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Patch #552812: Better description in "python -h" for -u.
author Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
date Sun, 28 Jul 2002 10:34:08 +0000
parents e0ed68adba33
children ba3038a27c1e
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1 .TH PYTHON "1" "$Date$"
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2 .SH NAME
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3 python \- an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
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4 .SH SYNOPSIS
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5 .B python
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6 [
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7 .B \-d
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8 ]
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9 [
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10 .B \-E
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12 [
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13 .B \-h
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14 ]
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15 [
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16 .B \-i
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17 ]
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18 [
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19 .B \-O
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20 ]
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21 .br
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22 [
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23 .B -Q
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24 .I argument
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25 ]
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26 [
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27 .B \-S
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28 ]
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29 [
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30 .B \-t
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31 ]
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32 [
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33 .B \-u
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34 ]
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35 [
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36 .B \-U
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37 ]
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38 .br
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39 [
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40 .B \-v
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41 ]
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42 [
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43 .B \-V
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44 ]
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45 [
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46 .B \-W
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47 .I argument
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48 ]
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49 [
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50 .B \-x
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51 ]
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52 .br
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53 [
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54 .B \-c
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55 .I command
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56 |
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57 .I script
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58 |
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59 \-
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60 ]
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61 [
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62 .I arguments
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63 ]
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64 .SH DESCRIPTION
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65 Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
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66 language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax.
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67 For an introduction to programming in Python you are referred to the
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68 Python Tutorial.
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69 The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types,
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70 constants, functions and modules.
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71 Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and
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72 semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail.
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73 (These documents may be located via the
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74 .B "INTERNET RESOURCES"
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75 below; they may be installed on your system as well.)
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76 .PP
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77 Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in
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78 C or C++.
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79 On most systems such modules may be dynamically loaded.
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80 Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing
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81 applications.
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82 See the internal documentation for hints.
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83 .PP
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84 Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be
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85 viewed by running the
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86 .B pydoc
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87 program.
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88 .SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
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89 .TP
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90 .BI "\-c " command
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91 Specify the command to execute (see next section).
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92 This terminates the option list (following options are passed as
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93 arguments to the command).
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94 .TP
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95 .B \-d
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96 Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on
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97 compilation options).
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98 .TP
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99 .B \-E
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100 Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify
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101 the behavior of the interpreter.
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102 .TP
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103 .B \-h
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104 Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits.
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105 .TP
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106 .B \-i
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107 When a script is passed as first argument or the \fB\-c\fP option is
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108 used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the
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109 command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file. This can be
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110 useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script
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111 raises an exception.
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112 .TP
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113 .B \-O
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114 Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for
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115 compiled (bytecode) files from
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116 .I .pyc
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117 to \fI.pyo\fP. Given twice, causes docstrings to be discarded.
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118 .TP
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119 .BI "\-Q " argument
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120 Division control; see PEP 238. The argument must be one of "old" (the
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121 default, int/int and long/long return an int or long), "new" (new
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122 division semantics, i.e. int/int and long/long returns a float),
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123 "warn" (old division semantics with a warning for int/int and
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124 long/long), or "warnall" (old division semantics with a warning for
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125 all use of the division operator). For a use of "warnall", see the
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126 Tools/scripts/fixdiv.py script.
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127 .TP
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128 .B \-S
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129 Disable the import of the module
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130 .I site
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131 and the site-dependent manipulations of
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132 .I sys.path
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133 that it entails.
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134 .TP
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135 .B \-t
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136 Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for
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137 indentation in a way that makes it depend on the worth of a tab
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138 expressed in spaces. Issue an error when the option is given twice.
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139 .TP
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140 .B \-u
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141 Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. Note that
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142 there is internal buffering in xreadlines(), readlines() and file-object
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143 iterators ("for line in sys.stdin") which is not influenced by this
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144 option. To work around this, you will want to use "sys.stdin.readline()"
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145 inside a "while 1:" loop.
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146 .TP
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147 .B \-v
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148 Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
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149 (filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given
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150 twice, print a message for each file that is checked for when
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151 searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup
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152 at exit.
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153 .TP
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154 .B \-V
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155 Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits.
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156 .TP
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157 .BI "\-W " argument
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158 Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to
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159 .IR sys.stderr .
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160 A typical warning message has the following form:
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161 .IB file ":" line ": " category ": " message.
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162 By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it
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163 occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.
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164 Multiple
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165 .B \-W
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166 options may be given; when a warning matches more than one
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167 option, the action for the last matching option is performed.
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168 Invalid
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169 .B \-W
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170 options are ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid
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171 options when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be
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172 controlled from within a Python program using the
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173 .I warnings
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174 module.
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175
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176 The simplest form of
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177 .I argument
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178 is one of the following
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179 .I action
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180 strings (or a unique abbreviation):
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181 .B ignore
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182 to ignore all warnings;
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183 .B default
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184 to explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once
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185 per source line);
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186 .B all
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187 to print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many
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188 messages if a warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source
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189 line, such as inside a loop);
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190 .B module
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191 to print each warning only only the first time it occurs in each
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192 module;
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193 .B once
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194 to print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program; or
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195 .B error
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196 to raise an exception instead of printing a warning message.
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197
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198 The full form of
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199 .I argument
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200 is
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201 .IB action : message : category : module : line.
