cpython-lru_cache-weakref: Doc/tutorial/errors.rst annotate

annotate Doc/tutorial/errors.rst @ 56820:85aa706f7126 2.6

Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r74492 | r.david.murray | 2009-08-17 21:26:49 +0200 (Mo, 17 Aug 2009) | 2 lines Issue 6685: 'toupper' -> 'upper' in cgi doc example explanation. ........ r74531 | vinay.sajip | 2009-08-21 00:04:32 +0200 (Fr, 21 Aug 2009) | 1 line Added section on exceptions raised during logging. ........ r74545 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:14:29 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6772: mention utf-8 as utf8 alias. ........ r74546 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:20:40 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6725: spell "namespace" consistently. ........ r74547 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:22:05 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6718: fix example. ........ r74548 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:24:27 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6677: mention "deleting" as an alias for removing files. ........ r74549 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-08-24 19:42:36 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line fix pdf building by teaching latex the right encoding package ........ r74550 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:48:40 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6677: note that rmdir only removes empty directories. ........ r74553 | r.david.murray | 2009-08-27 03:04:59 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 2 lines Remove leftover text from end of sentence. ........ r74554 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-27 20:59:02 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 1 line Typo fix. ........ r74555 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-27 21:02:43 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6787: reference fix. ........ r74588 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-30 10:35:01 +0200 (So, 30 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6803: fix old name. ........ r74603 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-31 08:38:29 +0200 (Mo, 31 Aug 2009) | 1 line other -> others where multiple arguments are accepted. ........ r74608 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-08-31 18:40:27 +0200 (Mo, 31 Aug 2009) | 3 lines Doc fix for the issue2637. ........ r74614 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:40:54 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6813: better documentation for numberless string formats. ........ r74616 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:46:26 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6808: clarification. ........ r74617 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:53:37 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6765: hint that log(x, base) is not very sophisticated. ........ r74618 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 10:00:47 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6810: add a link to the section about frame objects instead of just a description where to find it. ........ r74631 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-02 22:37:16 +0200 (Mi, 02 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6821: fix signature of PyBuffer_Release(). ........ r74632 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-03 09:27:26 +0200 (Do, 03 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6828: fix wrongly highlighted blocks. ........ r74633 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-03 14:31:39 +0200 (Do, 03 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6757: complete the list of types that marshal can serialize. ........ r74652 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-04 13:25:37 +0200 (Fr, 04 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6756: add some info about the "acct" parameter. ........ r74653 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-04 13:32:18 +0200 (Fr, 04 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6777: dont discourage usage of Exception.args or promote usage of Exception.message. ........ r74666 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-05 11:04:09 +0200 (Sa, 05 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6841: remove duplicated word. ........ r74671 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-05 18:47:17 +0200 (Sa, 05 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6843: add link from filterwarnings to where the meaning of the arguments is covered. ........ r74737 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-09 18:49:13 +0200 (Mi, 09 Sep 2009) | 1 line Properly document copy and deepcopy as functions. ........ r74739 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-11 09:55:20 +0200 (Fr, 11 Sep 2009) | 1 line Move function back to its section. ........ r74779 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 18:13:36 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Change to tutorial wording for reading text / binary files on Windows. Issue #6301. ........ r74781 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 18:46:19 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Note that sys._getframe is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python, and a corresponding note in inspect.currentframe. Issue 6712. ........ r74782 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 19:07:46 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Tutorial tweaks. Issue 6849. ........ r74784 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-13 20:15:07 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Typo fix. ........ r74791 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-14 16:08:54 +0200 (Mo, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6574: list the future features in a table. ........ r74793 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-14 16:50:47 +0200 (Mo, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6908: fix association of hashlib hash attributes. ........ r74818 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:23:04 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6880: add reference to classes section in exceptions section, which comes earlier. ........ r74819 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:24:57 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6876: fix base class constructor invocation in example. ........ r74820 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:30:48 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6891: comment out dead link to Unicode article. ........ r74822 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 12:12:06 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #5621: refactor description of how class/instance attributes interact on a.x=a.x+1 or augassign. ........ r74832 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 17:57:46 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line Rewrap long lines. ........

