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annotate Python/random.c @ 75066:f4b7ecf8a5f8 3.1

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Issue #13703: add a way to randomize the hash values of basic types (str, bytes, datetime) in order to make algorithmic complexity attacks on (e.g.) web apps much more complicated. The environment variable PYTHONHASHSEED and the new command line flag -R control this behavior.
author Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
date Mon, 20 Feb 2012 19:54:16 +0100
parents
children ab1886e7fc19
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rev   line source
75066
f4b7ecf8a5f8 Issue #13703: add a way to randomize the hash values of basic types (str, bytes, datetime)
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1 #include "Python.h"
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2 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
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3 #include <windows.h>
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4 #else
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5 #include <fcntl.h>
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6 #endif
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7
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8 static int random_initialized = 0;
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9
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10 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
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11 typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)(HCRYPTPROV *phProv,\
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12 LPCSTR pszContainer, LPCSTR pszProvider, DWORD dwProvType,\
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13 DWORD dwFlags );
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14 typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTGENRANDOM)(HCRYPTPROV hProv, DWORD dwLen,\
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15 BYTE *pbBuffer );
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16
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17 static CRYPTGENRANDOM pCryptGenRandom = NULL;
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18 /* This handle is never explicitly released. Instead, the operating
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19 system will release it when the process terminates. */
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20 static HCRYPTPROV hCryptProv = 0;
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21
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22 static int
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23 win32_urandom_init(int raise)
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24 {
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25 HINSTANCE hAdvAPI32 = NULL;
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26 CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA pCryptAcquireContext = NULL;
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27
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28 /* Obtain handle to the DLL containing CryptoAPI. This should not fail. */
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29 hAdvAPI32 = GetModuleHandle("advapi32.dll");
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30 if(hAdvAPI32 == NULL)
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31 goto error;
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32
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33 /* Obtain pointers to the CryptoAPI functions. This will fail on some early
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34 versions of Win95. */
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35 pCryptAcquireContext = (CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)GetProcAddress(
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36 hAdvAPI32, "CryptAcquireContextA");
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37 if (pCryptAcquireContext == NULL)
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38 goto error;
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39
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40 pCryptGenRandom = (CRYPTGENRANDOM)GetProcAddress(hAdvAPI32,
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41 "CryptGenRandom");
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42 if (pCryptGenRandom == NULL)
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43 goto error;
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44
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45 /* Acquire context */
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46 if (! pCryptAcquireContext(&hCryptProv, NULL, NULL,
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47 PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT))
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48 goto error;
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49
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50 return 0;
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51
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52 error:
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53 if (raise)
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54 PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
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55 else
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56 Py_FatalError("Failed to initialize Windows random API (CryptoGen)");
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57 return -1;
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58 }
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59
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60 /* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes generated by the Windows CryptoGen
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61 API. Return 0 on success, or -1 on error. */
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62 static int
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63 win32_urandom(unsigned char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int raise)
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64 {
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65 Py_ssize_t chunk;
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66
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67 if (hCryptProv == 0)
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68 {
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69 if (win32_urandom_init(raise) == -1)
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70 return -1;
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71 }
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72
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73 while (size > 0)
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74 {
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75 chunk = size > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : size;
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76 if (!pCryptGenRandom(hCryptProv, chunk, buffer))
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77 {
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78 /* CryptGenRandom() failed */
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79 if (raise)
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80 PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
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81 else
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82 Py_FatalError("Failed to initialized the randomized hash "
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83 "secret using CryptoGen)");
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84 return -1;
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85 }
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86 buffer += chunk;
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87 size -= chunk;
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88 }
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89 return 0;
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90 }
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91 #endif /* MS_WINDOWS */
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92
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93
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94 #ifdef __VMS
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95 /* Use openssl random routine */
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96 #include <openssl/rand.h>
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97 static int
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98 vms_urandom(unsigned char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int raise)
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99 {
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100 if (RAND_pseudo_bytes(buffer, size) < 0) {
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101 if (raise) {
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102 PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
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103 "RAND_pseudo_bytes");
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104 } else {
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105 Py_FatalError("Failed to initialize the randomized hash "
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106 "secret using RAND_pseudo_bytes");
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107 }
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108 return -1;
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109 }
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110 return 0;
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111 }
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112 #endif /* __VMS */
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113
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114
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115 #if !defined(MS_WINDOWS) && !defined(__VMS)
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116
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117 /* Read size bytes from /dev/urandom into buffer.
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118 Call Py_FatalError() on error. */
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119 static void
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120 dev_urandom_noraise(char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
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121 {
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122 int fd;
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123 Py_ssize_t n;
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124
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125 assert (0 < size);
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126
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127 fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
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128 if (fd < 0)
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129 Py_FatalError("Failed to open /dev/urandom");
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130
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131 while (0 < size)
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132 {
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133 do {
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134 n = read(fd, buffer, (size_t)size);
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135 } while (n < 0 && errno == EINTR);
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136 if (n <= 0)
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137 {
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138 /* stop on error or if read(size) returned 0 */
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139 Py_FatalError("Failed to read bytes from /dev/urandom");
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140 break;
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141 }
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142 buffer += n;
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143 size -= (Py_ssize_t)n;
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144 }
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145 close(fd);
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146 }
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147
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148 /* Read size bytes from /dev/urandom into buffer.
