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Grammar (AMK).
author Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
date Mon, 02 Jun 1997 17:30:20 +0000
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1 \section{Standard Module \sectcode{string}}
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2
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3 \stmodindex{string}
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4
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5 This module defines some constants useful for checking character
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6 classes and some useful string functions. See the modules
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7 \code{regex} and \code{regsub} for string functions based on regular
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8 expressions.
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9
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10 The constants defined in this module are are:
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11
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12 \renewcommand{\indexsubitem}{(data in module string)}
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13 \begin{datadesc}{digits}
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14 The string \code{'0123456789'}.
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15 \end{datadesc}
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16
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17 \begin{datadesc}{hexdigits}
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18 The string \code{'0123456789abcdefABCDEF'}.
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19 \end{datadesc}
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20
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21 \begin{datadesc}{letters}
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22 The concatenation of the strings \code{lowercase} and
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23 \code{uppercase} described below.
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24 \end{datadesc}
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25
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26 \begin{datadesc}{lowercase}
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27 A string containing all the characters that are considered lowercase
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28 letters. On most systems this is the string
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29 \code{'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'}. Do not change its definition ---
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30 the effect on the routines \code{upper} and \code{swapcase} is
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31 undefined.
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32 \end{datadesc}
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33
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34 \begin{datadesc}{octdigits}
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35 The string \code{'01234567'}.
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36 \end{datadesc}
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37
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38 \begin{datadesc}{uppercase}
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39 A string containing all the characters that are considered uppercase
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40 letters. On most systems this is the string
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41 \code{'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'}. Do not change its definition ---
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42 the effect on the routines \code{lower} and \code{swapcase} is
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43 undefined.
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44 \end{datadesc}
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45
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46 \begin{datadesc}{whitespace}
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47 A string containing all characters that are considered whitespace.
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48 On most systems this includes the characters space, tab, linefeed,
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49 return, formfeed, and vertical tab. Do not change its definition ---
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50 the effect on the routines \code{strip} and \code{split} is
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51 undefined.
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52 \end{datadesc}
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53
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54 The functions defined in this module are:
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55
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56 \renewcommand{\indexsubitem}{(in module string)}
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57
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58 \begin{funcdesc}{atof}{s}
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59 Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have
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60 the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python, optionally
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61 preceded by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). Note that this behaves
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62 identical to the built-in function \code{float()} when passed a string.
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63 \end{funcdesc}
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64
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65 \begin{funcdesc}{atoi}{s\optional{\, base}}
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66 Convert string \var{s} to an integer in the given \var{base}. The
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67 string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a
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68 sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} defaults to 10. If it is
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69 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters of the
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70 string (after stripping the sign): \samp{0x} or \samp{0X} means 16,
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71 \samp{0} means 8, anything else means 10. If \var{base} is 16, a
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72 leading \samp{0x} or \samp{0X} is always accepted. Note that when
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73 invoked without \var{base} or with \var{base} set to 10, this behaves
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74 identical to the built-in function \code{int()} when passed a string.
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75 (Also note: for a more flexible interpretation of numeric literals,
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76 use the built-in function \code{eval()}.)
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77 \bifuncindex{eval}
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78 \end{funcdesc}
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79
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80 \begin{funcdesc}{atol}{s\optional{\, base}}
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81 Convert string \var{s} to a long integer in the given \var{base}. The
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82 string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a
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83 sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} argument has the same
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84 meaning as for \code{atoi()}. A trailing \samp{l} or \samp{L} is not
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85 allowed, except if the base is 0. Note that when invoked without
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86 \var{base} or with \var{base} set to 10, this behaves identical to the
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87 built-in function \code{long()} when passed a string.
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88 \end{funcdesc}
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89
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90 \begin{funcdesc}{capitalize}{word}
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91 Capitalize the first character of the argument.
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92 \end{funcdesc}
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93
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94 \begin{funcdesc}{capwords}{s}
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95 Split the argument into words using \code{split}, capitalize each word
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96 using \code{capitalize}, and join the capitalized words using
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97 \code{join}. Note that this replaces runs of whitespace characters by
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98 a single space. (See also \code{regsub.capwords()} for a version
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99 that doesn't change the delimiters, and lets you specify a word
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100 separator.)
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101 \end{funcdesc}
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102
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103 \begin{funcdesc}{expandtabs}{s\, tabsize}
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104 Expand tabs in a string, i.e.\ replace them by one or more spaces,
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105 depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column
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106 number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string.
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107 This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape
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108 sequences.
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109 \end{funcdesc}
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110
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111 \begin{funcdesc}{find}{s\, sub\optional{\, start\optional{\,end}}}
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112 Return the lowest index in \var{s} not smaller than \var{start} and not
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113 greater than \var{end} where the substring \var{sub} is found. Return
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114 \code{-1} when \var{sub} does not occur as a substring of \var{s} with
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115 index at least \var{start} and less than \var{end}.
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116 If \var{start} is omitted, it defaults to \code{0}. If \var{start} is
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117 negative, \code{len(\var{s})} is added.
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118 If \var{end} is omitted, it defaults to \code{len(\var{s})}. If
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119 \var{end} is negative, \code{len(\var{s})} is added.
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120 \end{funcdesc}
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121
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122 \begin{funcdesc}{rfind}{s\, sub\optional{\, start\optional{\,end}}}
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123 Like \code{find} but find the highest index.
