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Make internal module references hyperlinks wherever it makes sense.
author Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>
date Thu, 22 Apr 1999 21:23:22 +0000
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1 \section{\module{string} ---
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2 Common string operations}
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3
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4 \declaremodule{standard}{string}
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5 \modulesynopsis{Common string operations.}
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6
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7
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8 This module defines some constants useful for checking character
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9 classes and some useful string functions. See the module
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10 \refmodule{re}\refstmodindex{re} for string functions based on regular
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11 expressions.
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12
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13 The constants defined in this module are are:
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14
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15 \begin{datadesc}{digits}
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16 The string \code{'0123456789'}.
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17 \end{datadesc}
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18
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19 \begin{datadesc}{hexdigits}
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20 The string \code{'0123456789abcdefABCDEF'}.
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21 \end{datadesc}
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22
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23 \begin{datadesc}{letters}
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24 The concatenation of the strings \function{lowercase()} and
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25 \function{uppercase()} described below.
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26 \end{datadesc}
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27
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28 \begin{datadesc}{lowercase}
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29 A string containing all the characters that are considered lowercase
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30 letters. On most systems this is the string
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31 \code{'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'}. Do not change its definition ---
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32 the effect on the routines \function{upper()} and
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33 \function{swapcase()} is undefined.
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34 \end{datadesc}
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35
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36 \begin{datadesc}{octdigits}
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37 The string \code{'01234567'}.
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38 \end{datadesc}
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39
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40 \begin{datadesc}{uppercase}
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41 A string containing all the characters that are considered uppercase
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42 letters. On most systems this is the string
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43 \code{'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'}. Do not change its definition ---
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44 the effect on the routines \function{lower()} and
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45 \function{swapcase()} is undefined.
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46 \end{datadesc}
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47
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48 \begin{datadesc}{whitespace}
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49 A string containing all characters that are considered whitespace.
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50 On most systems this includes the characters space, tab, linefeed,
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51 return, formfeed, and vertical tab. Do not change its definition ---
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52 the effect on the routines \function{strip()} and \function{split()}
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53 is undefined.
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54 \end{datadesc}
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55
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56 The functions defined in this module are:
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58
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59 \begin{funcdesc}{atof}{s}
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60 Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have
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61 the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python,
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62 optionally preceded by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). Note that
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63 this behaves identical to the built-in function
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64 \function{float()}\bifuncindex{float} when passed a string.
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65
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66 \strong{Note:} When passing in a string, values for NaN\index{NaN}
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67 and Infinity\index{Infinity} may be returned, depending on the
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68 underlying C library. The specific set of strings accepted which
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69 cause these values to be returned depends entirely on the C library
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70 and is known to vary.
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71 \end{funcdesc}
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72
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73 \begin{funcdesc}{atoi}{s\optional{, base}}
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74 Convert string \var{s} to an integer in the given \var{base}. The
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75 string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a
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76 sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} defaults to 10. If it
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77 is 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters
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78 of the string (after stripping the sign): \samp{0x} or \samp{0X}
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79 means 16, \samp{0} means 8, anything else means 10. If \var{base}
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80 is 16, a leading \samp{0x} or \samp{0X} is always accepted. Note
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81 that when invoked without \var{base} or with \var{base} set to 10,
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82 this behaves identical to the built-in function \function{int()}
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83 when passed a string. (Also note: for a more flexible
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84 interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in function
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85 \function{eval()}\bifuncindex{eval}.)
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86 \end{funcdesc}
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87
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88 \begin{funcdesc}{atol}{s\optional{, base}}
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89 Convert string \var{s} to a long integer in the given \var{base}.
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90 The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded
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91 by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} argument has the
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92 same meaning as for \function{atoi()}. A trailing \samp{l} or
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93 \samp{L} is not allowed, except if the base is 0. Note that when
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94 invoked without \var{base} or with \var{base} set to 10, this
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95 behaves identical to the built-in function
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96 \function{long()}\bifuncindex{long} when passed a string.
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97 \end{funcdesc}
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98
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99 \begin{funcdesc}{capitalize}{word}
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100 Capitalize the first character of the argument.
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101 \end{funcdesc}
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102
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103 \begin{funcdesc}{capwords}{s}
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104 Split the argument into words using \function{split()}, capitalize
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105 each word using \function{capitalize()}, and join the capitalized
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106 words using \function{join()}. Note that this replaces runs of
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107 whitespace characters by a single space, and removes leading and
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108 trailing whitespace.
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109 \end{funcdesc}
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110
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111 \begin{funcdesc}{expandtabs}{s, \optional{tabsize}}
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112 Expand tabs in a string, i.e.\ replace them by one or more spaces,
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113 depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column
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114 number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string.
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115 This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape
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116 sequences. The tab size defaults to 8.
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117 \end{funcdesc}
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118
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119 \begin{funcdesc}{find}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{,end}}}
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120 Return the lowest index in \var{s} where the substring \var{sub} is
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121 found such that \var{sub} is wholly contained in
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122 \code{\var{s}[\var{start}:\var{end}]}. Return \code{-1} on failure.
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123 Defaults for \var{start} and \var{end} and interpretation of
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124 negative values is the same as for slices.
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125 \end{funcdesc}
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126
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127 \begin{funcdesc}{rfind}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
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128 Like \function{find()} but find the highest index.
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129 \end{funcdesc}
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130
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131 \begin{funcdesc}{index}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
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132 Like \function{find()} but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
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133 substring is not found.