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149 Return 0 on success, raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
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150 static int
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151 dev_urandom_python(char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
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152 {
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153 int fd;
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154 Py_ssize_t n;
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155
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156 if (size <= 0)
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157 return 0;
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158
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159 Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
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160 fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
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161 Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
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162 if (fd < 0)
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163 {
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164 PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, "/dev/urandom");
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165 return -1;
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166 }
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167
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168 Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
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169 do {
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170 do {
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171 n = read(fd, buffer, (size_t)size);
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172 } while (n < 0 && errno == EINTR);
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173 if (n <= 0)
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174 break;
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175 buffer += n;
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176 size -= (Py_ssize_t)n;
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177 } while (0 < size);
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178 Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
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179
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180 if (n <= 0)
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181 {
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182 /* stop on error or if read(size) returned 0 */
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183 if (n < 0)
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184 PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
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185 else
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186 PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
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187 "Failed to read %zi bytes from /dev/urandom",
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188 size);
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189 close(fd);
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190 return -1;
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191 }
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192 close(fd);
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193 return 0;
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194 }
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195 #endif /* !defined(MS_WINDOWS) && !defined(__VMS) */
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196
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197 /* Fill buffer with pseudo-random bytes generated by a linear congruent
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198 generator (LCG):
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199
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200 x(n+1) = (x(n) * 214013 + 2531011) % 2^32
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201
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202 Use bits 23..16 of x(n) to generate a byte. */
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203 static void
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204 lcg_urandom(unsigned int x0, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size)
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205 {
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206 size_t index;
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207 unsigned int x;
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208
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209 x = x0;
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210 for (index=0; index < size; index++) {
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211 x *= 214013;
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212 x += 2531011;
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213 /* modulo 2 ^ (8 * sizeof(int)) */
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214 buffer[index] = (x >> 16) & 0xff;
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215 }
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216 }
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217
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218 /* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes, not suitable for cryptographic
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219 use, from the operating random number generator (RNG).
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220
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221 Return 0 on success, raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
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222 int
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223 _PyOS_URandom(void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
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224 {
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225 if (size < 0) {
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226 PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
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227 "negative argument not allowed");
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228 return -1;
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229 }
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230 if (size == 0)
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231 return 0;
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232
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233 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
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234 return win32_urandom((unsigned char *)buffer, size, 1);
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235 #else
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236 # ifdef __VMS
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237 return vms_urandom((unsigned char *)buffer, size, 1);
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238 # else
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239 return dev_urandom_python((char*)buffer, size);
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240 # endif
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241 #endif
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242 }
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243
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244 void
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245 _PyRandom_Init(void)
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246 {
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247 char *env;
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248 void *secret = &_Py_HashSecret;
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249 Py_ssize_t secret_size = sizeof(_Py_HashSecret);
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250
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251 if (random_initialized)
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252 return;
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253 random_initialized = 1;
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254
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255 /*
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256 By default, hash randomization is disabled, and only
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257 enabled if PYTHONHASHSEED is set to non-empty or if
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258 "-R" is provided at the command line:
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259 */
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260 if (!Py_HashRandomizationFlag) {
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261 /* Disable the randomized hash: */
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262 memset(secret, 0, secret_size);
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263 return;
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264 }
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265
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266 /*
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267 Hash randomization is enabled. Generate a per-process secret,
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268 using PYTHONHASHSEED if provided.
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269 */
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270
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271 env = Py_GETENV("PYTHONHASHSEED");
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272 if (env && *env != '\0' & strcmp(env, "random") != 0) {
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273 char *endptr = env;
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274 unsigned long seed;
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275 seed = strtoul(env, &endptr, 10);
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276 if (*endptr != '\0'
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277 || seed > 4294967295UL
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278 || (errno == ERANGE && seed == ULONG_MAX))
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279 {
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280 Py_FatalError("PYTHONHASHSEED must be \"random\" or an integer "
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281 "in range [0; 4294967295]");
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282 }
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283 if (seed == 0) {
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284 /* disable the randomized hash */
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285 memset(secret, 0, secret_size);
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286 }
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287 else {
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288 lcg_urandom(seed, (unsigned char*)secret, secret_size);
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289 }
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290 }
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291 else {
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292 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
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293 (void)win32_urandom((unsigned char *)secret, secret_size, 0);
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294 #else /* #ifdef MS_WINDOWS */
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295 # ifdef __VMS
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296 vms_urandom((unsigned char *)secret, secret_size, 0);
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297 # else
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298 dev_urandom_noraise((char*)secret, secret_size);
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299 # endif
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300 #endif
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301 }
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302 }