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202 Here,
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203 .I action
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204 is as explained above but only applies to messages that match the
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205 remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty
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206 fields may be omitted. The
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207 .I message
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208 field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is
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209 case-insensitive. The
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210 .I category
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211 field matches the warning category. This must be a class name; the
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212 match test whether the actual warning category of the message is a
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213 subclass of the specified warning category. The full class name must
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214 be given. The
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215 .I module
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216 field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is
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217 case-sensitive. The
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218 .I line
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219 field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and
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220 is thus equivalent to an omitted line number.
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221 .TP
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222 .B \-x
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223 Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS
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224 specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error messages will
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225 be off by one!
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226 .SH INTERPRETER INTERFACE
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227 The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when
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228 called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for
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229 commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a
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230 file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and
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231 executes a
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232 .I script
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233 from that file;
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234 when called with
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235 .B \-c
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236 .I command,
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237 it executes the Python statement(s) given as
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238 .I command.
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239 Here
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240 .I command
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241 may contain multiple statements separated by newlines.
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242 Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
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243 In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed befored it is
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244 executed.
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245 .PP
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246 If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are
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247 passed to the script in the Python variable
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248 .I sys.argv ,
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249 which is a list of strings (you must first
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250 .I import sys
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251 to be able to access it).
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252 If no script name is given,
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253 .I sys.argv[0]
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254 is an empty string; if
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255 .B \-c
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256 is used,
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257 .I sys.argv[0]
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258 contains the string
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259 .I '-c'.
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260 Note that options interpreted by the Python interpreter itself
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261 are not placed in
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262 .I sys.argv.
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263 .PP
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264 In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt
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265 (which appears when a command is not complete) is `...'.
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266 The prompts can be changed by assignment to
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267 .I sys.ps1
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268 or
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269 .I sys.ps2.
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270 The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt.
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271 When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and
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272 control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the
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273 interpreter exits after printing the stack trace.
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274 The interrupt signal raises the
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275 .I Keyboard\%Interrupt
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276 exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is
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277 sometimes ignored, in favor of the
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278 .I IOError
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279 exception). Error messages are written to stderr.
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280 .SH FILES AND DIRECTORIES
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281 These are subject to difference depending on local installation
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282 conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent
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283 and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the same.
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284 The default for both is \fI/usr/local\fP.
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285 .IP \fI${exec_prefix}/bin/python\fP
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286 Recommended location of the interpreter.
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287 .PP
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288 .I ${prefix}/lib/python<version>
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289 .br
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290 .I ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>
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291 .RS
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292 Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard
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293 modules.
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294 .RE
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295 .PP
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296 .I ${prefix}/include/python<version>
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297 .br
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298 .I ${exec_prefix}/include/python<version>
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299 .RS
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300 Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files
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301 needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the
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302 interpreter.
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303 .RE
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304 .IP \fI~/.pythonrc.py\fP
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305 User-specific initialization file loaded by the \fIuser\fP module;
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306 not used by default or by most applications.
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307 .SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
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308 .IP PYTHONHOME
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309 Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the
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310 libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<version> and
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311 ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>, where ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}
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312 are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to
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313 \fI/usr/local\fP. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value
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314 replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values
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315 for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}.
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316 .IP PYTHONPATH
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317 Augments the default search path for module files.
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318 The format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory
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319 pathnames separated by colons.
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320 Non-existant directories are silently ignored.
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321 The default search path is installation dependent, but generally
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322 begins with ${prefix}/lib/python<version> (see PYTHONHOME above).
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323 The default search path is always appended to $PYTHONPATH.
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324 If a script argument is given, the directory containing the script is
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325 inserted in the path in front of $PYTHONPATH.
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326 The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the
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327 variable
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328 .I sys.path .
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329 .IP PYTHONSTARTUP
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330 If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that
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331 file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive
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332 mode.
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333 The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands
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334 are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used
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335 without qualification in the interactive session.
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336 You can also change the prompts
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337 .I sys.ps1
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338 and
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339 .I sys.ps2
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340 in this file.
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341 .IP PYTHONY2K
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342 Set this to a non-empty string to cause the \fItime\fP module to
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343 require dates specified as strings to include 4-digit years, otherwise
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344 2-digit years are converted based on rules described in the \fItime\fP
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345 module documentation.
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346 .IP PYTHONOPTIMIZE
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347 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
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348 the \fB\-O\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
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349 specifying \fB\-O\fP multiple times.
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350 .IP PYTHONDEBUG
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351 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
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352 the \fB\-d\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
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353 specifying \fB\-d\fP multiple times.
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354 .IP PYTHONINSPECT
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355 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
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356 the \fB\-i\fP option.
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357 .IP PYTHONUNBUFFERED
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358 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
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359 the \fB\-u\fP option.
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360 .IP PYTHONVERBOSE
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361 If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
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362 the \fB\-v\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
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363 specifying \fB\-v\fP multiple times.
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364 .SH AUTHOR
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365 .nf
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366 Guido van Rossum
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367 .PP
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368 E-mail: guido@python.org
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369 .fi
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370 .PP
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371 And a cast of thousands.
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372 .SH INTERNET RESOURCES
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373 Main website: http://www.python.org/
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374 .br
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375 Documentation: http://www.python.org/doc/
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376 .br
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377 Community website: http://starship.python.net/
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378 .br
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379 Developer resources: http://sourceforge.net/project/python/
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380 .br
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381 FTP: ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/
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382 .br
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383 Module repository: http://www.vex.net/parnassus/
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384 .br
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385 Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce
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386 .SH LICENSING
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387 Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file
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388 "LICENSE" in the Python source distribution for information on terms &
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389 conditions for accessing and otherwise using Python and for a
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390 DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.