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124 \end{funcdesc}
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125
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126 \begin{funcdesc}{index}{s\, sub\optional{\, start\optional{\,end}}}
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127 Like \code{find} but raise \code{ValueError} when the substring is
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128 not found.
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129 \end{funcdesc}
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130
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131 \begin{funcdesc}{rindex}{s\, sub\optional{\, start\optional{\,end}}}
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132 Like \code{rfind} but raise \code{ValueError} when the substring is
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133 not found.
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134 \end{funcdesc}
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135
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136 \begin{funcdesc}{count}{s\, sub\optional{\, start}}
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137 Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring
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138 \var{sub} in string \var{s} with index at least \var{start}.
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139 If \var{start} is omitted, it defaults to \code{0}. If \var{start} is
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140 negative, \code{len(\var{s})} is added.
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141 \end{funcdesc}
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142
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143 \begin{funcdesc}{lower}{s}
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144 Convert letters to lower case.
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145 \end{funcdesc}
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146
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147 \begin{funcdesc}{maketrans}{from, to}
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148 Return a translation table suitable for passing to \code{string.translate}
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149 or \code{regex.compile}, that will map each character in \var{from}
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150 into the character at the same position in \var{to}; \var{from} and
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151 \var{to} must have the same length.
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152 \end{funcdesc}
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153
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154 \begin{funcdesc}{split}{s\optional{\, sep\optional{\, maxsplit}}}
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155 Return a list of the words of the string \var{s}. If the optional
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156 second argument \var{sep} is absent or \code{None}, the words are
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157 separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab,
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158 newline, return, formfeed). If the second argument \var{sep} is
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159 present and not \code{None}, it specifies a string to be used as the
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160 word separator. The returned list will then have one more items than
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161 the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in the
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162 string. The optional third argument \var{maxsplit} defaults to 0. If
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163 it is nonzero, at most \var{maxsplit} number of splits occur, and the
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164 remainder of the string is returned as the final element of the list
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165 (thus, the list will have at most \code{\var{maxsplit}+1} elements).
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166 (See also \code{regsub.split()} for a version that allows specifying a
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167 regular expression as the separator.)
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168 \end{funcdesc}
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169
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170 \begin{funcdesc}{splitfields}{s\optional{\, sep\optional{\, maxsplit}}}
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171 This function behaves identically to \code{split}. (In the past,
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172 \code{split} was only used with one argument, while \code{splitfields}
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173 was only used with two arguments.)
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174 \end{funcdesc}
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175
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176 \begin{funcdesc}{join}{words\optional{\, sep}}
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177 Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of
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178 \var{sep}. The default value for \var{sep} is a single space character.
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179 It is always true that
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180 \code{string.join(string.split(\var{s}, \var{sep}), \var{sep})}
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181 equals \var{s}.
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182 \end{funcdesc}
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183
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184 \begin{funcdesc}{joinfields}{words\optional{\, sep}}
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185 This function behaves identical to \code{join}. (In the past,
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186 \code{join} was only used with one argument, while \code{joinfields}
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187 was only used with two arguments.)
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188 \end{funcdesc}
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189
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190 \begin{funcdesc}{lstrip}{s}
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191 Remove leading whitespace from the string \var{s}.
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192 \end{funcdesc}
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193
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194 \begin{funcdesc}{rstrip}{s}
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195 Remove trailing whitespace from the string \var{s}.
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196 \end{funcdesc}
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197
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198 \begin{funcdesc}{strip}{s}
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199 Remove leading and trailing whitespace from the string \var{s}.
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200 \end{funcdesc}
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201
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202 \begin{funcdesc}{swapcase}{s}
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203 Convert lower case letters to upper case and vice versa.
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204 \end{funcdesc}
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205
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206 \begin{funcdesc}{translate}{s, table\optional{, deletechars}}
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207 Delete all characters from \var{s} that are in \var{deletechars} (if present), and
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208 then translate the characters using \var{table}, which must be
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209 a 256-character string giving the translation for each character
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210 value, indexed by its ordinal.
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211 \end{funcdesc}
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212
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213 \begin{funcdesc}{upper}{s}
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214 Convert letters to upper case.
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215 \end{funcdesc}
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216
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217 \begin{funcdesc}{ljust}{s\, width}
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218 \funcline{rjust}{s\, width}
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219 \funcline{center}{s\, width}
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220 These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center a
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221 string in a field of given width.
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222 They return a string that is at least
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223 \var{width}
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224 characters wide, created by padding the string
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225 \var{s}
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226 with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both sides.
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227 The string is never truncated.
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228 \end{funcdesc}
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229
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230 \begin{funcdesc}{zfill}{s\, width}
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231 Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given
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232 width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled correctly.
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233 \end{funcdesc}
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234
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235 \begin{funcdesc}{replace}{str, old, new\optional{, maxsplit}}
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236 Return a copy of string \var{str} with all occurrences of substring
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237 \var{old} replaced by \var{new}. If the optional argument
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238 \var{maxsplit} is given, the first \var{maxsplit} occurrences are
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239 replaced.
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240 \end{funcdesc}
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241
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242 This module is implemented in Python. Much of its functionality has
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243 been reimplemented in the built-in module \code{strop}. However, you
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244 should \emph{never} import the latter module directly. When
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245 \code{string} discovers that \code{strop} exists, it transparently
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246 replaces parts of itself with the implementation from \code{strop}.
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247 After initialization, there is \emph{no} overhead in using
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248 \code{string} instead of \code{strop}.
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249 \bimodindex{strop}