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134 \end{funcdesc}
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135
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136 \begin{funcdesc}{rindex}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
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137 Like \function{rfind()} but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
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138 substring is not found.
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139 \end{funcdesc}
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140
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141 \begin{funcdesc}{count}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
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142 Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring
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143 \var{sub} in string \code{\var{s}[\var{start}:\var{end}]}.
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144 Defaults for \var{start} and \var{end} and interpretation of
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145 negative values is the same as for slices.
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146 \end{funcdesc}
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147
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148 \begin{funcdesc}{lower}{s}
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149 Return a copy of \var{s}, but with upper case letters converted to
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150 lower case.
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151 \end{funcdesc}
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152
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153 \begin{funcdesc}{maketrans}{from, to}
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154 Return a translation table suitable for passing to
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155 \function{translate()} or \function{regex.compile()}, that will map
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156 each character in \var{from} into the character at the same position
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157 in \var{to}; \var{from} and \var{to} must have the same length.
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158
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159 \strong{Warning:} don't use strings derived from \code{lowercase}
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160 and \code{uppercase} as arguments; in some locales, these don't have
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161 the same length. For case conversions, always use
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162 \function{lower()} and \function{upper()}.
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163 \end{funcdesc}
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164
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165 \begin{funcdesc}{split}{s\optional{, sep\optional{, maxsplit}}}
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166 Return a list of the words of the string \var{s}. If the optional
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167 second argument \var{sep} is absent or \code{None}, the words are
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168 separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab,
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169 newline, return, formfeed). If the second argument \var{sep} is
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170 present and not \code{None}, it specifies a string to be used as the
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171 word separator. The returned list will then have one more items
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172 than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in
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173 the string. The optional third argument \var{maxsplit} defaults to
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174 0. If it is nonzero, at most \var{maxsplit} number of splits occur,
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175 and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of
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176 the list (thus, the list will have at most \code{\var{maxsplit}+1}
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177 elements).
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178 \end{funcdesc}
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179
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180 \begin{funcdesc}{splitfields}{s\optional{, sep\optional{, maxsplit}}}
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181 This function behaves identically to \function{split()}. (In the
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182 past, \function{split()} was only used with one argument, while
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183 \function{splitfields()} was only used with two arguments.)
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184 \end{funcdesc}
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185
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186 \begin{funcdesc}{join}{words\optional{, sep}}
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187 Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of
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188 \var{sep}. The default value for \var{sep} is a single space
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189 character. It is always true that
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190 \samp{string.join(string.split(\var{s}, \var{sep}), \var{sep})}
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191 equals \var{s}.
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192 \end{funcdesc}
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193
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194 \begin{funcdesc}{joinfields}{words\optional{, sep}}
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195 This function behaves identical to \function{join()}. (In the past,
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196 \function{join()} was only used with one argument, while
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197 \function{joinfields()} was only used with two arguments.)
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198 \end{funcdesc}
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199
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200 \begin{funcdesc}{lstrip}{s}
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201 Return a copy of \var{s} but without leading whitespace characters.
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202 \end{funcdesc}
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203
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204 \begin{funcdesc}{rstrip}{s}
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205 Return a copy of \var{s} but without trailing whitespace
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206 characters.
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207 \end{funcdesc}
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208
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209 \begin{funcdesc}{strip}{s}
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210 Return a copy of \var{s} without leading or trailing whitespace.
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211 \end{funcdesc}
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212
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213 \begin{funcdesc}{swapcase}{s}
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214 Return a copy of \var{s}, but with lower case letters
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215 converted to upper case and vice versa.
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216 \end{funcdesc}
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217
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218 \begin{funcdesc}{translate}{s, table\optional{, deletechars}}
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219 Delete all characters from \var{s} that are in \var{deletechars} (if
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220 present), and then translate the characters using \var{table}, which
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221 must be a 256-character string giving the translation for each
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222 character value, indexed by its ordinal.
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223 \end{funcdesc}
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224
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225 \begin{funcdesc}{upper}{s}
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226 Return a copy of \var{s}, but with lower case letters converted to
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227 upper case.
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228 \end{funcdesc}
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229
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230 \begin{funcdesc}{ljust}{s, width}
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231 \funcline{rjust}{s, width}
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232 \funcline{center}{s, width}
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233 These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center
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234 a string in a field of given width. They return a string that is at
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235 least \var{width} characters wide, created by padding the string
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236 \var{s} with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both
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237 sides. The string is never truncated.
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238 \end{funcdesc}
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239
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240 \begin{funcdesc}{zfill}{s, width}
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241 Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given
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242 width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled
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243 correctly.
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244 \end{funcdesc}
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245
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246 \begin{funcdesc}{replace}{str, old, new\optional{, maxsplit}}
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247 Return a copy of string \var{str} with all occurrences of substring
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248 \var{old} replaced by \var{new}. If the optional argument
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249 \var{maxsplit} is given, the first \var{maxsplit} occurrences are
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250 replaced.
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251 \end{funcdesc}
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252
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253 This module is implemented in Python. Much of its functionality has
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254 been reimplemented in the built-in module
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255 \module{strop}\refbimodindex{strop}. However, you
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256 should \emph{never} import the latter module directly. When
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257 \module{string} discovers that \module{strop} exists, it transparently
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258 replaces parts of itself with the implementation from \module{strop}.
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259 After initialization, there is \emph{no} overhead in using
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260 \module{string} instead of \module{strop}.