | |
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101 threads or subprocesses cannot be used). |
| 2887 | 102 |
| 103 Future work: | |
| 104 - Standard classes for Sun RPC (which uses either UDP or TCP) | |
| 105 - Standard mix-in classes to implement various authentication | |
| 106 and encryption schemes | |
| 107 - Standard framework for select-based multiplexing | |
| 108 | |
| 109 XXX Open problems: | |
| 110 - What to do with out-of-band data? | |
| 111 | |
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112 BaseServer: |
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113 - split generic "request" functionality out into BaseServer class. |
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114 Copyright (C) 2000 Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton <lkcl@samba.org> |
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115 |
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116 example: read entries from a SQL database (requires overriding |
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117 get_request() to return a table entry from the database). |
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118 entry is processed by a RequestHandlerClass. |
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119 |
| 2887 | 120 """ |
| 121 | |
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122 # Author of the BaseServer patch: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton |
| 2887 | 123 |
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124 # XXX Warning! |
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125 # There is a test suite for this module, but it cannot be run by the |
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126 # standard regression test. |
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127 # To run it manually, run Lib/test/test_socketserver.py. |
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128 |
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129 __version__ = "0.4" |
| 2887 | 130 |
| 131 | |
| 132 import socket | |
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133 import select |
| 2887 | 134 import sys |
| 135 import os | |
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136 try: |
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137 import threading |
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138 except ImportError: |
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139 import dummy_threading as threading |
| 2887 | 140 |
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141 __all__ = ["TCPServer","UDPServer","ForkingUDPServer","ForkingTCPServer", |
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142 "ThreadingUDPServer","ThreadingTCPServer","BaseRequestHandler", |
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143 "StreamRequestHandler","DatagramRequestHandler", |
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144 "ThreadingMixIn", "ForkingMixIn"] |
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145 if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"): |
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146 __all__.extend(["UnixStreamServer","UnixDatagramServer", |
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147 "ThreadingUnixStreamServer", |
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148 "ThreadingUnixDatagramServer"]) |
| 2887 | 149 |
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150 class BaseServer: |
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151 |
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152 """Base class for server classes. |
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153 |
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154 Methods for the caller: |
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155 |
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156 - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass) |
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157 - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5) |
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158 - shutdown() |
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159 - handle_request() # if you do not use serve_forever() |
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160 - fileno() -> int # for select() |
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174 Methods for derived classes: |
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178 Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or |
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179 instances: |
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183 - socket_type |
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186 Instance variables: |
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188 - RequestHandlerClass |
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189 - socket |
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191 """ |
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193 timeout = None |
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195 def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass): |
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196 """Constructor. May be extended, do not override.""" |
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197 self.server_address = server_address |
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198 self.RequestHandlerClass = RequestHandlerClass |
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199 self.__is_shut_down = threading.Event() |
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200 self.__serving = False |
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202 def server_activate(self): |
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203 """Called by constructor to activate the server. |
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205 May be overridden. |
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207 """ |
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208 pass |
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210 def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5): |
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211 """Handle one request at a time until shutdown. |
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213 Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores |
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214 self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in |
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215 another thread. |
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216 """ |
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217 self.__serving = True |
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218 self.__is_shut_down.clear() |
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219 while self.__serving: |
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220 # XXX: Consider using another file descriptor or |
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221 # connecting to the socket to wake this up instead of |
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222 # polling. Polling reduces our responsiveness to a |
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223 # shutdown request and wastes cpu at all other times. |
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224 r, w, e = select.select([self], [], [], poll_interval) |
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225 if r: |
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226 self._handle_request_noblock() |
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227 self.__is_shut_down.set() |
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228 |
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229 def shutdown(self): |
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230 """Stops the serve_forever loop. |
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232 Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while |
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233 serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will |
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234 deadlock. |
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235 """ |
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236 self.__serving = False |
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237 self.__is_shut_down.wait() |
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238 |
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239 # The distinction between handling, getting, processing and |
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240 # finishing a request is fairly arbitrary. Remember: |
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241 # |
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242 # - handle_request() is the top-level call. It calls |
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243 # select, get_request(), verify_request() and process_request() |
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244 # - get_request() is different for stream or datagram sockets |
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245 # - process_request() is the place that may fork a new process |
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246 # or create a new thread to finish the request |
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247 # - finish_request() instantiates the request handler class; |