author	Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
date	Tue, 27 Oct 2009 14:50:20 +0000
parents	66de7111230a
children	b36cb4602e21

rev	line source
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	1 .. _tut-errors:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	2
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	3 *********************
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	4 Errors and Exceptions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	5 *********************
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	6
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	7 Until now error messages haven't been more than mentioned, but if you have tried
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	8 out the examples you have probably seen some. There are (at least) two
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	9 distinguishable kinds of errors: syntax errors and exceptions.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	10
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	11
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	12 .. _tut-syntaxerrors:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	13
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	14 Syntax Errors
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	15 =============
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	16
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	17 Syntax errors, also known as parsing errors, are perhaps the most common kind of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	18 complaint you get while you are still learning Python::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	19
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	20 >>> while True print 'Hello world'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	21 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	22 while True print 'Hello world'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	23 ^
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	24 SyntaxError: invalid syntax
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	25
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	26 The parser repeats the offending line and displays a little 'arrow' pointing at
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	27 the earliest point in the line where the error was detected. The error is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	28 caused by (or at least detected at) the token preceding the arrow: in the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	29 example, the error is detected at the keyword :keyword:`print`, since a colon
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	30 (``':'``) is missing before it. File name and line number are printed so you
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	31 know where to look in case the input came from a script.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	32
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	33
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	34 .. _tut-exceptions:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	35
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	36 Exceptions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	37 ==========
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	38
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	39 Even if a statement or expression is syntactically correct, it may cause an
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	40 error when an attempt is made to execute it. Errors detected during execution
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	41 are called exceptions and are not unconditionally fatal: you will soon learn
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	42 how to handle them in Python programs. Most exceptions are not handled by
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	43 programs, however, and result in error messages as shown here::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	44
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	45 >>> 10 * (1/0)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	46 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	47 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	48 ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	49 >>> 4 + spam*3
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	50 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	51 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	52 NameError: name 'spam' is not defined
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	53 >>> '2' + 2
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	54 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	55 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	56 TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	57
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	58 The last line of the error message indicates what happened. Exceptions come in
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	59 different types, and the type is printed as part of the message: the types in
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	60 the example are :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`, :exc:`NameError` and :exc:`TypeError`.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	61 The string printed as the exception type is the name of the built-in exception
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	62 that occurred. This is true for all built-in exceptions, but need not be true
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	63 for user-defined exceptions (although it is a useful convention). Standard
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	64 exception names are built-in identifiers (not reserved keywords).
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	65
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	66 The rest of the line provides detail based on the type of exception and what
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	67 caused it.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	68
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	69 The preceding part of the error message shows the context where the exception
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	70 happened, in the form of a stack traceback. In general it contains a stack
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	71 traceback listing source lines; however, it will not display lines read from
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	72 standard input.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	73
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	74 :ref:`bltin-exceptions` lists the built-in exceptions and their meanings.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	75
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	76
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	77 .. _tut-handling:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	78
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	79 Handling Exceptions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	80 ===================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	81
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	82 It is possible to write programs that handle selected exceptions. Look at the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	83 following example, which asks the user for input until a valid integer has been
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	84 entered, but allows the user to interrupt the program (using :kbd:`Control-C` or
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	85 whatever the operating system supports); note that a user-generated interruption
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	86 is signalled by raising the :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	87
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	88 >>> while True:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	89 ... try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	90 ... x = int(raw_input("Please enter a number: "))
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	91 ... break
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	92 ... except ValueError:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	93 ... print "Oops! That was no valid number. Try again..."
50522 ee9ced92843a Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 49207 diff changeset	94 ...
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	95
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	96 The :keyword:`try` statement works as follows.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	97
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	98 * First, the try clause (the statement(s) between the :keyword:`try` and
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	99 :keyword:`except` keywords) is executed.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	100
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	101 * If no exception occurs, the except clause is skipped and execution of the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	102 :keyword:`try` statement is finished.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	103
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	104 * If an exception occurs during execution of the try clause, the rest of the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	105 clause is skipped. Then if its type matches the exception named after the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	106 :keyword:`except` keyword, the except clause is executed, and then execution
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	107 continues after the :keyword:`try` statement.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	108
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	109 * If an exception occurs which does not match the exception named in the except
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	110 clause, it is passed on to outer :keyword:`try` statements; if no handler is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	111 found, it is an unhandled exception and execution stops with a message as
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	112 shown above.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	113
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	114 A :keyword:`try` statement may have more than one except clause, to specify
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	115 handlers for different exceptions. At most one handler will be executed.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	116 Handlers only handle exceptions that occur in the corresponding try clause, not
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	117 in other handlers of the same :keyword:`try` statement. An except clause may
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	118 name multiple exceptions as a parenthesized tuple, for example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	119
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	120 ... except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	121 ... pass
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	122
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	123 The last except clause may omit the exception name(s), to serve as a wildcard.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	124 Use this with extreme caution, since it is easy to mask a real programming error
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	125 in this way! It can also be used to print an error message and then re-raise
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	126 the exception (allowing a caller to handle the exception as well)::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	127
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	128 import sys
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	129
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	130 try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	131 f = open('myfile.txt')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	132 s = f.readline()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	133 i = int(s.strip())
45048 250f29bab61b Demonstrate new except/as syntax. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 44315 diff changeset	134 except IOError as (errno, strerror):
47282 70f9a5db279c update the tutorial to use str.format Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> parents: 45048 diff changeset	135 print "I/O error({0}): {1}".format(errno, strerror)
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	136 except ValueError:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	137 print "Could not convert data to an integer."
