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New section header style. Fix up a few synopses.
author Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
date Mon, 10 Aug 1998 19:42:37 +0000
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children 6cd93322b810
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1 \section{\module{struct} ---
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2 Interpret strings as packed binary data.}
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3 \declaremodule{builtin}{struct}
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4
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5 \modulesynopsis{Interpret strings as packed binary data.}
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6
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7 \indexii{C@\C{}}{structures}
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8
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9 This module performs conversions between Python values and C
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10 structs represented as Python strings. It uses \dfn{format strings}
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11 (explained below) as compact descriptions of the lay-out of the C
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12 structs and the intended conversion to/from Python values.
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13
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14 The module defines the following exception and functions:
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15
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16
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17 \begin{excdesc}{error}
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18 Exception raised on various occasions; argument is a string
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19 describing what is wrong.
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20 \end{excdesc}
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21
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22 \begin{funcdesc}{pack}{fmt, v1, v2, {\rm \ldots}}
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23 Return a string containing the values
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24 \code{\var{v1}, \var{v2}, {\rm \ldots}} packed according to the given
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25 format. The arguments must match the values required by the format
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26 exactly.
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27 \end{funcdesc}
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28
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29 \begin{funcdesc}{unpack}{fmt, string}
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30 Unpack the string (presumably packed by \code{pack(\var{fmt}, {\rm \ldots})})
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31 according to the given format. The result is a tuple even if it
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32 contains exactly one item. The string must contain exactly the
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33 amount of data required by the format (i.e. \code{len(\var{string})} must
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34 equal \code{calcsize(\var{fmt})}).
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35 \end{funcdesc}
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36
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37 \begin{funcdesc}{calcsize}{fmt}
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38 Return the size of the struct (and hence of the string)
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39 corresponding to the given format.
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40 \end{funcdesc}
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41
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42 Format characters have the following meaning; the conversion between C
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43 and Python values should be obvious given their types:
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44
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45 \begin{tableiii}{c|l|l}{samp}{Format}{C Type}{Python}
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46 \lineiii{x}{pad byte}{no value}
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47 \lineiii{c}{char}{string of length 1}
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48 \lineiii{b}{signed char}{integer}
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49 \lineiii{B}{unsigned char}{integer}
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50 \lineiii{h}{short}{integer}
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51 \lineiii{H}{unsigned short}{integer}
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52 \lineiii{i}{int}{integer}
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53 \lineiii{I}{unsigned int}{integer}
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54 \lineiii{l}{long}{integer}
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55 \lineiii{L}{unsigned long}{integer}
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56 \lineiii{f}{float}{float}
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57 \lineiii{d}{double}{float}
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58 \lineiii{s}{char[]}{string}
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59 \lineiii{p}{char[]}{string}
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60 \end{tableiii}
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61
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62 A format character may be preceded by an integral repeat count; e.g.\
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63 the format string \code{'4h'} means exactly the same as \code{'hhhh'}.
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64
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65 Whitespace characters between formats are ignored; a count and its
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66 format must not contain whitespace though.
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67
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68 For the \character{s} format character, the count is interpreted as the
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69 size of the string, not a repeat count like for the other format
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70 characters; e.g. \code{'10s'} means a single 10-byte string, while
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71 \code{'10c'} means 10 characters. For packing, the string is
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72 truncated or padded with null bytes as appropriate to make it fit.
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73 For unpacking, the resulting string always has exactly the specified
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74 number of bytes. As a special case, \code{'0s'} means a single, empty
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75 string (while \code{'0c'} means 0 characters).
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76
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77 The \character{p} format character can be used to encode a Pascal
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78 string. The first byte is the length of the stored string, with the
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79 bytes of the string following. If count is given, it is used as the
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80 total number of bytes used, including the length byte. If the string
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81 passed in to \function{pack()} is too long, the stored representation
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82 is truncated. If the string is too short, padding is used to ensure
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83 that exactly enough bytes are used to satisfy the count.
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84
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85 For the \character{I} and \character{L} format characters, the return
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86 value is a Python long integer.
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87
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88 By default, C numbers are represented in the machine's native format
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89 and byte order, and properly aligned by skipping pad bytes if
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90 necessary (according to the rules used by the C compiler).
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91
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92 Alternatively, the first character of the format string can be used to
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93 indicate the byte order, size and alignment of the packed data,
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94 according to the following table:
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95
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96 \begin{tableiii}{c|l|l}{samp}{Character}{Byte order}{Size and alignment}
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97 \lineiii{@}{native}{native}
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98 \lineiii{=}{native}{standard}
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99 \lineiii{<}{little-endian}{standard}
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100 \lineiii{>}{big-endian}{standard}
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101 \lineiii{!}{network (= big-endian)}{standard}
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102 \end{tableiii}
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103
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104 If the first character is not one of these, \character{@} is assumed.
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105
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106 Native byte order is big-endian or little-endian, depending on the
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107 host system (e.g. Motorola and Sun are big-endian; Intel and DEC are
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108 little-endian).
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109
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110 Native size and alignment are determined using the C compiler's sizeof
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111 expression. This is always combined with native byte order.
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112
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113 Standard size and alignment are as follows: no alignment is required
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114 for any type (so you have to use pad bytes); short is 2 bytes; int and
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115 long are 4 bytes. Float and double are 32-bit and 64-bit IEEE floating
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116 point numbers, respectively.
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117
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118 Note the difference between \character{@} and \character{=}: both use native
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119 byte order, but the size and alignment of the latter is standardized.
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120
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121 The form \character{!} is available for those poor souls who claim they
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122 can't remember whether network byte order is big-endian or
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123 little-endian.
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124
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125 There is no way to indicate non-native byte order (i.e. force
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126 byte-swapping); use the appropriate choice of \character{<} or
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127 \character{>}.
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128
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129 Examples (all using native byte order, size and alignment, on a
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130 big-endian machine):
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131
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132 \begin{verbatim}
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133 >>> from struct import *
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134 >>> pack('hhl', 1, 2, 3)
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135 '\000\001\000\002\000\000\000\003'
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136 >>> unpack('hhl', '\000\001\000\002\000\000\000\003')
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137 (1, 2, 3)
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138 >>> calcsize('hhl')
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139 8
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140 >>>
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141 \end{verbatim}
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142 %
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143 Hint: to align the end of a structure to the alignment requirement of
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144 a particular type, end the format with the code for that type with a
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145 repeat count of zero, e.g.\ the format \code{'llh0l'} specifies two
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146 pad bytes at the end, assuming longs are aligned on 4-byte boundaries.
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147 This only works when native size and alignment are in effect;
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148 standard size and alignment does not enforce any alignment.
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149
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150 \begin{seealso}
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151 \seemodule{array}{packed binary storage of homogeneous data}
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152 \end{seealso}