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248 # this constructor will handle the request all by itself |
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249 |
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250 def handle_request(self): |
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251 """Handle one request, possibly blocking. |
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252 |
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253 Respects self.timeout. |
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254 """ |
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255 # Support people who used socket.settimeout() to escape |
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256 # handle_request before self.timeout was available. |
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257 timeout = self.socket.gettimeout() |
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258 if timeout is None: |
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259 timeout = self.timeout |
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260 elif self.timeout is not None: |
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261 timeout = min(timeout, self.timeout) |
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262 fd_sets = select.select([self], [], [], timeout) |
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263 if not fd_sets[0]: |
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264 self.handle_timeout() |
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265 return |
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266 self._handle_request_noblock() |
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267 |
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268 def _handle_request_noblock(self): |
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269 """Handle one request, without blocking. |
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270 |
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271 I assume that select.select has returned that the socket is |
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272 readable before this function was called, so there should be |
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273 no risk of blocking in get_request(). |
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274 """ |
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275 try: |
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276 request, client_address = self.get_request() |
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277 except socket.error: |
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278 return |
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279 if self.verify_request(request, client_address): |
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280 try: |
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281 self.process_request(request, client_address) |
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282 except: |
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283 self.handle_error(request, client_address) |
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284 self.close_request(request) |
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285 |
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286 def handle_timeout(self): |
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287 """Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout. |
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289 Overridden by ForkingMixIn. |
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290 """ |
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291 pass |
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292 |
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293 def verify_request(self, request, client_address): |
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294 """Verify the request. May be overridden. |
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296 Return True if we should proceed with this request. |
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297 |
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298 """ |
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299 return True |
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300 |
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301 def process_request(self, request, client_address): |
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302 """Call finish_request. |
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303 |
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304 Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn. |
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305 |
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306 """ |
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307 self.finish_request(request, client_address) |
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308 self.close_request(request) |
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309 |
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310 def server_close(self): |
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311 """Called to clean-up the server. |
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312 |
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313 May be overridden. |
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314 |
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315 """ |
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316 pass |
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317 |
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318 def finish_request(self, request, client_address): |
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319 """Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass.""" |
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320 self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self) |
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321 |
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322 def close_request(self, request): |
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323 """Called to clean up an individual request.""" |
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324 pass |
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325 |
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326 def handle_error(self, request, client_address): |
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327 """Handle an error gracefully. May be overridden. |
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328 |
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329 The default is to print a traceback and continue. |
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330 |
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331 """ |
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332 print('-'*40) |
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333 print('Exception happened during processing of request from', end=' ') |
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334 print(client_address) |
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335 import traceback |
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336 traceback.print_exc() # XXX But this goes to stderr! |
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337 print('-'*40) |
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338 |
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339 |
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340 class TCPServer(BaseServer): |
| 2887 | 341 |
| 342 """Base class for various socket-based server classes. | |
| 343 | |
| 344 Defaults to synchronous IP stream (i.e., TCP). | |
| 345 | |
| 346 Methods for the caller: | |
| 347 | |
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348 - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True) |
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349 - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5) |
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350 - shutdown() |
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351 - handle_request() # if you don't use serve_forever() |
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352 - fileno() -> int # for select() |
| 2887 | 353 |
| 354 Methods that may be overridden: | |
| 355 | |
| 356 - server_bind() | |
| 357 - server_activate() | |
| 358 - get_request() -> request, client_address | |
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359 - handle_timeout() |
| 2887 | 360 - verify_request(request, client_address) |
| 361 - process_request(request, client_address) | |
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362 - close_request(request) |
| 2887 | 363 - handle_error() |
| 364 | |
| 365 Methods for derived classes: | |
| 366 | |
| 367 - finish_request(request, client_address) | |
| 368 | |
| 369 Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or | |
| 370 instances: | |
| 371 | |
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372 - timeout |
| 2887 | 373 - address_family |
| 374 - socket_type | |
| 375 - request_queue_size (only for stream sockets) | |
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376 - allow_reuse_address |
| 2887 | 377 |
| 378 Instance variables: | |
| 379 | |
| 380 - server_address | |
| 381 - RequestHandlerClass | |
| 382 - socket | |
| 383 | |
| 384 """ | |
| 385 | |
| 386 address_family = socket.AF_INET | |
| 387 | |
| 388 socket_type = socket.SOCK_STREAM | |