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	138 except:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	139 print "Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info()[0]
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	140 raise
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	141
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	142 The :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`except` statement has an optional *else
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	143 clause*, which, when present, must follow all except clauses. It is useful for
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	144 code that must be executed if the try clause does not raise an exception. For
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	145 example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	146
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	147 for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	148 try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	149 f = open(arg, 'r')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	150 except IOError:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	151 print 'cannot open', arg
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	152 else:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	153 print arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	154 f.close()
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	155
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	156 The use of the :keyword:`else` clause is better than adding additional code to
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	157 the :keyword:`try` clause because it avoids accidentally catching an exception
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	158 that wasn't raised by the code being protected by the :keyword:`try` ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	159 :keyword:`except` statement.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	160
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	161 When an exception occurs, it may have an associated value, also known as the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	162 exception's argument. The presence and type of the argument depend on the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	163 exception type.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	164
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	165 The except clause may specify a variable after the exception name (or tuple).
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	166 The variable is bound to an exception instance with the arguments stored in
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	167 ``instance.args``. For convenience, the exception instance defines
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	168 :meth:`__str__` so the arguments can be printed directly without having to
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	169 reference ``.args``.
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	170
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	171 One may also instantiate an exception first before raising it and add any
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	172 attributes to it as desired. ::
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	173
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	174 >>> try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	175 ... raise Exception('spam', 'eggs')
45048 250f29bab61b Demonstrate new except/as syntax. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 44315 diff changeset	176 ... except Exception as inst:
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	177 ... print type(inst) # the exception instance
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	178 ... print inst.args # arguments stored in .args
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	179 ... print inst # __str__ allows args to printed directly
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	180 ... x, y = inst # __getitem__ allows args to be unpacked directly
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	181 ... print 'x =', x
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	182 ... print 'y =', y
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	183 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	184 <type 'exceptions.Exception'>
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	185 ('spam', 'eggs')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	186 ('spam', 'eggs')
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	187 x = spam
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	188 y = eggs
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	189
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	190 If an exception has an argument, it is printed as the last part ('detail') of
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	191 the message for unhandled exceptions.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	192
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	193 Exception handlers don't just handle exceptions if they occur immediately in the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	194 try clause, but also if they occur inside functions that are called (even
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	195 indirectly) in the try clause. For example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	196
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	197 >>> def this_fails():
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	198 ... x = 1/0
50522 ee9ced92843a Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 49207 diff changeset	199 ...
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	200 >>> try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	201 ... this_fails()
45048 250f29bab61b Demonstrate new except/as syntax. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 44315 diff changeset	202 ... except ZeroDivisionError as detail:
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	203 ... print 'Handling run-time error:', detail
50522 ee9ced92843a Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 49207 diff changeset	204 ...
