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Simplify HTTPSConnection constructor. See discussion in SF bug 458463.
author Jeremy Hylton <jeremy@alum.mit.edu>
date Fri, 28 Jun 2002 23:38:14 +0000
parents ac5e1d9029b7
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1 \section{\module{array} ---
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2 Efficient arrays of numeric values}
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3
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4 \declaremodule{builtin}{array}
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5 \modulesynopsis{Efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.}
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6
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7
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8 This module defines an object type which can efficiently represent
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9 an array of basic values: characters, integers, floating point
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10 numbers. Arrays\index{arrays} are sequence types and behave very much
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11 like lists, except that the type of objects stored in them is
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12 constrained. The type is specified at object creation time by using a
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13 \dfn{type code}, which is a single character. The following type
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14 codes are defined:
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15
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16 \begin{tableiv}{c|l|l|c}{code}{Type code}{C Type}{Python Type}{Minimum size in bytes}
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17 \lineiv{'c'}{char} {character} {1}
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18 \lineiv{'b'}{signed char} {int} {1}
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19 \lineiv{'B'}{unsigned char} {int} {1}
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20 \lineiv{'u'}{Py_UNICODE} {Unicode character}{2}
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21 \lineiv{'h'}{signed short} {int} {2}
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22 \lineiv{'H'}{unsigned short}{int} {2}
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23 \lineiv{'i'}{signed int} {int} {2}
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24 \lineiv{'I'}{unsigned int} {long} {2}
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25 \lineiv{'l'}{signed long} {int} {4}
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26 \lineiv{'L'}{unsigned long} {long} {4}
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27 \lineiv{'f'}{float} {float} {4}
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28 \lineiv{'d'}{double} {float} {8}
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29 \end{tableiv}
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30
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31 The actual representation of values is determined by the machine
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32 architecture (strictly speaking, by the C implementation). The actual
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33 size can be accessed through the \member{itemsize} attribute. The values
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34 stored for \code{'L'} and \code{'I'} items will be represented as
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35 Python long integers when retrieved, because Python's plain integer
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36 type cannot represent the full range of C's unsigned (long) integers.
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37
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38
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39 The module defines the following type:
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40
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41 \begin{funcdesc}{array}{typecode\optional{, initializer}}
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42 Return a new array whose items are restricted by \var{typecode},
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43 and initialized from the optional \var{initializer} value, which
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44 must be a list or a string. The list or string is passed to the
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45 new array's \method{fromlist()}, \method{fromstring()}, or
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46 \method{fromunicode()} method (see below) to add initial items to
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47 the array.
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48 \end{funcdesc}
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49
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50 \begin{datadesc}{ArrayType}
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51 Obsolete alias for \function{array}.
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52 \end{datadesc}
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54
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55 Array objects support the ordinary sequence operations of
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56 indexing, slicing, concatenation, and multiplication. When using
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57 slice assignment, the assigned value must be an array object with the
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58 same type code; in all other cases, \exception{TypeError} is raised.
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59 Array objects also implement the buffer interface, and may be used
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60 wherever buffer objects are supported.
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61
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62 The following data items and methods are also supported:
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63
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64 \begin{memberdesc}[array]{typecode}
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65 The typecode character used to create the array.
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66 \end{memberdesc}
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67
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68 \begin{memberdesc}[array]{itemsize}
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69 The length in bytes of one array item in the internal representation.
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70 \end{memberdesc}
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72
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73 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{append}{x}
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74 Append a new item with value \var{x} to the end of the array.
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75 \end{methoddesc}
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76
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77 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{buffer_info}{}
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78 Return a tuple \code{(\var{address}, \var{length})} giving the current
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79 memory address and the length in elements of the buffer used to hold
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80 array's contents. The size of the memory buffer in bytes can be
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81 computed as \code{\var{array}.buffer_info()[1] *
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82 \var{array}.itemsize}. This is occasionally useful when working with
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83 low-level (and inherently unsafe) I/O interfaces that require memory
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84 addresses, such as certain \cfunction{ioctl()} operations. The
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85 returned numbers are valid as long as the array exists and no
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86 length-changing operations are applied to it.
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87
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88 \note{When using array objects from code written in C or
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89 \Cpp{} (the only way to effectively make use of this information), it
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90 makes more sense to use the buffer interface supported by array
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91 objects. This method is maintained for backward compatibility and
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92 should be avoided in new code. The buffer interface is documented in
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93 the \citetitle[../api/newTypes.html]{Python/C API Reference Manual}.}
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94 \end{methoddesc}
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95
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96 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{byteswap}{}
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97 ``Byteswap'' all items of the array. This is only supported for
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98 values which are 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes in size; for other types of
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99 values, \exception{RuntimeError} is raised. It is useful when reading
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100 data from a file written on a machine with a different byte order.
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101 \end{methoddesc}
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102
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103 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{count}{x}
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104 Return the number of occurences of \var{x} in the array.
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105 \end{methoddesc}
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106
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107 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{extend}{a}
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108 Append array items from \var{a} to the end of the array. The two
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109 arrays must have \emph{exactly} the same type code; if not,
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110 \exception{TypeError} will be raised.