| 389 | |
| 390 request_queue_size = 5 | |
| 391 | |
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392 allow_reuse_address = False |
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393 |
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394 def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True): |
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395 """Constructor. May be extended, do not override.""" |
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396 BaseServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass) |
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397 self.socket = socket.socket(self.address_family, |
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398 self.socket_type) |
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399 if bind_and_activate: |
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400 self.server_bind() |
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401 self.server_activate() |
| 2887 | 402 |
| 403 def server_bind(self): | |
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404 """Called by constructor to bind the socket. |
| 2887 | 405 |
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406 May be overridden. |
| 2887 | 407 |
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408 """ |
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409 if self.allow_reuse_address: |
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410 self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) |
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411 self.socket.bind(self.server_address) |
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412 self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname() |
| 2887 | 413 |
| 414 def server_activate(self): | |
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415 """Called by constructor to activate the server. |
| 2887 | 416 |
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417 May be overridden. |
| 2887 | 418 |
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419 """ |
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420 self.socket.listen(self.request_queue_size) |
| 2887 | 421 |
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422 def server_close(self): |
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423 """Called to clean-up the server. |
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424 |
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425 May be overridden. |
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426 |
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427 """ |
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428 self.socket.close() |
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429 |
| 2887 | 430 def fileno(self): |
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431 """Return socket file number. |
| 2887 | 432 |
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433 Interface required by select(). |
| 2887 | 434 |
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435 """ |
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436 return self.socket.fileno() |
| 2887 | 437 |
| 438 def get_request(self): | |
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439 """Get the request and client address from the socket. |
| 2887 | 440 |
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441 May be overridden. |
| 2887 | 442 |
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443 """ |
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444 return self.socket.accept() |
| 2887 | 445 |
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446 def close_request(self, request): |
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447 """Called to clean up an individual request.""" |
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448 request.close() |
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449 |
| 2887 | 450 |
| 451 class UDPServer(TCPServer): | |
| 452 | |
| 453 """UDP server class.""" | |
| 454 | |
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455 allow_reuse_address = False |
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456 |
| 2887 | 457 socket_type = socket.SOCK_DGRAM |
| 458 | |
| 459 max_packet_size = 8192 | |
| 460 | |
| 461 def get_request(self): | |
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462 data, client_addr = self.socket.recvfrom(self.max_packet_size) |
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463 return (data, self.socket), client_addr |
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464 |
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465 def server_activate(self): |
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466 # No need to call listen() for UDP. |
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467 pass |
| 2887 | 468 |
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469 def close_request(self, request): |
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470 # No need to close anything. |
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471 pass |
| 2887 | 472 |
| 473 class ForkingMixIn: | |
| 474 | |
| 475 """Mix-in class to handle each request in a new process.""" | |
| 476 | |
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477 timeout = 300 |
| 2887 | 478 active_children = None |
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479 max_children = 40 |
| 2887 | 480 |
| 481 def collect_children(self): | |
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482 """Internal routine to wait for children that have exited.""" |
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483 if self.active_children is None: return |
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484 while len(self.active_children) >= self.max_children: |
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485 # XXX: This will wait for any child process, not just ones |
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486 # spawned by this library. This could confuse other |
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487 # libraries that expect to be able to wait for their own |
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488 # children. |
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489 try: |
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490 pid, status = os.waitpid(0, options=0) |
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491 except os.error: |
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492 pid = None |
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493 if pid not in self.active_children: continue |
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494 self.active_children.remove(pid) |
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495 |
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496 # XXX: This loop runs more system calls than it ought |
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497 # to. There should be a way to put the active_children into a |
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498 # process group and then use os.waitpid(-pgid) to wait for any |
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499 # of that set, but I couldn't find a way to allocate pgids |
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500 # that couldn't collide. |
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501 for child in self.active_children: |
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502 try: |
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503 pid, status = os.waitpid(child, os.WNOHANG) |
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504 except os.error: |
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505 pid = None |
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506 if not pid: continue |
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507 try: |
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508 self.active_children.remove(pid) |
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509 except ValueError as e: |
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510 raise ValueError('%s. x=%d and list=%r' % (e.message, pid, |
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511 self.active_children)) |
| 2887 | 512 |
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513 def handle_timeout(self): |
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514 """Wait for zombies after self.timeout seconds of inactivity. |
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515 |
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516 May be extended, do not override. |
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517 """ |
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518 self.collect_children() |
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519 |
| 2887 | 520 def process_request(self, request, client_address): |
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521 """Fork a new subprocess to process the request.""" |
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522 self.collect_children() |
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523 pid = os.fork() |
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524 if pid: |
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525 # Parent process |
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526 if self.active_children is None: |
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527 self.active_children = [] |