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	205 Handling run-time error: integer division or modulo by zero
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	206
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	207
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	208 .. _tut-raising:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	209
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	210 Raising Exceptions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	211 ==================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	212
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	213 The :keyword:`raise` statement allows the programmer to force a specified
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	214 exception to occur. For example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	215
54350 acc07866b233 Merged revisions 72319-72320,72467,72661,72675-72679,72703,72708,72710,72712,72801-72802,72820,72822,72824,72826-72828,72830 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 50522 diff changeset	216 >>> raise NameError('HiThere')
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	217 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	218 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	219 NameError: HiThere
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	220
56816 66de7111230a Merged revisions 74008,74021-74022,74074-74075,74077,74148,74179,74188,74192-74194,74200,74205 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 55993 diff changeset	221 The argument to :keyword:`raise` is an exception class or instance to be
66de7111230a Merged revisions 74008,74021-74022,74074-74075,74077,74148,74179,74188,74192-74194,74200,74205 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 55993 diff changeset	222 raised. There is a deprecated alternate syntax that separates class and
66de7111230a Merged revisions 74008,74021-74022,74074-74075,74077,74148,74179,74188,74192-74194,74200,74205 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 55993 diff changeset	223 constructor arguments; the above could be written as ``raise NameError,
66de7111230a Merged revisions 74008,74021-74022,74074-74075,74077,74148,74179,74188,74192-74194,74200,74205 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 55993 diff changeset	224 'HiThere'``. Since it once was the only one available, the latter form is
66de7111230a Merged revisions 74008,74021-74022,74074-74075,74077,74148,74179,74188,74192-74194,74200,74205 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 55993 diff changeset	225 prevalent in older code.
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	226
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	227 If you need to determine whether an exception was raised but don't intend to
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	228 handle it, a simpler form of the :keyword:`raise` statement allows you to
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	229 re-raise the exception::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	230
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	231 >>> try:
54350 acc07866b233 Merged revisions 72319-72320,72467,72661,72675-72679,72703,72708,72710,72712,72801-72802,72820,72822,72824,72826-72828,72830 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 50522 diff changeset	232 ... raise NameError('HiThere')
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	233 ... except NameError:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	234 ... print 'An exception flew by!'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	235 ... raise
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	236 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	237 An exception flew by!
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	238 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	239 File "<stdin>", line 2, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	240 NameError: HiThere
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	241
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	242
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	243 .. _tut-userexceptions:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	244
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	245 User-defined Exceptions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	246 =======================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	247
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	248 Programs may name their own exceptions by creating a new exception class (see
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	249 :ref:`tut-classes` for more about Python classes). Exceptions should typically
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	250 be derived from the :exc:`Exception` class, either directly or indirectly. For
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	251 example::
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	252
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	253 >>> class MyError(Exception):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	254 ... def __init__(self, value):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	255 ... self.value = value
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	256 ... def __str__(self):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	257 ... return repr(self.value)
50522 ee9ced92843a Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 49207 diff changeset	258 ...
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	259 >>> try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	260 ... raise MyError(2*2)
45048 250f29bab61b Demonstrate new except/as syntax. Raymond Hettinger <python@rcn.com> parents: 44315 diff changeset	261 ... except MyError as e:
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	262 ... print 'My exception occurred, value:', e.value
50522 ee9ced92843a Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 49207 diff changeset	263 ...
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	264 My exception occurred, value: 4
54350 acc07866b233 Merged revisions 72319-72320,72467,72661,72675-72679,72703,72708,72710,72712,72801-72802,72820,72822,72824,72826-72828,72830 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 50522 diff changeset	265 >>> raise MyError('oops!')
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	266 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	267 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	268 __main__.MyError: 'oops!'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	269
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	270 In this example, the default :meth:`__init__` of :class:`Exception` has been
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	271 overridden. The new behavior simply creates the value attribute. This
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	272 replaces the default behavior of creating the args attribute.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	273
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	274 Exception classes can be defined which do anything any other class can do, but
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	275 are usually kept simple, often only offering a number of attributes that allow
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	276 information about the error to be extracted by handlers for the exception. When
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	277 creating a module that can raise several distinct errors, a common practice is
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	278 to create a base class for exceptions defined by that module, and subclass that
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	279 to create specific exception classes for different error conditions::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	280
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	281 class Error(Exception):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	282 """Base class for exceptions in this module."""