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111 \end{methoddesc}
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112
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113 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{fromfile}{f, n}
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114 Read \var{n} items (as machine values) from the file object \var{f}
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115 and append them to the end of the array. If less than \var{n} items
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116 are available, \exception{EOFError} is raised, but the items that were
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117 available are still inserted into the array. \var{f} must be a real
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118 built-in file object; something else with a \method{read()} method won't
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119 do.
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120 \end{methoddesc}
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121
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122 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{fromlist}{list}
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123 Append items from the list. This is equivalent to
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124 \samp{for x in \var{list}:\ a.append(x)}
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125 except that if there is a type error, the array is unchanged.
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126 \end{methoddesc}
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127
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128 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{fromstring}{s}
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129 Appends items from the string, interpreting the string as an
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130 array of machine values (as if it had been read from a
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131 file using the \method{fromfile()} method).
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132 \end{methoddesc}
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133
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134 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{fromunicode}{s}
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135 Extends this array with data from the given unicode string.
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136 The array must be a type 'u' array; otherwise a ValueError
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137 is raised. Use \samp{array.fromstring(ustr.decode(enc))} to
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138 append Unicode data to an array of some other type.
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139 \end{methoddesc}
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140
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141 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{index}{x}
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142 Return the smallest \var{i} such that \var{i} is the index of
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143 the first occurence of \var{x} in the array.
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144 \end{methoddesc}
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145
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146 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{insert}{i, x}
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147 Insert a new item with value \var{x} in the array before position
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148 \var{i}.
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149 \end{methoddesc}
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150
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151 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{pop}{\optional{i}}
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152 Removes the item with the index \var{i} from the array and returns
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153 it. The optional argument defaults to \code{-1}, so that by default
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154 the last item is removed and returned.
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155 \end{methoddesc}
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156
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157 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{read}{f, n}
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158 \deprecated {1.5.1}
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159 {Use the \method{fromfile()} method.}
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160 Read \var{n} items (as machine values) from the file object \var{f}
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161 and append them to the end of the array. If less than \var{n} items
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162 are available, \exception{EOFError} is raised, but the items that were
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163 available are still inserted into the array. \var{f} must be a real
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164 built-in file object; something else with a \method{read()} method won't
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165 do.
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166 \end{methoddesc}
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167
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168 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{remove}{x}
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169 Remove the first occurence of \var{x} from the array.
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170 \end{methoddesc}
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171
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172 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{reverse}{}
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173 Reverse the order of the items in the array.
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174 \end{methoddesc}
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175
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176 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{tofile}{f}
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177 Write all items (as machine values) to the file object \var{f}.
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178 \end{methoddesc}
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179
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180 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{tolist}{}
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181 Convert the array to an ordinary list with the same items.
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182 \end{methoddesc}
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183
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184 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{tostring}{}
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185 Convert the array to an array of machine values and return the
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186 string representation (the same sequence of bytes that would
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187 be written to a file by the \method{tofile()} method.)
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188 \end{methoddesc}
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189
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190 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{tounicode}{}
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191 Convert the array to a unicode string. The array must be
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192 a type 'u' array; otherwise a ValueError is raised. Use
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193 array.tostring().decode(enc) to obtain a unicode string
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194 from an array of some other type.
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195 \end{methoddesc}
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196
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197 \begin{methoddesc}[array]{write}{f}
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198 \deprecated {1.5.1}
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199 {Use the \method{tofile()} method.}
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200 Write all items (as machine values) to the file object \var{f}.
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201 \end{methoddesc}
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202
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203 When an array object is printed or converted to a string, it is
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204 represented as \code{array(\var{typecode}, \var{initializer})}. The
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205 \var{initializer} is omitted if the array is empty, otherwise it is a
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206 string if the \var{typecode} is \code{'c'}, otherwise it is a list of
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207 numbers. The string is guaranteed to be able to be converted back to
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208 an array with the same type and value using reverse quotes
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209 (\code{``}), so long as the \function{array()} function has been
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210 imported using \code{from array import array}. Examples:
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211
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212 \begin{verbatim}
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213 array('l')
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214 array('c', 'hello world')
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215 array('u', u'hello \textbackslash u2641')
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216 array('l', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
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217 array('d', [1.0, 2.0, 3.14])
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218 \end{verbatim}
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219
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220
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221 \begin{seealso}
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222 \seemodule{struct}{Packing and unpacking of heterogeneous binary data.}
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223 \seemodule{xdrlib}{Packing and unpacking of External Data
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224 Representation (XDR) data as used in some remote
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225 procedure call systems.}
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226 \seetitle[http://numpy.sourceforge.net/numdoc/HTML/numdoc.htm]{The
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227 Numerical Python Manual}{The Numeric Python extension
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228 (NumPy) defines another array type; see
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229 \url{http://numpy.sourceforge.net/} for further information
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230 about Numerical Python. (A PDF version of the NumPy manual
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231 is available at
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232 \url{http://numpy.sourceforge.net/numdoc/numdoc.pdf}.}
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233 \end{seealso}