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528 self.active_children.append(pid) |
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529 self.close_request(request) |
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530 return |
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531 else: |
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532 # Child process. |
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533 # This must never return, hence os._exit()! |
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534 try: |
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535 self.finish_request(request, client_address) |
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536 os._exit(0) |
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537 except: |
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538 try: |
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539 self.handle_error(request, client_address) |
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540 finally: |
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541 os._exit(1) |
| 2887 | 542 |
| 543 | |
| 544 class ThreadingMixIn: | |
| 545 """Mix-in class to handle each request in a new thread.""" | |
| 546 | |
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547 # Decides how threads will act upon termination of the |
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548 # main process |
| 26347 | 549 daemon_threads = False |
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550 |
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551 def process_request_thread(self, request, client_address): |
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552 """Same as in BaseServer but as a thread. |
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553 |
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554 In addition, exception handling is done here. |
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555 |
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556 """ |
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557 try: |
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558 self.finish_request(request, client_address) |
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559 self.close_request(request) |
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560 except: |
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561 self.handle_error(request, client_address) |
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562 self.close_request(request) |
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563 |
| 2887 | 564 def process_request(self, request, client_address): |
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565 """Start a new thread to process the request.""" |
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566 t = threading.Thread(target = self.process_request_thread, |
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567 args = (request, client_address)) |
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568 if self.daemon_threads: |
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569 t.setDaemon (1) |
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570 t.start() |
| 2887 | 571 |
| 572 | |
| 573 class ForkingUDPServer(ForkingMixIn, UDPServer): pass | |
| 574 class ForkingTCPServer(ForkingMixIn, TCPServer): pass | |
| 575 | |
| 576 class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer): pass | |
| 577 class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer): pass | |
| 578 | |
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579 if hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'): |
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580 |
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581 class UnixStreamServer(TCPServer): |
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582 address_family = socket.AF_UNIX |
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583 |
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584 class UnixDatagramServer(UDPServer): |
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585 address_family = socket.AF_UNIX |
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586 |
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587 class ThreadingUnixStreamServer(ThreadingMixIn, UnixStreamServer): pass |
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588 |
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589 class ThreadingUnixDatagramServer(ThreadingMixIn, UnixDatagramServer): pass |
| 2887 | 590 |
| 591 class BaseRequestHandler: | |
| 592 | |
| 593 """Base class for request handler classes. | |
| 594 | |
| 595 This class is instantiated for each request to be handled. The | |
| 596 constructor sets the instance variables request, client_address | |
| 597 and server, and then calls the handle() method. To implement a | |
| 598 specific service, all you need to do is to derive a class which | |
| 599 defines a handle() method. | |
| 600 | |
| 601 The handle() method can find the request as self.request, the | |
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602 client address as self.client_address, and the server (in case it |
| 2887 | 603 needs access to per-server information) as self.server. Since a |
| 604 separate instance is created for each request, the handle() method | |
| 605 can define arbitrary other instance variariables. | |
| 606 | |
| 607 """ | |
| 608 | |
| 609 def __init__(self, request, client_address, server): | |
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610 self.request = request |
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611 self.client_address = client_address |
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612 self.server = server |
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613 self.setup() |
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614 self.handle() |
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615 self.finish() |
| 2887 | 616 |
| 617 def setup(self): | |
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618 pass |
| 2887 | 619 |
| 620 def handle(self): | |
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621 pass |
| 2887 | 622 |
| 623 def finish(self): | |
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624 pass |
| 2887 | 625 |
| 626 | |
| 627 # The following two classes make it possible to use the same service | |
| 628 # class for stream or datagram servers. | |
| 629 # Each class sets up these instance variables: | |
| 630 # - rfile: a file object from which receives the request is read | |
| 631 # - wfile: a file object to which the reply is written | |
| 632 # When the handle() method returns, wfile is flushed properly | |
| 633 | |
| 634 | |
| 635 class StreamRequestHandler(BaseRequestHandler): | |
| 636 | |
| 637 """Define self.rfile and self.wfile for stream sockets.""" | |
| 638 | |
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639 # Default buffer sizes for rfile, wfile. |
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640 # We default rfile to buffered because otherwise it could be |
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641 # really slow for large data (a getc() call per byte); we make |
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642 # wfile unbuffered because (a) often after a write() we want to |
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643 # read and we need to flush the line; (b) big writes to unbuffered |
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644 # files are typically optimized by stdio even when big reads |
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645 # aren't. |
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646 rbufsize = -1 |
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647 wbufsize = 0 |
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648 |
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650 self.connection = self.request |
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651 self.rfile = self.connection.makefile('rb', self.rbufsize) |
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652 self.wfile = self.connection.makefile('wb', self.wbufsize) |
| 2887 | 653 |
| 654 def finish(self): | |
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655 if not self.wfile.closed: |
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656 self.wfile.flush() |
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657 self.wfile.close() |
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658 self.rfile.close() |
| 2887 | 659 |
| 660 | |
| 661 class DatagramRequestHandler(BaseRequestHandler): | |
| 662 | |
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663 # XXX Regrettably, I cannot get this working on Linux; |
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664 # s.recvfrom() doesn't return a meaningful client address. |
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665 |
| 2887 | 666 """Define self.rfile and self.wfile for datagram sockets.""" |
| 667 | |
| 668 def setup(self): | |
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669 from io import BytesIO |
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670 self.packet, self.socket = self.request |
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671 self.rfile = BytesIO(self.packet) |
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672 self.wfile = BytesIO() |
| 2887 | 673 |
| 674 def finish(self): | |
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675 self.socket.sendto(self.wfile.getvalue(), self.client_address) |