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	283 pass
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	284
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	285 class InputError(Error):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	286 """Exception raised for errors in the input.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	287
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	288 Attributes:
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	289 expr -- input expression in which the error occurred
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	290 msg -- explanation of the error
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	291 """
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	292
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	293 def __init__(self, expr, msg):
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	294 self.expr = expr
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	295 self.msg = msg
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	296
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	297 class TransitionError(Error):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	298 """Raised when an operation attempts a state transition that's not
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	299 allowed.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	300
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	301 Attributes:
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	302 prev -- state at beginning of transition
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	303 next -- attempted new state
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	304 msg -- explanation of why the specific transition is not allowed
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	305 """
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	306
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	307 def __init__(self, prev, next, msg):
85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	308 self.prev = prev
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	309 self.next = next
56820 85aa706f7126 Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 56816 diff changeset	310 self.msg = msg
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	311
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	312 Most exceptions are defined with names that end in "Error," similar to the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	313 naming of the standard exceptions.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	314
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	315 Many standard modules define their own exceptions to report errors that may
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	316 occur in functions they define. More information on classes is presented in
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	317 chapter :ref:`tut-classes`.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	318
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	319
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	320 .. _tut-cleanup:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	321
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	322 Defining Clean-up Actions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	323 =========================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	324
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	325 The :keyword:`try` statement has another optional clause which is intended to
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	326 define clean-up actions that must be executed under all circumstances. For
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	327 example::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	328
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	329 >>> try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	330 ... raise KeyboardInterrupt
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	331 ... finally:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	332 ... print 'Goodbye, world!'
50522 ee9ced92843a Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 49207 diff changeset	333 ...
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	334 Goodbye, world!
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	335 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	336 File "<stdin>", line 2, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	337 KeyboardInterrupt
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	338
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	339 A finally clause is always executed before leaving the :keyword:`try`
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	340 statement, whether an exception has occurred or not. When an exception has
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	341 occurred in the :keyword:`try` clause and has not been handled by an
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	342 :keyword:`except` clause (or it has occurred in a :keyword:`except` or
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	343 :keyword:`else` clause), it is re-raised after the :keyword:`finally` clause has
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	344 been executed. The :keyword:`finally` clause is also executed "on the way out"
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	345 when any other clause of the :keyword:`try` statement is left via a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	346 :keyword:`break`, :keyword:`continue` or :keyword:`return` statement. A more
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	347 complicated example (having :keyword:`except` and :keyword:`finally` clauses in
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	348 the same :keyword:`try` statement works as of Python 2.5)::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	349
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	350 >>> def divide(x, y):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	351 ... try:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	352 ... result = x / y
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	353 ... except ZeroDivisionError:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	354 ... print "division by zero!"
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	355 ... else:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	356 ... print "result is", result
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	357 ... finally:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	358 ... print "executing finally clause"
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	359 ...
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	360 >>> divide(2, 1)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	361 result is 2
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	362 executing finally clause
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	363 >>> divide(2, 0)
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	364 division by zero!
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	365 executing finally clause
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	366 >>> divide("2", "1")
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	367 executing finally clause
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	368 Traceback (most recent call last):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	369 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	370 File "<stdin>", line 3, in divide
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	371 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'str'
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	372
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	373 As you can see, the :keyword:`finally` clause is executed in any event. The
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	374 :exc:`TypeError` raised by dividing two strings is not handled by the
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	375 :keyword:`except` clause and therefore re-raised after the :keyword:`finally`
49207 d17cc4d1766c Fix typo. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: 47282 diff changeset	376 clause has been executed.
42603 c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	377
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	378 In real world applications, the :keyword:`finally` clause is useful for
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	379 releasing external resources (such as files or network connections), regardless
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	380 of whether the use of the resource was successful.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	381
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	382
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	383 .. _tut-cleanup-with:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	384
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	385 Predefined Clean-up Actions
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	386 ===========================
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	387
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	388 Some objects define standard clean-up actions to be undertaken when the object
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	389 is no longer needed, regardless of whether or not the operation using the object
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	390 succeeded or failed. Look at the following example, which tries to open a file
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	391 and print its contents to the screen. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	392
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	393 for line in open("myfile.txt"):
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	394 print line
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	395
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	396 The problem with this code is that it leaves the file open for an indeterminate
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	397 amount of time after the code has finished executing. This is not an issue in
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	398 simple scripts, but can be a problem for larger applications. The
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	399 :keyword:`with` statement allows objects like files to be used in a way that
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	400 ensures they are always cleaned up promptly and correctly. ::
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	401
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	402 with open("myfile.txt") as f:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	403 for line in f:
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	404 print line
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	405
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	406 After the statement is executed, the file f is always closed, even if a
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	407 problem was encountered while processing the lines. Other objects which provide
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	408 predefined clean-up actions will indicate this in their documentation.
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	409
c62f6669ae22 Move the 2.6 reST doc tree in place. Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> parents: diff changeset	410

Mercurial > cpython-lru_cache-weakref

annotate Doc/tutorial/errors.rst @ 56820:85aa706f7126 2.6