Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

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Add use_weakref option to functools.lru_cache The use_weakref option makes lru_cache create weak references to the function arguments when creating the cache key, which prevents them from staying in the memory forever even after all other references to them are gone. This is a proof of concept for http://bugs.python.org/issue19859
author Radomir Dopieralski <devel@sheep.art.pl>
date Tue, 03 Dec 2013 16:02:48 +0100
parents 6e25e5dbb269
children
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1 .. _tut-brieftour:
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2
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3 **********************************
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4 Brief Tour of the Standard Library
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5 **********************************
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6
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7
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8 .. _tut-os-interface:
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9
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10 Operating System Interface
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11 ==========================
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12
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13 The :mod:`os` module provides dozens of functions for interacting with the
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14 operating system::
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15
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16 >>> import os
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17 >>> os.getcwd() # Return the current working directory
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18 'C:\\Python34'
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19 >>> os.chdir('/server/accesslogs') # Change current working directory
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20 >>> os.system('mkdir today') # Run the command mkdir in the system shell
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21 0
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22
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23 Be sure to use the ``import os`` style instead of ``from os import *``. This
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24 will keep :func:`os.open` from shadowing the built-in :func:`open` function which
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25 operates much differently.
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26
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27 .. index:: builtin: help
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28
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29 The built-in :func:`dir` and :func:`help` functions are useful as interactive
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30 aids for working with large modules like :mod:`os`::
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31
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32 >>> import os
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33 >>> dir(os)
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34 <returns a list of all module functions>
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35 >>> help(os)
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36 <returns an extensive manual page created from the module's docstrings>
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37
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38 For daily file and directory management tasks, the :mod:`shutil` module provides
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39 a higher level interface that is easier to use::
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40
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41 >>> import shutil
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42 >>> shutil.copyfile('data.db', 'archive.db')
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43 >>> shutil.move('/build/executables', 'installdir')
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44
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45
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46 .. _tut-file-wildcards:
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47
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48 File Wildcards
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49 ==============
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50
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51 The :mod:`glob` module provides a function for making file lists from directory
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52 wildcard searches::
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53
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54 >>> import glob
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55 >>> glob.glob('*.py')
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56 ['primes.py', 'random.py', 'quote.py']
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57
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58
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59 .. _tut-command-line-arguments:
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60
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61 Command Line Arguments
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62 ======================
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63
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64 Common utility scripts often need to process command line arguments. These
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65 arguments are stored in the :mod:`sys` module's *argv* attribute as a list. For
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66 instance the following output results from running ``python demo.py one two
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67 three`` at the command line::
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68
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69 >>> import sys
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70 >>> print(sys.argv)
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71 ['demo.py', 'one', 'two', 'three']
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72
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73 The :mod:`getopt` module processes *sys.argv* using the conventions of the Unix
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74 :func:`getopt` function. More powerful and flexible command line processing is
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75 provided by the :mod:`argparse` module.
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77
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78 .. _tut-stderr:
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79
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80 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
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81 ================================================
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82
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83 The :mod:`sys` module also has attributes for *stdin*, *stdout*, and *stderr*.
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84 The latter is useful for emitting warnings and error messages to make them
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85 visible even when *stdout* has been redirected::
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86
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87 >>> sys.stderr.write('Warning, log file not found starting a new one\n')
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88 Warning, log file not found starting a new one
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89
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90 The most direct way to terminate a script is to use ``sys.exit()``.
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91
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92
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93 .. _tut-string-pattern-matching:
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94
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95 String Pattern Matching
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96 =======================
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97
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98 The :mod:`re` module provides regular expression tools for advanced string
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99 processing. For complex matching and manipulation, regular expressions offer
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100 succinct, optimized solutions::
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101
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102 >>> import re
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103 >>> re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*', 'which foot or hand fell fastest')
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104 ['foot', 'fell', 'fastest']
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105 >>> re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+) \1', r'\1', 'cat in the the hat')
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106 'cat in the hat'
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107
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108 When only simple capabilities are needed, string methods are preferred because
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109 they are easier to read and debug::
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110
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111 >>> 'tea for too'.replace('too', 'two')
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112 'tea for two'
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113
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114
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115 .. _tut-mathematics:
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116
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117 Mathematics
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118 ===========
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119
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120 The :mod:`math` module gives access to the underlying C library functions for
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121 floating point math::
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122
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123 >>> import math
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124 >>> math.cos(math.pi / 4)
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125 0.70710678118654757
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126 >>> math.log(1024, 2)
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127 10.0
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128
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129 The :mod:`random` module provides tools for making random selections::
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130
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131 >>> import random
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132 >>> random.choice(['apple', 'pear', 'banana'])
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133 'apple'
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134 >>> random.sample(range(100), 10) # sampling without replacement
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135 [30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33]
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136 >>> random.random() # random float
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137 0.17970987693706186
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138 >>> random.randrange(6) # random integer chosen from range(6)
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139 4
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140
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141 The SciPy project <http://scipy.org> has many other modules for numerical
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142 computations.
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143
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144 .. _tut-internet-access:
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145
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146 Internet Access
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147 ===============
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148
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149 There are a number of modules for accessing the internet and processing internet
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150 protocols. Two of the simplest are :mod:`urllib.request` for retrieving data
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151 from URLs and :mod:`smtplib` for sending mail::
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152
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153 >>> from urllib.request import urlopen
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154 >>> for line in urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl'):
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155 ... line = line.decode('utf-8') # Decoding the binary data to text.
