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New examples by Tony Ingraldi, using dns-lookup in stead of the funny interslip module.
author Jack Jansen <jack.jansen@cwi.nl>
date Fri, 03 Dec 1999 15:15:28 +0000
parents 149a54798896
children 16fc717bea3c
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1 <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part two</TITLE></HEAD>
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2 <BODY>
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3 <H1>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part two</H1>
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4 <HR>
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5
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6 In this document we rewrite the application of the <A
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7 HREF="example1.html">previous example</A> to use modeless dialogs. We
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8 will use an application framework, and we will have a look at creating
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9 applets, standalone applications written in Python. The <A
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10 HREF="example2/dnslookup-2.py">source code</A> and
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11 <A HREF="example2/dnslookup-2.rsrc">resource file</A> are available in the folder
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12 <A HREF="example2">example2</A>. <p>
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13
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14 Again, we start with ResEdit to create our dialogs. Not only do we
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15 want a main dialog this time but also an "About" dialog. This example is less
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16 than complete since we do not provide a <A NAME="bundle">BNDL resource</A>
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17 and related stuff that an application cannot be without. We are able to do this
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18 when building a python applet since BuildApplet will substitute default resources
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19 for BNDL, etc. when none are supplied (<A HREF="#no-bundle">See below</A>.)
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20 "Inside Mac" or various
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21 books on Macintosh programming will help here. Also, you can refer to
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22 the resource files provided in the Python source distribution for some
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23 of the python-specific points of BNDL programming: the
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24 "appletbundle.rsrc" file is what is used for creating applets if you
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25 don't provide your own resource file. <p>
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26
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27 When creating your own BNDL resouorces, keep in mind that the Finder gets
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28 confused if you have more than one application with the same signature. This may be due
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29 to some incorrectness on the side of "BuildApplet", I am not sure. There is one
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30 case when you definitely need a unique signature: when you create an applet that
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31 has its own data files and you want the user to be able to start your
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32 applet by double-clicking one of the datafiles. <p>
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33
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34 Let's have a look at dnslookup-2.rsrc, our resource file. Dialog 512 is the
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35 main window which has one button (Lookup), two labels and
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36 two text entry areas, one of which is used for output only. The "Quit" and
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37 button has disappeared, because its function is handled by a menu choice. Here's
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38 what it will look like at run time:<p>
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39 <div align=center>
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40 <img width=324 height=205 src="example2/dnslookup-2.gif" alt="dialog image">
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41 </div>
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42 <p>
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43
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44 <H2>A modeless dialog application using FrameWork</H2>
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45
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46 On to the source code in <A
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47 HREF="example2/dnslookup-2.py">dnslookup-2.py</A>. The
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48 start is similar to our previous example program <A
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49 HREF="example1/dnslookup-1.py">dnslookup-1.py</A>, with
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50 one extra module being imported. To make life more simple we will use
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51 the <CODE>FrameWork</CODE> module, a nifty piece of code that handles
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52 all the gory Mac details of event loop programming, menubar
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53 installation and all the other code that is the same for every Mac
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54 program in the world. Like most standard modules, FrameWork will run
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55 some sample test code when you invoke it as a main program, so try it
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56 now. It will create a menu bar with an Apple menu with the about box
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57 and a "File" menu with some pythonesque choices (which do nothing
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58 interesting, by the way) and a "Quit" command that works. <p>
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59
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60 <BLOCKQUOTE>
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61 If you have not used <code>FrameWork</code> before you may want to
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62 first take a look at the <A HREF="textedit.html">Pathetic EDitor</A>
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63 example, which builds a minimal text editor using FrameWork and TextEdit.
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64 On the other hand: we don't use many features of FrameWork, so you could
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65 also continue with this document.
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66 </BLOCKQUOTE>
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67
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68 After the imports we get the definitions of resource-IDs in our
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69 resource file, slightly changed from the previous version of our
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70 program. The main program is also
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71 similar to our previous version, with one important exception: we
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72 first check to see whether our resource is available before opening
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73 the resource file. Why is this? Because later, when we will have
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74 converted the script to an applet, our resources will be available in
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75 the applet file and we don't need the separate resource file
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76 anymore. <p>
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77
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78 Next comes the definition of our main class,
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79 <CODE>DNSLookup</CODE>, which inherits
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80 <CODE>FrameWork.Application</CODE>. The Application class handles the
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81 menu bar and the main event loop and event dispatching. In the
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82 <CODE>__init__</CODE> routine we first let the base class initialize
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83 itself, then we create our modeless dialog and finally we jump into
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84 the main loop. The main loop continues until we call <CODE>self._quit</CODE>,
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85 which we will do when the user selects "Quit". When we create
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86 the instance of <CODE>MyDialog</CODE> (which inherits
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87 <CODE>DialogWindow</CODE>, which inherits <CODE>Window</CODE>) we pass
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88 a reference to the application object, this reference is used to tell
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89 Application about our new window. This enables the event loop to keep
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90 track of all windows and dispatch things like update events and mouse
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91 clicks. <p>
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92
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93 The <CODE>makeusermenus()</CODE> method (which is called sometime
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94 during the Application <CODE>__init__</CODE> routine) creates a File
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95 menu with a Quit command (shortcut command-Q), which will callback to
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96 our quit() method. <CODE>Quit()</CODE>, in turn, calls <CODE>_quit</CODE> which
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97 causes the mainloop to terminate at a convenient time. <p>
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98
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99 Application provides a standard about box, but we override this by
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100 providing our own <CODE>do_about()</CODE> method which shows an about
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101 box from a resource as a modal dialog. This piece of code should look
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102 familiar to you from the previous example program. That do_about is
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103 called when the user selects About from the Apple menu is, again,
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104 taken care of by the __init__ routine of Application. <p>
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105
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106 The <CODE>MyDialog</CODE> class is the container for our main
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107 window. Initialization is again done by first calling the base class
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108 <CODE>__init__</CODE> function and finally setting the local variable
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109 "parent." <p>
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110
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111 <CODE>Do_itemhit()</CODE> is called when an item is selected in this
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112 dialog by the user. We are passed the item number (and the original
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113 event structure, which we normally ignore). The code is similar to the
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114 main loop of our previous example program: a switch depending on the
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115 item selected. <CODE>Dnslookup()</CODE> is quite similar to our previous
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116 example. <p>
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117
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118 <H2><IMG SRC="html.icons/mkapplet.gif"><A NAME="applets">Creating applets</A></H2>
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119
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120 Now let us try to turn the python script into an applet, a standalone
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121 application. This will <em>not</em> work if you have the "classic 68k"
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122 Python distribution, only if you have the cfm68k or PPC distribution.
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123
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124 <blockquote>
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125 Actually, "standalone" is probably not the correct term here, since an
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126 applet does still depend on a lot of the python environment: the
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127 PythonCore shared library, the Python Preferences file, the python Lib
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128 folder and any other modules that the main module depends on. It is
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129 possible to get rid of all these dependencies and create true standalone
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130 applications in Python, but this is a bit difficult. See <a href="standalone.html">
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131 Standalone Applications in Python</a> for details. For this
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132 document, by standalone we mean here that
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133 the script has the look-and-feel of an application, including the
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134 ability to have its own document types, be droppable, etc.
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135 </blockquote>
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136
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137 The easiest way to create an applet is to take your source file and
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138 drop it onto "BuildApplet", located in the Python home
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139 folder. This will create an applet with the same name as your python
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140 source with the ".py" stripped. Also, if a resource file with the same
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141 name as your source but with ".rsrc" extension is available the
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142 resources from that file will be copied to your applet too. If there
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143 is no resource file for your script a set of default resources will be
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144 used, and the applet will have the default creator 'Pyt0'. The latter
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145 also happens if you do have a resource file but without the BNDL
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146 combo. <A NAME="no-bundle">Actually</A>, as in the present example.
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147 <p>
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148
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149 If you need slightly more control over the BuildApplet process you can
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150 double-click it, and you will get dialogs for source and
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151 destination of the applet. The rest of the process, including locating
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152 the resource file, remains the same. <p>
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153
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154 Note that though our example application completely bypasses the
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155 normal python user interface this is by no means necessary. Any python
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156 script can be turned into an applet, and all the usual features of the
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157 interpreter still work. <p>
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158
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159 That's all for this example, you may now return to the <A HREF="index.html">
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160 table of contents</A> to pick another topic. <p>
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161 </BODY>
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162 </HTML>