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156 ... if 'EST' in line or 'EDT' in line: # look for Eastern Time
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157 ... print(line)
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158
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159 <BR>Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST
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160
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161 >>> import smtplib
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162 >>> server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
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163 >>> server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org', 'jcaesar@example.org',
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164 ... """To: jcaesar@example.org
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165 ... From: soothsayer@example.org
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166 ...
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167 ... Beware the Ides of March.
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168 ... """)
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169 >>> server.quit()
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170
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171 (Note that the second example needs a mailserver running on localhost.)
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172
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173
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174 .. _tut-dates-and-times:
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175
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176 Dates and Times
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177 ===============
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178
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179 The :mod:`datetime` module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times in
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180 both simple and complex ways. While date and time arithmetic is supported, the
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181 focus of the implementation is on efficient member extraction for output
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182 formatting and manipulation. The module also supports objects that are timezone
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183 aware. ::
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184
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185 >>> # dates are easily constructed and formatted
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186 >>> from datetime import date
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187 >>> now = date.today()
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188 >>> now
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189 datetime.date(2003, 12, 2)
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190 >>> now.strftime("%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.")
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191 '12-02-03. 02 Dec 2003 is a Tuesday on the 02 day of December.'
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192
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193 >>> # dates support calendar arithmetic
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194 >>> birthday = date(1964, 7, 31)
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195 >>> age = now - birthday
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196 >>> age.days
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197 14368
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198
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199
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200 .. _tut-data-compression:
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201
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202 Data Compression
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203 ================
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204
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205 Common data archiving and compression formats are directly supported by modules
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206 including: :mod:`zlib`, :mod:`gzip`, :mod:`bz2`, :mod:`lzma`, :mod:`zipfile` and
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207 :mod:`tarfile`. ::
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208
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209 >>> import zlib
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210 >>> s = b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
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211 >>> len(s)
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212 41
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213 >>> t = zlib.compress(s)
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214 >>> len(t)
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215 37
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216 >>> zlib.decompress(t)
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217 b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
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218 >>> zlib.crc32(s)
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219 226805979
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220
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221
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222 .. _tut-performance-measurement:
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223
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224 Performance Measurement
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225 =======================
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226
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227 Some Python users develop a deep interest in knowing the relative performance of
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228 different approaches to the same problem. Python provides a measurement tool
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229 that answers those questions immediately.
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230
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231 For example, it may be tempting to use the tuple packing and unpacking feature
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232 instead of the traditional approach to swapping arguments. The :mod:`timeit`
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233 module quickly demonstrates a modest performance advantage::
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234
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235 >>> from timeit import Timer
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236 >>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
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237 0.57535828626024577
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238 >>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
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239 0.54962537085770791
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240
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241 In contrast to :mod:`timeit`'s fine level of granularity, the :mod:`profile` and
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242 :mod:`pstats` modules provide tools for identifying time critical sections in
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243 larger blocks of code.
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244
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245
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246 .. _tut-quality-control:
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247
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248 Quality Control
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249 ===============
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250
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251 One approach for developing high quality software is to write tests for each
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252 function as it is developed and to run those tests frequently during the
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253 development process.
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254
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255 The :mod:`doctest` module provides a tool for scanning a module and validating
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256 tests embedded in a program's docstrings. Test construction is as simple as
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257 cutting-and-pasting a typical call along with its results into the docstring.
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258 This improves the documentation by providing the user with an example and it
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259 allows the doctest module to make sure the code remains true to the
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260 documentation::
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261
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262 def average(values):
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263 """Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers.
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264
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265 >>> print(average([20, 30, 70]))
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266 40.0
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267 """
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268 return sum(values) / len(values)
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269
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270 import doctest
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271 doctest.testmod() # automatically validate the embedded tests
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272
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273 The :mod:`unittest` module is not as effortless as the :mod:`doctest` module,
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274 but it allows a more comprehensive set of tests to be maintained in a separate
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275 file::
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276
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277 import unittest
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278
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279 class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
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280
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281 def test_average(self):
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282 self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0)
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283 self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
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284 with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
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285 average([])
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286 with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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287 average(20, 30, 70)
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288
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289 unittest.main() # Calling from the command line invokes all tests
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290
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291
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292 .. _tut-batteries-included:
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293
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294 Batteries Included
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295 ==================
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296
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297 Python has a "batteries included" philosophy. This is best seen through the
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298 sophisticated and robust capabilities of its larger packages. For example:
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299
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300 * The :mod:`xmlrpc.client` and :mod:`xmlrpc.server` modules make implementing
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301 remote procedure calls into an almost trivial task. Despite the modules
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302 names, no direct knowledge or handling of XML is needed.
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304 * The :mod:`email` package is a library for managing email messages, including
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305 MIME and other RFC 2822-based message documents. Unlike :mod:`smtplib` and
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306 :mod:`poplib` which actually send and receive messages, the email package has
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307 a complete toolset for building or decoding complex message structures
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308 (including attachments) and for implementing internet encoding and header
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309 protocols.
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310
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311 * The :mod:`xml.dom` and :mod:`xml.sax` packages provide robust support for
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312 parsing this popular data interchange format. Likewise, the :mod:`csv` module
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313 supports direct reads and writes in a common database format. Together, these
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314 modules and packages greatly simplify data interchange between Python
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315 applications and other tools.
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316
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317 * Internationalization is supported by a number of modules including
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318 :mod:`gettext`, :mod:`locale`, and the :mod:`codecs` package.
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